Laser Photobiomodulation Therapy Research Articles

Effectiveness of 650 nm red laser photobiomodulation therapy to accelerate wound healing post tooth extraction

After tooth extraction, there can be consequences involving injury to the tissue surrounding the extracted tooth, which may lead to severe problems such as inflammation and infection. The wound healing process comprises inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling phases. Photobiomodulation is a therapy form that utilizes the interaction of a light source with tissue. This interaction can activate an increase in Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), which subsequently triggers a chain reaction leading to the creation of new blood vessels and an increase in the number of fibroblasts. This study used a red laser light source with a power of 3.32 ± 0.01 mW, delivering a dose of 3.5 J to patients for extraction indications. The parameters observed included Interleukin 1_ (IL-1_), Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), Human Beta defensin 2 (HBD2), and Gingival Index (GI). The results of testing saliva samples using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent test (ELISA) for the parameters IL-1_, PGE2, and HBD2 show a significant influence between the control and therapy groups. Meanwhile, GI revealed a significant influence of therapy on the wound-healing process. Using the Mann-Whitney U test, on day 1, the p-value was found to be 0.32, indicating no significant deference between the control and therapy groups. However, on the third day after the therapy was administered, the p-value was obtained as 0.01, signifying a significant deference between the control and therapy groups. On day 5, a p-value of 0.034 was obtained, signifying a significant deference between the control and therapy groups. Based on the research results, it can be observed that there is a decrease in the values of IL-1_, PGE2, HBD2, and GI. This indicates that local immune cells, including resident macrophages, are activated by pro-inflammatory mediators released in response to injury, and they play an essential role in accelerating wound healing.

Effect of Photobiomodulation With Laser on The Composition, Production and Quality of The Milk of Cows with Clinical Mastitis

Objective: This study assesses the impact of LASER photobiomodulation (808nm at 1400 mW and 637nm at 100 mW, with a 2-minutes irradiation per wavelength, total dose: 1.4 W/cm² and 1 W/cm², respectively) on milk composition and quality in cows suffering from clinical mastitis. Theoretical Framework: Research indicates LASER photobiomodulation's potential in improving animal health, yet there’s a gap in specific therapeutic protocols for treating clinical mastitis in cows using this technology. Methodology: The study involved 20 cows with clinical mastitis. Their mammary quarters were assessed for fat and protein composition, Somatic Cell Count, Urea Nitrogen levels, Microbiological Culture, and Antibiotic Sensitivity and Milk production. Comparisons were made between two groups over six days: one receiving a combination of antibiotics and LASER photobiomodulation therapy, and a control group receiving only antibiotics. Results and Conclusion: LASER photobiomodulation significantly aided the treatment of clinical mastitis in conjunction with antibiotics. This combination not only helped in curing mastitis but also reduced the Somatic Cell Count and increased milk production, marking it as a viable alternative therapy. Implications of the Research: This study contributes to establishing a more effective treatment protocol for clinical mastitis, combining photobiomodulation with traditional antibiotic methods. Originality/Value: This pioneering research showcases the use of a photobiostimulation device as a supplementary treatment for controlling clinical mastitis in dairy cows, integrated with antibiotic therapy. It underscores the enhanced efficiency of such combined treatments, contributing to the Sustainability.

Photobiomodulation Therapy Improves Repair of Bone Defects Filled by Inorganic Bone Matrix and Fibrin Heterologous Biopolymer.

Biomaterials are used extensively in graft procedures to correct bone defects, interacting with the body without causing adverse reactions. The aim of this pre-clinical study was to analyze the effects of photobiomodulation therapy (PBM) with the use of a low-level laser in the repair process of bone defects filled with inorganic matrix (IM) associated with heterologous fibrin biopolymer (FB). A circular osteotomy of 4 mm in the left tibia was performed in 30 Wistar male adult rats who were randomly divided into three groups: G1 = IM + PBM, G2 = IM + FB and G3 = IM + FB + PBM. PBM was applied at the time of the experimental surgery and three times a week, on alternate days, until euthanasia, with 830 nm wavelength, in two points of the operated site. Five animals from each group were euthanized 14 and 42 days after surgery. In the histomorphometric analysis, the percentage of neoformed bone tissue in G3 (28.4% ± 2.3%) was higher in relation to G1 (24.1% ± 2.91%) and G2 (22.2% ± 3.11%) at 14 days and at 42 days, the percentage in G3 (35.1% ± 2.55%) was also higher in relation to G1 (30.1% ± 2.9%) and G2 (31.8% ± 3.12%). In the analysis of the birefringence of collagen fibers, G3 showed a predominance of birefringence between greenish-yellow in the neoformed bone tissue after 42 days, differing from the other groups with a greater presence of red-orange fibers. Immunohistochemically, in all experimental groups, it was possible to observe immunostaining for osteocalcin (OCN) near the bone surface of the margins of the surgical defect and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) bordering the newly formed bone tissue. Therefore, laser photobiomodulation therapy contributed to improving the bone repair process in tibial defects filled with bovine biomaterial associated with fibrin biopolymer derived from snake venom.

