Large Electrical Energy Research Articles

Integrated effect of hierarchical structure combining isotropic worm-like pit with anisotropic inverted nanopyramid for quasi-omnidirectional c-Si solar cell

The significance of efficient antireflection over a wide light incident angle (θ) range without sacrificing surface passivation too much increases with the rapid development of photovoltaic industry. Here, worm-like pit (WLP)/inverted nanopyramid (INP) hierarchical structure was realized on c-Si by constructing INP on modified WLP with large lateral size. The INP was obtained through Ag assisted chemical etching based nanopore reshaping in nanostructure rebuilding (NSR) solution. The anti-reflectance performance especially the omnidirectional ability accompanied with the surface passivation effect of both micro pyramid (MP) and WLP/INP was systematically investigated and compared. Additionally, the hierarchical structure based c-Si cell with an efficiency up to 18.5% was achieved, which is 0.12% absolutely higher than that of MP based counterpart (18.38%). Most significantly, the WLP/INP based cell can always possess a higher electric output power over the θ range from −80° to 80° with a highest relative power enhancement of 3.0% compared with that of the MP based one. The above surface processing is facile and scalable, providing an alternative way for the obtaining of c-Si solar cells with large electrical energy output during practical application.

Estimasi Potensi Energi Listrik dari Sampah di Tempat Pemrosesan Akhir Sampah Talang Gulo Kota Jambi

Garbage is something of the residual material of production, which is generally not desirable owner. Therefore garbage is discarded and ends at the end of waste processing (TPA) to be managed to be destroyed. Waste destruction in TPA has always caused problems such as the problem of negative waste impact on the environment, and the difficulty of finding new TPA location when the TPA that is being used has expired. Indeed, garbage still has resources to be processed. One of the technology that can process garbage is a waste power plant (PLTSa) produces electrical energy. This technology has been widely used in Indonesia. The principle is the garbage that pollutes the environment utilized for power generation. Jambi City has TPA in Talang Gulo, but the destruction of garbage in TPA still uses a natural process, which is to block garbage with the method of destruction of garbage in the soil. Indeed, garbage in TPA Talang Gulo can be used as a source of power on PLTSa technology that produces electrical energy. From data of garbage volumes from 2018 to 2030, it has been worth utilizing garbage through PLTSa. The large electrical energy produced was 355,126.78 in the year 2030.

Analisis Perubahan Besaran Listrik Pada Pemanas Induksi Menggunakan Inverter Setengah Jembatan

AbstrakNowadays induction heating has become one of the people's choices in the heating process both in industry and households. Induction heating technology is also growing. But the electrical quantities that change with the temperature changes in the induction heating process must also be analyzed. To make induction heating, we need a device that is capable of producing large electrical energy. This tool uses a 12 Volt DC voltage, strong current 10 ampere and with a 120 watt input power. This induction heater is made using a half bridge inverter which generates heat through waves at high frequencies. The resonant frequency used is 25kHz. From the test obtained an average temperature increase of 134.5 ° C at the 600th second with a paper clip load and with a voltage of 3.33 Volts, a current of 0.15 A, a power of 0.56 watts, and a heat of 19.5J, and a test with a load nails obtained an average temperature of 136 ° C at 360 seconds with a voltage of 4.54 V, a current of 0.27 A, power of 1.12 watts, and a heat of 33.6JKata kunci : Pemanas Induksi, frekuensi, suhu, Solenoide.

Multi-Criteria Economic Analysis of a Pumped Thermal Electricity Storage (PTES) With Thermal Integration

