Various Methods of Laser Photobiomodulation Therapy for Alzheimer's Disease

Abstract

Alzheimer's disease is the most common neurodegenerative disease. It is believed that the number of people suffering from Alzheimer's disease worldwide is about 32 million, and the number of people with the preclinical stage of the disease can be up to 300 million. For a long time, it was believed that Alzheimer's disease arises as a result of disorders in the metabolism of amyloid beta and tau-protein in cerebral tissue. According to numerous recent studies, it has been established that the disease is accompanied by dyscirculatory angiopathy of Alzheimer's type. This is an Alzheimer's disease-specific complex lesion of the cerebral vascular system with arterial, microcirculatory, and venous bed disorders. One of the most promising directions in the field of brain revascularization, as well as the regeneration of cerebral tissue in Alzheimer's disease, is the use of laser with low output power. This direction was named laser “photobiomodulation therapy”. Currently, laser photobiomodulation therapy is divided into transcranial, intranasal, intravascular (intravenous) and transcatheter intracerebral methods of treatment. Laser energy has a complex effect on cerebral tissues. Photobiomodulation therapy stimulates angiogenesis, causes collateral and capillary revascularization, restores the exchange of adenosine triphosphate in neuronal mitochondria, improves cellular and tissue metabolism, stimulates neurogenesis, and causes regeneration of tissue structures. Various types of Photobiomodulation therapy are non-traumatic, physiological, pathogenetically substantiated, effective methods for the treatment of cerebral microcirculatory disorders in Alzheimer's disease. The choice of one or another method of laser photobiomodulation therapy is purely individual and depends on the specific clinical case.