Stimulation of Cerebral Angiogenesis and Neurogenesis with Transcatheter Intracerebral Laser Photobiomodulation Therapy in Alzheimer’s Disease and Vascular Parkinsonism Aggravated by Dementia

AbstractBackgroundThe research is focused on the stimulation of cerebral angiogenesis and neurogenesis using Transcatheter Intracerebral Laser Photobiomodulation Therapy (PBMT) in patients with dementia in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and patients with vascular parkinsonism (VP).MethodThe examination of 155 patients included assessment of CDR, The Tomography Dementia Rating scale (TDR), MMSE, cerebral CT, MRI, SG, rheoencephalography (REG) and cerebral MUGA.85 patients were selected, of whom:• 48 (30.97%) people suffering from AD, aged 34‐80 (mean age 67.5), men ‐ 17 (35.42%), women ‐ 31 (54.58%). According to dementia severity, patients were subdivided: preclinical stage (TDR‐0) ‐ 4, mild stage (TDR‐1) ‐ 16, moderately severe stage (TDR‐2) ‐ 21, severe stage (TDR‐3) ‐ 7 patients.• 37 (23.87%) people suffering from VP, aged 58‐80 (mean age 77), men 28 (75.68%), women ‐ 9 (24.32%). 19 (51.35%) had a mild dementia stage (CDR‐1).In hospital conditions, in a specialized cath lab, all patients underwent Transcatheter Intracerebral Laser Photobiomodulation Therapy (PBMT) (wavelength 632.8 nanometers).ResultAll 48 (100%) patients with AD underwent angiogenesis stimulation resulting in cerebral collateral capillary revascularization and closure of atreriovenous shunts.Simultaneously, patients showed a 10‐20% increase in cerebral temporal lobes volume, which indicates cerebral neurogenesis development and tissue regeneration. The process was accompanied by dementia level decrease and cognitive functions restoration. Consequently, patients were transferred to a milder TDR group. Depending on the initial dementia severity, the resulting positive effect was observed from 2 to 15 years.All 37 (100%) patients with VP underwent angiogenesis stimulation resulting in cerebral microcirculation improvement and cerebral involutive changes decrease, which indicates the neurogenesis development and tissue regeneration. The process was accompanied by decreased dementia and cognitive functions restoration. The resulting positive effect was observed over 10 years.ConclusionDespite the differences in AD and VP etiology, Transcatheter Intracerebral Laser Photobiomodulation Therapy (PBMT) is an effective treatment for dementia in these diseases. The method stimulates angiogenesis and improves blood supply to the brain, it stimulates neurogenesis and the restoration of normal tissue structures, which leads to improved mental and cognitive functions. The resulting effect persists for a long time.

Use of adipose derived stem cells accelerates the healing process in third-degree burns