The interest towards large scale electric energy storage technologies is increasing with the large deployment of new renewable capacity. In case of several-hours storage duration, there is no consensus on which technology is the most suited. Several technologies have been recently proposed, among which Pumped Thermal electricity Storage (PTES), which is a technology based on the idea of storing electrical energy as heat. PTES is usually less efficient than electrochemical batteries, but it is characterized by a lower cost per kWh, which could make it a suitable alternative for applications with long storage duration. In this study, a recently proposed PTES system based on the use of heat pumps and organic Rankine cycles is investigated from a thermo-economic point of view. The system is powered by both electric and low-grade thermal energy thus taking advantage of waste heat to increase the electric performance. As the system design both affects efficiency and cost, a tradeoff must be found. In this study this task was performed by means of a multi-objective optimization approach. The relation between electrical roundtrip efficiency and system cost is analyzed and the impact of several design specifications such as boundary conditions, nominal power rating and storage duration is discussed. Finally, the results are generalized by defining some cost scaling correlations. Large size configurations (5 MW of charging power for 8 h storage) may achieve equipment purchasing costs as low as 140 €/kWh and 2300 €/kW with an electrical roundtrip efficiency of 0.6. These results show that the investigated technology may be suitable in the context of large scale and long duration energy storage.

Neoliberal Organizational and Political-Legal Arrangements and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the U.S. Electrical Energy Sector

ABSTRACT An organizational political economy perspective is elaborated to explain greenhouse gas emissions in the high polluting U.S. electrical energy industry. The analysis includes an examination of neoliberal organizational and political-legal arrangements and how the managerial class in parent companies make substantively different strategic investment decisions that affect greenhouse gas emissions. The quantitative analysis examines the effects of corporate characteristics and political embeddedness greenhouse gas emissions in the high-polluting energy sector. Findings show that parent company size, organizational complexity, political embeddedness, and the interaction of size and political embeddedness in the largest electrical energy producing corporations effect their greenhouse gas emissions.

A Grid of Microgrids: Is it the Right Answer? [Point of View

The rapid and worldwide rise in distributed generation capacity, especially photovoltaic, has raised the issue on whether the development and operation of large interconnected systems on a national or continental level will vanish. The usual question is: will the large electric energy systems of today, planned and operated in either a centralized or decentralized way, be replaced by various independent smart-city systems, all with self-healing and other eye-catching characteristics, forming “a grid of microgrids?”

The application of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) within lightweight concrete in passive air conditioning system

Air conditioner (AC) as an active conditioning system is commonly used to absorb heat inside the room or building. However, AC requires relatively large electrical energy. Passive air conditioning system could be seen as an alternative solution to alter the issues mentioned above. Phase Change Material-PCM is able to absorb heat as latent heat that change its form without increasing the temperature. In applications, PCM can be used as mixture on concrete in order to hold the thermal energy from the environment so the temperature inside building can be lower and stable. PCM can decrease thermal conductivity of concrete. Crude Palm Oil (CPO) that can be applied as PCM is added within concrete so that it can have insulating behaviour, decrease the cooling load and electricity energy consumption. In this study, CPO is injected into lightweight concrete with some variation volume to represent its insulating behaviour. Thermal conductivities of lightweight concrete when used CPO volume 0 ml (as control), 2.5 ml, 5 ml, and 7.5 ml are 0,12 W/mK, 0,06 W/mK, 0.07W/mK, and 0.08 W/mK. Thus, the lightweight concrete has better insulating behaviour. This research is expected to be a solution for decreasing cost of electricity energy consumption in buildings.

Plastic Crystal Polymer Electrolytes with Anion-Trapping Boron Moieties for Room Temperature All-Solid-State Sodium Batteries

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have been considered as promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) particularly in large scale electric energy storage applications for renewable energy and grid due to low cost and the huge abundance of sodium resources. However, increasing safety issues caused by the use of conventional organic liquid electrolytes (LEs) greatly hinder the commercial application of SIBs in electric vehicles or hybrid electric vehicles [1]. Replacing LEs with solid electrolytes (SEs) can inherently address such safety problems. However, it is a compelling challenge to develop SEs with superior room-temperature ionic conductivity, high ion transference number, considerable mechanical property, and low electrolyte/electrode interfacial resistance [2]. Recently, we developed a new type of nonwoven supported plastic crystal polymer electrolyte containing anion-trapping boron moieties (B-PCPE), which prepared by in situ growth method using UV-curing technique. In addition, the plastic crystal electrolyte modified electrodes were also designed to reduce interfacial resistance. The B-PCPE shows excellent room temperature ionic conductivity (0.36 mS/cm) and greatly enhanced sodium transference number (0.62) due to the presence of anion-trapping boron moieties. All-solid-state SIB assembled using the B-PCPE with anion acceptor exhibits excellent cycle performance and rate capability at room temperature. The cell delivers first discharge capacity of 104.8 mAh/g with Coulombic efficiency of 94.1% and the capacity retention is about 80.1% after 120 cycles at 0.1 C. We believe this B-PCPE is a promising candidate for practical application and our work provides a new perspective to design high-performance solid electrolyte for ambient-temperature all-solid-state batteries with exceptional rate capability and cycle stability.