IntroductionBurns are defined as a traumatic injury, usually of thermal origin, that affects the epithelial and adjacent tissue and is classified according to the depth reached. Tissue repair involved in this type of injury is often a challenge both due to its severity and the multiplicity of complications. Regenerative medicine has focused on the use of low-level laser photobiomodulation therapy (LLLT) and adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC), especially in the early stages of the process, to promote better healing and shorten repair time. Therefore, aim of this study was to evaluate the action of LLLT (660 nm) and ADSC in the repair process of burned skin tissue and investigate the association of the techniques (LLLT and ADSC). Materials and methodsAn in vivo study was carried out using 96 rats (Wister) with a scald burn model at a temperature of 95ºC, exposing the animal's back for 14 s. Animals were randomized into seven groups and three periods, five, 14 and 21 days. The groups included GC: Control group, ADSC-: Group treated with CD49d negative cells, ADSC+ : Group treated with positive CD49d cells, CULT: Group treated with conventional isolation cells, LLLT: Group treated only with LLLT Low Power Laser, ADSC-LLLT: Group treated with CD49d negative cells and LLLT. ADSC+LLLT: Group treated with positive CD49d cells and LLLT. The groups treated with LLLT (660 nm; 5 J/cm2) received irradiation three times a week, on alternate days for five, 14 and 21 days, according to the time of biopsy. ADSC-treated groups received one to three applications of the cells in a total volume of 1000 μL starting soon after the surgical debridement of the burn. Photographic monitoring was carried out at 5, 14 and 21 days after the beginning of the experiment to assess the degree of lesion contraction. Macroscopic, morphometric and histopathological analyzes were performed. ResultsWe showed significant re-epithelialization as well as an improvement in the healing process in the ADSC+, LLLT and ADSC+LLLT groups. We observed effects in the reduction of the inflammatory phase, increase in angiogenesis, decrease in oedema, greater collagen deposition, and better organization of the extracellular matrix compared to the other treatments. Moreover, the immunomagnetic separation of ADSC cells through the expression of the CD49d protein proved to be a useful means to obtain a more homogeneous population of cells with a role in tissue regeneration compared to the ADSC- and CULT groups. ConclusionIn conclusion, the association of ADSC+ with LLLT was effective in accelerating the burn repair process, stimulating cell proliferation and formation of more normal skin tissue.

Effectiveness of Laser Photobiomodulation Therapy (LPBMT) in TMD patients on different sites: masticatory muscles and TMJ/masticatory muscles

Effectiveness of Laser Photobiomodulation Therapy (LPBMT) in TMD patients on different sites: masticatory muscles and TMJ/masticatory muscles

Can Photobiomodulation Therapy Using an 810-nm Diode Laser Increase the Secondary Stability of Orthodontic Mini-Screws? A Split-Mouth Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial

Background: In orthodontic treatment, mini-screws can provide maximum anchorage conditions. If the miniscrew stability is compromised, this could jeopardize the outcomes of the orthodontic treatment or biomechanics. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMt) is beneficial for biological tissues since it promotes wound healing with its anti-inflammatory and osteo-stimulatory properties. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of 810-nm Diode PBMt on the stability of orthodontic mini-screws for three months. Trial Design: Parallel, allocation ratio 1:1. Methods: Using a split-mouth technique, a total of 40 mini-screws were randomly allocated (1:1) to either a placebo laser application (P group) or a laser PBMt (L group). An 810-nm diode laser irradiation of 1 W output power, operating in continuous wave mode for 50 s, was applied in a sweeping movement at a 22 mm distance from the mini-screws. The allocated mini-screws first received PBMt at baseline, then every other day for five days, and then at each orthodontic visit (every three weeks) for a period of three months. At each visit, the stability of the mini-screws was measured by the Osstell Implant Stability Quotient (Osstell ISQ) at three points: lower, upper, and distal to the mini-screw. Results: The lower, upper, and distal ISQ values of irradiated and non-irradiated mini-screws significantly decreased at each point over time (p < 0.001). No significant difference was found in the global ISQ values between the laser and the placebo group (p > 0.05). Conclusion: PBM did not significantly increase the stability of orthodontic mini-screws over a period of three months. Trial Registration: Protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Dental Medicine of Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon University (#USJ/2019/161).

Possibility of stimulation of cerebral angiogenesis and neurogenesis with transcatheter intracerebral laser photobiomodulation therapy during dementia in patients with Alzheimer’s disease and in patients with distal cerebral atherosclerosis

AbstractBackgroundThe research is dedicated to stimulation of cerebral angiogenesis and neurogenesis with Transcatheter Intracerebral Laser Photobiomodulation Therapy (PBMT) in patients with dementia during Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and patients with distal forms of cerebral atherosclerosis.Materials & Methods350 patients with dementia were examined.We carried out determination of CDR, Tomography Dementia Rating scale (TDR), MMSE, cerebral CT, MRI, SG, rheoencephalography (REG), cerebral MUGA.48 (13.71%) patients with AD aged 34‐80 (mean age 67.5) were selected: 17 men (35.42%), 31 women (54.58%). According to their dementia severity, the patients were subdivided: preclinical stage (TDR‐0) ‐ 4, mild stage (TDR‐1) ‐ 16, moderately severe stage (TDR‐2) ‐ 21, severe stage (TDR‐3) ‐ 7.302 (86.29%) patients with distal cerebral atherosclerosis aged 58‐81 (mean age 78) were selected: 226 men (74.83%), 76 women (25.17%). According to their dementia severity, the patients were subdivided: mild stage (СDR‐1) ‐ 284 (94.04%), moderately severe stage (СDR‐2) ‐ 18 (5.96%).At hospital, all the patients underwent PBMT.ResultsAll 48 (100%) patients with AD showed improved cerebral microcirculation and 10‐20% increase in the volume of cerebral temporal lobes, which indicates cerebral neurogenesis development and tissue regeneration. The process was accompanied by a decreased level of dementia and restoration of cognitive functions. Consequently, the patients were transferred to milder TDR groups. Depending on the initial dementia severity, the resulting positive effect was observed during 2‐10 years.All 302 (100%) patients with distal cerebral atherosclerosis showed improved cerebral microcirculation and declining cerebral involutional changes, which indicates neurogenesis development and tissue regeneration. The process was accompanied by a decreased dementia level and cognitive functions restoration. The resulting positive effect was observed for over 10 years.ConclusionsDespite differences in the etiology of AD and distal cerebral atherosclerosis, PBMT is an effective treatment for dementia in these diseases. The method improves the blood supply of the brain; it stimulates neurogenesis and tissue structures restoration, which leads to an improvement in mental and cognitive functions. The resulting effect persists for a long time.