Low Temperature Molten Sodium-Based Batteries for Large Scale Electrical Energy Storage

Despite the tremendous advances in batteries for portable electronics and vehicle electrification, truly effective battery technologies for large scale energy storage remain relatively underdeveloped. These systems have distinct requirements as safe, low-cost, reliable systems, critical to robust and agile energy distribution, integration of renewable energy, effective emergency response, and even emerging national defense initiatives. Here, we describe a promising new class of molten sodium-halide batteries that show exciting potential as safe, cost-effective, long-lived batteries for large-scale applications. These Na-NaI batteries comprise a molten sodium anode and a molten NaI-based halide salt catholyte, separated by highly conductive solid-state sodium-ion conducting membrane. This NaI-based system offers a higher voltage (>3V) than traditional molten sodium batteries and enables the use of fully molten catholytes desired for long cycle life. By engineering the materials chemistry of these batteries, we have driven down operating temperature to near 100°C, utilizing chemistries that avoid potential problems with thermal runaway or flammable organic electrolytes that often plague other battery technologies. This dramatic reduction of operating temperature (compared to ~300°C typical of traditional molten sodium batteries) opens the door to valuable reduction in costs and extension of battery life. This presentation will discuss specific advances in molten catholyte composition and electrochemistry, the performance of the solid-state separators at these reduced temperatures, and the efficient cycling behavior of laboratory-scale prototypes. The encouraging performance of these innovative “low” temperature molten salt batteries promises new opportunities to address the widespread need for safe, reliable, and cost-effective large scale energy storage solutions. Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-mission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC., a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International, Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525.

Landfill leachate and industrial effluent treatment using advanced evaporation technology

Evaporation is one of the most efficient methods for separation of dissolved solids and water. Using evaporation, high quality, recyclable or dischargeable water can be produced. An advanced evaporation technology for industrial effluent and landfill leachate treatment has been developed. Construction material of the evaporative heat transfer surface is the key difference to conventional systems: thin, corrosion resistant and elastic polymeric film is used instead of rigid metals. The cost of the polymeric surface is low, decreasing the high costs that are associated with conventional evaporators. Thus, evaporation is now a feasible alternative in a number of effluent treatment applications. The technology applies Mechanical Vapor Recompression (MVR) concept using electrical energy or Multi-Effect (ME) concept utilizing waste heat as energy source. In both concepts the evaporative surface areas are larger than in conventional systems. As a result of the large surface electrical energy consumption is low in the MVR-type evaporators, typically 8-12 kWh/m3 of recovered water; in ME-type evaporators the large area enables the utilization of low value waste heat in an efficient way.

High-efficiency synthesis of high-performance K0.5Na0.5NbO3 ceramics

Pure (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 (KNN) ceramics with high density, fine and uniform-size grains were prepared by mechanochemical activation-assisted process. The time of synthesis is only 100 min, which is 72% – 93% shorter than the 6–24 h of the conventional solid-state method. Compared to samples prepared by conventional solid-state method, both the microstructure evolvement and electric properties were explored in detail. Results show the electric properties was significantly improved. Moreover, the dielectric and ferroelectric properties of obtained KNN ceramics exhibit strong dependence on the crystal size of the initial powders. The optimized ceramics HKNN100 showed a quite high energy storage performance, i.e., large electric energy storage density (Wtol = 1.612 J/cm3) and recoverable energy storage density (Wrec = 0.431 J/cm3), which can be mainly ascribed to the large dielectric breakdown strength (DBS = 110 kV/cm). Our works demonstrated that mechanochemical activation-assisted method possesses advantages for high-efficiency preparation of KNN or KNN-based ceramics.