High-power laser photobiomodulation therapy for immediate pain relief of refractory oral mucositis.

We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of high-power (class IV) laser photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy for immediate pain relief due to oral mucositis (OM) refractory to recommended first-line therapy. This retrospective study included 25 cancer patients with refractory chemotherapy- or radiotherapy-induced OM (16 and 9 patients, respectively) that were treated for pain relief with an intraoral InGaAsP diode laser (power density = 1.4 W/cm2). Pain was self-assessed immediately before and after laser treatment using a 0-to-10 numeric rating scale ([NRS], "0" = no pain, "10" = intolerable pain). Patients reported an immediate decrease in pain following 94% (74 of 79) of the PBM sessions, in 61% (48 sessions) the pain reduction was over 50%, and in 35% (28 sessions) the initial pain was completely eliminated. There were no reports of increased pain post-PBM. For chemotherapy and radiotherapy-treated patients, mean reduction in pain NRS post-PBM was 4.8 ± 2.5 (p < 0.001) and 4.5 ± 2.8 (p = 0.001), indicating a post-PBM reduction of 72% and 60% of the initial pain level, respectively. The analgesic benefit of PBM remained for a mean of 6.0 ± 5.1 days. One patient reported a transient burning sensation after one PBM session. High-power laser PBM may provide nonpharmacologic, patient-friendly, long-lasting, rapid pain relief for refractory OM.

Effect of 650 nm laser photobiomodulation therapy on the HT-7 (shenmen) acupoint in the Mus musculus model of Parkinson's disease

BackgroundParkinson's disease is one of the neurodegenerative conditions that impacts 1–2% of the world's population. The only effective therapy for this condition today is to restore the biochemical function of the diseased dopamine neurons by giving them Levodopa or L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA). The risk of progenitor stem cells, though, is the growth of teratomas or the uncontrolled growth of cells. As a result, an alternative or additional method is needed, such as photobiomodulation therapy using a laser diode. In this research, male mice (Mus musculus), which were used as models for Parkinson's disease in an in vivo paraquat study, to determine the optimal dose of photobiomodulation therapy and a laser diode was used as a treatment. MethodsThe three sample groups are Group P-L- (control group, induced by 0.9% NaCl), Group P + L- (only caused by paraquat), and Group P + L+. (Treatment group, treated by paraquat and photobiomodulation therapy with a laser diode). Photobiomodulation treatment doses of 0.14 J, 0.29 J, 0.37 J, 0.76 J, 1.14 J, and 1.52 J were used in the P+L+ subgroups (6 groups). The laser diode generated a continuous wave with a wavelength of 658 nm, a beam spot of 2.10 mm, and an output power of 15.42 mW. After treatment, the histopathology results of each sample were inspected under a microscope. ResultIn Parkinson's disease-affected mice, paraquat has been shown to reduce the number of neurons. According to the results of the histopathological examination, photobiomodulation therapy using a laser diode (P + L+) on the HT-7 (Shenmen) may raise the quantity of neurons and the proportion of healthy cells in the mouse brain. ConclusionThe effective radiated energy of the photobiomodulation therapy using laser diode treatment on the muscle musculus cell model of Parkinson's disease is 0.76 J.

Treatment of Vascular Parkinsonism: A Systematic Review

Although the distinction between vascular parkinsonism (VP) and idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) is widely described, it is not uncommon to find parkinsonisms with overlapping clinical and neuroimaging features even in response to levodopa treatment. In addition, several treatments have been described as possible adjuvants in VP. This study aims to update and analyze the different treatments and their efficacy in VP. A literature search was performed in PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science for studies published in the last 15 years until April 2022. A systematic review was performed. No meta-analysis was performed as no new studies on response to levodopa in VP were found since the last systematic review and meta-analysis in 2017, and insufficient studies on other treatments were located to conduct it in another treatment subgroup. Databases and other sources yielded 59 publications after eliminating duplicates, and a total of 12 original studies were finally included in the systematic review. The treatments evaluated included levodopa, vitamin D, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and intracerebral transcatheter laser photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT). The response to levodopa was lower in patients with VP with respect to IPD. Despite this, there has been described a subgroup of patients with good response, it being possible to identify them by means of neuroimaging techniques and the olfactory identification test. Other therapies showed encouraging results in studies with some risk of bias. The response of VP to different therapeutic strategies is modest. However, there is evidence that a subgroup of patients can be identified as more responsive to L-dopa based on clinical and neuroimaging criteria. This subgroup should be treated with L-dopa at appropriate doses. New therapies such as vitamin D, rTMS and PBMT warrant further studies to demonstrate their efficacy.

Various Methods of Laser Photobiomodulation Therapy for Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease is the most common neurodegenerative disease. It is believed that the number of people suffering from Alzheimer's disease worldwide is about 32 million, and the number of people with the preclinical stage of the disease can be up to 300 million. For a long time, it was believed that Alzheimer's disease arises as a result of disorders in the metabolism of amyloid beta and tau-protein in cerebral tissue. According to numerous recent studies, it has been established that the disease is accompanied by dyscirculatory angiopathy of Alzheimer's type. This is an Alzheimer's disease-specific complex lesion of the cerebral vascular system with arterial, microcirculatory, and venous bed disorders. One of the most promising directions in the field of brain revascularization, as well as the regeneration of cerebral tissue in Alzheimer's disease, is the use of laser with low output power. This direction was named laser “photobiomodulation therapy”. Currently, laser photobiomodulation therapy is divided into transcranial, intranasal, intravascular (intravenous) and transcatheter intracerebral methods of treatment. Laser energy has a complex effect on cerebral tissues. Photobiomodulation therapy stimulates angiogenesis, causes collateral and capillary revascularization, restores the exchange of adenosine triphosphate in neuronal mitochondria, improves cellular and tissue metabolism, stimulates neurogenesis, and causes regeneration of tissue structures. Various types of Photobiomodulation therapy are non-traumatic, physiological, pathogenetically substantiated, effective methods for the treatment of cerebral microcirculatory disorders in Alzheimer's disease. The choice of one or another method of laser photobiomodulation therapy is purely individual and depends on the specific clinical case.

Laser Photobiomodulation 808nm: Effects on Gene Expression in Inflammatory and Osteogenic Biomarkers in Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells.

The tissue engineering of dental oral tissue is tackling significant advances and the use of stem cells promises to boost the therapeutical approaches of regenerative dentistry. Despite advances in this field, the literature is still scarce regarding the modulatory effect of laser photobiomodulation (PBM) on genes related to inflammation and osteogenesis in Postnatal Human Dental Pulp Stem cells (DPSCs). This study pointedly investigated the effect of PBM treatment in proliferation, growth and differentiation factors, mineralization, and extracellular matrix remodeling genes in DPSCs. Freshly extracted human third molars were used as a source for DPSCs isolation. The isolated DPSCs were stimulated to an inflammatory state, using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) model, and then subjected or not to laser PBM. Each experiment was statistically evaluated according to the sample distribution. A total of 85 genes related to inflammation and osteogenesis were evaluated regarding their expression by RT-PCR. Laser PBM therapy has shown to modulate several genes expression in DPSCs. PBM suppressed the expression of inflammatory gene TNF and RANKL and downregulated the gene expression for VDR and proteolytic enzymes cathepsin K, MMP-8 and MMP-9. Modulation of gene expression for proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) following PBM varied among different PARs. As expected, PBM blocked the odontoblastic differentiation of DPSCs when subjected to LPS model. Conversely, PBM has preserved the odontogenic potential of DPSCs by increasing the expression of TWIST-1/RUNEX-2/ALP signaling axis. PBM therapy notably played a role in the DPSCs genes expression that mediate inflammation process and tissue mineralization. The present data opens a new perspective for PBM therapy in mineralized dental tissue physiology.