Hybrid nickel-metal hydride/hydrogen battery

High capacity, high efficiency and resource-rich energy storage systems are required to store large scale excess electrical energy from renewable energy. We proposed “Hybrid Nickel-Metal Hydride/Hydrogen (Ni-MH/H2) Battery” using high capacity AB5-type hydrogen storage alloy and high-pressure H2 gas as negative electrode active materials. It was experimentally confirmed that hydrogen gas can be utilized as an active material of negative electrode by the presence of the AB5-type hydrogen storage alloy. The experimental average cell voltage suggested that H2 gas passed through the alloy in the form of atoms. The calculated gravimetric energy density of this hybrid battery increased up to 1.5 times of the conventional Ni-MH battery with low content of rare-earth element which is 32 wt% of the Ni-MH battery.

ANALISIS POTENSI PENGHEMATAN PADA PLTU UNIT 5 DENGAN AUDIT ENERGI PADA MOTOR PEMAKAIAN SENDIRI DI PT PJB MUARA KARANG

PT PJB Muara Karang power plant is an industry with a large electrical energy consumption for auxiliary power. In ISO50001 itensitas Energy Consumption (IKE) is a great need to audit energy consumption. In the contract the company's performance also set a percentage of personal use should not exceed 6% of the electricity production. Currently Posentase usage of own consumption at power plant unit 5 is greater than the power plant unit 4. It is necessary for an energy audit for the usage of its own in order to decrease the percentage of personal use in the power plant 5 0.5% of the current conditions and find energy savings opportunities in the power plant unit 5.To analyze this problem using energy audits, analyzes the performance test method using "gate cycle" and testing the quality of the voltage source by using the power quality measurement analysis. Having found the equipment with the largest energy comsumtion fish bone tools used to find the main cause of this disorder.

Energy performance and profitability of biomass boilers in the commercial sector: A case study in the UK

Commercial buildings or shopping malls are characterized by large thermal and electrical energy consumptions with high variability of energy demand. Therefore, there is a large interest to explore novel renewable energy generation systems for these applications. A novel flexible configuration of biomass-fired CHP system with organic Rankine cycle (ORC) is here proposed and applied to the case study of food retail buildings in the UK. The proposed configuration adopts a molten salt (MS) circuit to transfer heat from the biomass furnace to the ORC plant. A thermal Energy Storage (TES) is proposed to improve the flexible operation of the plant and reduce the size of the biomass boiler. Molten salts have been preferred to thermal oil as they have no fire risks and low environmental impact and can be used as medium for a Two Tank TES with a “direct heating” scheme. The plant has been analysed using real input data from a biomass boiler installation, conversion efficiency and heat demand from the store. The model is informed by hourly energy costs and electricity feed in tariff in order to define optimal size and operation of the bottoming ORC for the specific case study of large commercial energy end user in the UK. The results show that the use of thermal storage in a biomass-fired ORC plant can improve the boiler efficiency and reduce the biomass consumption in thermal-load following operating mode and increase the investment profitability.

A temperature-sensitive poly(3-octylpyrrole)/carbon composite as a conductive matrix of cathodes for building safer Li-ion batteries

The thermal runaway is now recognized to be a main cause for the unsafety of Li-ion batteries, which poses a serious concern for large scale electric vehicles and energy storage applications. To address this issue, we propose in this work a new positive-temperature-coefficient (PTC) material, poly(3-Octylpyrrole):poly(styrenesulfonate) (P3OPy:PSS)/carbon composite, and use it as conductive matrix of cathode to enhance thermal stability of Li-ion batteries. The electrochemical and safety evaluations reveal that the such-fabricated graphite/LiCoO2 full pouch cells exhibit not only improved electrochemical performances compared to the conventional cells at ambient temperature conditions, but also a reliable thermal-switching function at an elevated temperature of ≥ 120 °C, demonstrating a strong tolerance to overcharge, thermal impact and short-circuiting. Such a thermal stable mechanism originates from the PTC effect of the cathode matrix, which turns the conductive network into an insulating state under thermally abusive conditions and therefore terminates the charge/discharge reactions, thus protecting the cell from thermal runaway. This work provides a new strategy and electrode design for constructing safer LIBs. In addition, the materials and fabrication technique of the thermal stable cathode is facile and also fully compatible with the present industrial manufacture process, making it convenient for use in practical LIBs.