Study of the Impact of Transcatheter Intracerebral Laser Photobiomodulation Therapy Treatment on Patients with Alzheimer's Disease and Binswanger's Disease

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Binswanger's disease (BD) are among the most common neurodegenerative disorders associated with cognitive impairment and dementia. Using energy of lasers with low output power of the red or near-infrared spectrum region called Photobiomodulation Therapy (PBMT), is an achievement in the development of methods for the treatment of these diseases. Aims: The present study investigates the impact of Transcatheter Intracerebral Laser Photobiomodulation Therapy (PBMT) on the reduction of cognitive, mental impairment and dementia in patients with various Alzheimer's Disease and Binswanger's Disease stages. Methods: For the research, we selected 62 patients suffering from dementia, aged 34-81 (mean age 72.75), 25 men (40.32%), 37 women (59.68%). Test Group 1 - 48 patients previously diagnosed with Alzheimer's Disease. According to dementia severity, patients were subdivided: preclinical stage (dementia level TDR-0) - 4, mild stage (dementia level TDR-1) - 16, moderately severe stage (dementia level TDR-2) - 21, severe stage (dementia level TDR-3) - 7. Test Group 2 - 14 patients with previously diagnosed Binswanger's Disease. According to dementia severity, the patients were subdivided: mild stage (dementia level CDR-1) - 9, moderately severe stage (dementia level CDR-2) - 5. All patients underwent Transcatheter Intracerebral Laser Photobiomodulation Therapy (PBMT). Results: Test Group 1. Thanks to angiogenesis and neurogenesis stimulation using Transcatheter Intracerebral Laser Photobiomodulation Therapy (PBMT), in all 48 (100%) cases, cerebral blood supply and microcirculation improved, cerebral involutive and atrophic changes decreased. Patients showed persistently decreasing dementia, cognitive and mental abilities improvement. The vast majority began to correspond to the group with a milder disease stage. Test Group 2. Due to angiogenesis and neurogenesis stimulation, all 14 (100%) cases demonstrated stable dementia reduction, restoration of cognitive, mental functions and daily life activities. Conclusion: Transcatheter Intracerebral Laser Photobiomodulation Therapy (PBMT) is an effective, physiologically based method of stimulating cerebral angiogenesis and neurogenesis for Alzheimer's Disease and Binswanger's Disease patients. Due to complex laser exposure, patients show cerebral collateral and capillary revascularization, tissue metabolism improvement and cerebral regenerative processes development. Clinically, this leads to stable dementia level decrease, cognitive functions restoration and improvement in patients’ quality of life. The resulting clinical effect lasts for many years.

Transcatheter Intracerebral Laser Photobiomodulation Therapy Reduces Dementia and Cognitive Impairment in Patients with Various Stages of Alzheimer's disease

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading neurodegenerative disease associated with dementia and cognitive impairment. A major achievement in AD treatment was the use of lasers with low output power of the red or near-infrared spectral region, which was named Photobiomodulation Therapy (PBMT). Aims: This study investigates the effect of PBMT on regression of dementia and cognitive impairment among patients with various AD stages. Methods: For the study, 97 patients with previously diagnosed AD, aged 34-80 (mean age 67.5), 34 (35.05%) men, 63 (64.95%) women, were selected. According to AD severity, the patients were subdivided: preclinical stage TDR-0 - 10 (10.31%), mild stage TDR-1 - 28 (28.87%), moderately severe stage TDR-2 - 42 (43.30%), severe stage TDR-3 - 17 (17.52%). Test Group - 48 (49.48%) patients, 17 (35.42%) men, 31 (54.58%) women, underwent Transcatheter Intracerebral Laser Photobiomodulation Therapy (PBMT). Control Group - 49 (50.32%) patients, 16 (32.65%) men, 33 (67.35%) women, underwent conservative treatment with Memantine and Rivastigmine. Results: Test Group. Due to angiogenesis and neurogenesis stimulation with Transcatheter Intracerebral Laser Photobiomodulation Therapy (PBMT), all the patients had an improvement in cerebral blood supply and microcirculation and a decrease in cerebral involutive changes. Consequently, all the patients showed reduced dementia and improved cognitive abilities. The vast majority of the patients began to correspond to the group of a milder AD stage. Control Group. No persistent expressed positive dynamics. Partial improvement was obtained only among patients with early AD stages. Conclusion: Transcatheter Intracerebral Laser Photobiomodulation Therapy (PBMT) is an effective, physiologically based method of stimulating cerebral angiogenesis and neurogenesis. As a result of such a complex impact, patients with various AD stages have cerebral capillary collateral revascularization, their tissue metabolism improves, and regenerative processes develop in the cerebral tissue. Tissue regeneration leads to an increase in the volume of the temporal and frontoparietal sections. Clinically, this leads to a stable decrease in dementia level, cognitive functions restoration, and improved quality of patients’ life. The resulting clinical effect lasts for many years. Conservative treatment with Memantine and Rivastigmine is not effective enough.

Utilization of the 1064 nm Wavelength in Photobiomodulation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Introduction: Photobiomodulation or low-level laser therapy (LLLT;<0.5 W) has been used as a non-invasive treatment for various medical indications. Short (visible; 635-650 nm) and longer (invisible; 810-850 nm and 915-980 nm) near-infrared wavelengths have been commonly used, but power setting deficiencies or incorrect wavelength settings can cause negative outcomes. The 1064 nm wavelength as the longest wavelength is a relative newcomer in high-powered (>0.5 W) laser photobiomodulation therapy (HPL-PBMT) with unique biophysical characteristics. Methods: A comprehensive search of 2016-2021 PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane databases for "photobiomodulation" restricted to clinical trials for patients with a medical diagnosis was done. "1064 nm" content was identified and restricted to high-powered lasers (>0.5 watt). Cohen's d was calculated for the effect size and the difference was determined as a measure of relative 1064 nm HPL-PBMT efficacy. Results: The 22 independent studies meeting inclusion criteria focused on knee arthropathies, spine, shoulder/elbow, wound, gynecological, or osteoporosis with evaluation of pain, function, quality of life, range of motion (ROM), and anatomy. Pain was reduced with statistical significance (P<0.05) in 90% of study assessments (n=20) and 100% of studies focused on the knee (n=6). Of 18 studies assessing functional outcome measures, 100% demonstrated statistically significant improvements. Follow-up assessments up to 6 months in 5 knee arthritis studies revealed long-term pain reduction after cessation of treatment. Improvements in wound healing, bone mineral density, and knee cartilage thickness were demonstrated. The largest effect sizes observed were pain reduction in knee arthritis (average Cohen's d effect size=2.46). Conclusion: These studies have established that 1064 nm HPL-PBMT can effectively reduce pain, increase ROM, increase functional scores, and increase the quality of life for knee osteoarthritis and spinal disorders, with limitations. More studies are needed for clinical validation of single-trial data detecting changes in musculoskeletal conditions, cartilage thickness and bone density.

Stimulation of cerebral angiogenesis and neurogenesis with transcatheter intracerebral laser photobiomodulation therapy during dementia in patients with Alzheimer's and Binswanger's disease

AbstractBackgroundThe research investigates stimulation of cerebral angiogenesis and neurogenesis with Transcatheter Intracerebral Laser Photobiomodulation Therapy (PBMT) in patients with dementia with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Binswanger's disease (BD).Materials &amp; MethodsExamined 120 patients suffering from dementia. Accomplished: CDR assessment, Tomography Dementia Rating scale (TDR), MMSE, cerebral CT, MRI, SG, rheoencephalography (REG), cerebral MUGA. We chose 48 patients suffering from AD aged 34‐80 (mean age 67.5), 17 men (35.42%) and 31 women (54.58%). The patients were subdivided according to dementia severity: preclinical stage (TDR‐0 dementia level) ‐ 4, mild stage (TDR‐1 dementia level) ‐ 16, moderately severe stage (TDR‐2 dementia level) ‐ 21, severe stage (TDR‐3 dementia level) ‐ 7 patients. 17 patients with BD aged 58‐81 (mean age 78) were selected, 11 men (64.71%) and 6 women (35.29%). According to dementia severity, the patients were subdivided: mild stage (dementia level CDR‐1) ‐ 9, moderately severe stage (dementia level CDR‐2) ‐ 5 patients. In hospital setting, all patients underwent Transcatheter Intracerebral Laser Photobiomodulation Therapy (PBMT).ResultsAll 48 (100%) patients with AD showed cerebral microcirculation improvement, as well as a 10‐20% increase in cerebral temporal lobes volume, which indicates cerebral neurogenesis development and tissue regeneration. The process was accompanied by dementia level decline and cognitive functions restoration. As a result, patients were transferred to the milder TDR stage group. Depending on the initial dementia severity, the obtained positive effect has been observed for 2‐10 years. All 17 (100%) patients with BD showed cerebral microcirculation improvement and cerebral involutional changes decline, which indicates neurogenesis development and tissue regeneration. The process was accompanied by dementia level decline and cognitive functions restoration. The resulting positive effect has been observed for over 10 years.ConclusionsDespite the differences in the etiology of AD and BD, Transcatheter Intracerebral Laser Photobiomodulation Therapy (PBMT) is an effective treatment for dementia during these diseases. The method improves cerebral blood flow; it stimulates neurogenesis and tissue structure restoration, which lead to dementia decline and cognitive functions improvement. The resulting effect lasts for a long time.

Transcatheter Intracerebral Laser Photobiomodulation Therapy for Treatment of the Consequences of Ischemic Stroke with Distal Atherosclerotic Lesion

The present research is dedicated to the application of intracerebral laser PBMT for the treatment of the consequences of ischemic stroke. The effectiveness of intracerebral laser PBMT is compared to that of the conservative therapy methods. Recent studies have demonstrated a high potential of laser technology PBMT in the treatment of various ischemic lesions of the brain. A total of 836 patients who had experienced ischemic strokes of different degrees of severity in the period ranging from 6 months to 6 years prior to the treatment were included in the research. The age of these patients ranged between 29 and 81 years (average age: 74.9 years). There were 593 men (70.93%) and 243 women (29.07%). The patients were divided into two groups - the Test Group and the Control Group. The Test Group comprised 511 (61.12%) patients with distal lesions of the intracerebral arteries. These patients underwent transcatheter intracerebral laser PBMT. The Control Group comprised 325 (38.88%) patients with similar distal lesions of the intracerebral arteries. These patients, however, received the conservative treatment. The Test Group patients exhibited good clinical results in 259 (87.21%) cases after small focal strokes, in 94 (60.26%) cases after medium focal strokes, and in 12 (20.69%) cases after macro-focal strokes. The Test Group patients exhibited satisfactory clinical results in 33 (11.11%) cases after small focal strokes, - in 39 (25.00%) cases after medium focal strokes, and- in 22 (37.93%) cases after macro-focal strokes. In the Control Group, 51 (21.07%) patients exhibited good clinical results after small focal strokes, while none of the patients exhibited good results after medium focal strokes and macro-focal strokes. In the Control Group, satisfactory clinical results were exhibited by 60 (24.79%) patients after small focal strokes and 8 (19.05%) patients after medium focal strokes, while none of the patients exhibited satisfactory results after macro-focal strokes. Transcatheter intracerebral laser PBMT is an effective, pathogenetically substantiated method for the treatment of the consequences of ischemic stroke. This method enables the restoration of daily-life activities and cognitive and mental functions, thereby enabling the patients to be fully active in their lives again.

Use of low-power laser as an adjunct in endodontic treatment of teeth with internal resorption and apical lesion

Internal root resorption is infrequent in permanent dentition, most cases are observed in anterior teeth, its etiology is not entirely clear, which is why the treatment for this type of lesion is endodontics. We present the case of a 38-year-old female patient, without relevant medical history, referred for evaluation of tooth 2.2 with a poor prognosis. Diagnosis Acute apical abscess, tooth with internal resorption and apical lesion. Endodontics are performed with bioceramic cements and the application of a 808 nm wavelength therapeutic laser, with specific parameters to accelerate bone tissue repair. Low-level laser photobiomodulation therapy appears to be useful as an adjunct in the bone repair process in endodontically treated teeth with apical lesion and internal resorption.

Use of low level laser therapy (LLLT) as an adjunct in treatment with combined therapies in patients with Peripheral Facial Palsy (PFP)

Peripheral Facial Palsy is a neurological disorder that has motor and sensory consequences and affects the facial nerve. It causes alterations in the action of the muscles of the face, in the secretion of saliva, tears, and in the sense of taste. The objective of this publication is to report a case in which a treatment with minimally invasive combined therapies was performed together with the use of low-level laser therapy, in a 52-yearold female patient. With relevant medical history, referred for aesthetic evaluation and with unresolved moderate facial paralysis. She was subjected to laser therapy with wavelength (808 nm) and an energy of 3 Joules per session on the affected side, supplemented with Botulinum Toxin Type A, on the healthy side. The treatment of peripheral facial paralysis with minimally invasive combined therapies has proven to be a useful therapeutic tool for facial sequelae. In turn, low-level laser photobiomodulation therapy is promising as an adjunct in the nerve repair process, which would allow functional recovery of the facial nerve in the medium and long term.