Large scale electrical energy storage systems in India- current status and future prospects

Abstract Backed by various promotional schemes and policies of the government, share of renewable energy sources (RES) is increasing in a faster way in India. Country has to promote the exploitation of renewable resources for a sustainable power system and economy. Increased penetration of intermittent RES affects the grid stability. Electrical Energy Storage (EES) systems are promising solution for grid stability issues. Different types of EES systems are developed all over the world and a number of storage technologies are under experimentation. This paper is mainly focusing on the status of the development and future prospects of large scale electrical energy storage systems in India. Significance of EES systems in modern power systems, overview of the existing large-scale EES systems, Comparison of large-scale EES systems and advantages and disadvantages of various storage technologies etc. are discussed in this paper. List of existing and developing large scale EES projects in India is introduced. Challenges in EES development in India and its significance in future are also studied.

Electrochemical Assessment of Molten NaI-AlCl3 Catholytes for Sodium Batteries

Large scale electrical energy storage is a key piece of the next generation electrical grid infrastructure. Sodium batteries offer great promise as safe, low cost and high energy density storage technologies that can be utilized to meet the growing demand for these types of grid scale storage systems. We are exploring a fully molten sodium battery system that operates at low to intermediate temperatures and provides inherent safety for a large scale battery application. Here we characterize the electrochemical properties of new molten salt catholyte chemistries that enable high performance cycling behavior at lower the operating temperature. We present electrochemical analysis of candidate NaI-AlCl3 molten salt catholytes at various temperatures and compositions. We find concentration dependencies on the iodide oxidation potentials as well as the observed current densities. Insight from these studies reveal catholyte compositions that can support high current densities and good cycle life that would be critical to reliable battery performance. Understanding the phase behavior of these salt compositions is key to optimizing the catholyte performance and a preliminary phase diagram is used help explain the promising electrochemical observations. For example, solids present in the catholyte at very high or very low NaI concentrations hinder mass and charge transport to electrode surfaces. Successful understanding and manipulation of this phase space will enable increases in catholyte performance, both in terms of lower operating temperatures and also increased current densities for improved molten sodium batteries for grid scale energy storage. Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-mission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC., a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International, Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525.

Coexistence of negative and positive electrocaloric effect in lead-free 0.9(K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 - 0.1SrTiO3 nanocrystalline ceramics

The coexistence of negative and positive electrocaloric effect have been experimentally demonstrated in lead-free 0.9(K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 - 0.1SrTiO3 nanocrystalline ceramics using an indirect thermodynamic method. The electrocaloric response of −0.85K at 276K and 0.43K at 330K were calculated at 40kV/cm. The corresponding electrocaloric coefficient were estimated to be −0.24×10−7K·mV−1 and 0.7×10−7K·mV−1 at 273K and 333K, respectively. A large electrical storage energy density 1.46J/cm3 were achieved. The results indicate that materials possess a huge potential for electrocaloric refrigeration as a micro-cooler and energy storage capacity for electronic devices.

A Prognostic and Filtering Analysis Technique for Estimating Battery Remaining Useful Life

Evaluating the life expectance of a lithium-ion battery is critical for cost analysis in small portable device development to large sustainable electric energy systems. Estimation of the serviceability of the battery/battery pack ensures users are effectively replacing legacy components with new ones at the most opportunistic moments, ensuring critical systems failure does not occur and that the essential functions are fully operational/supported. Prediction models have been developed to assist with the maintenance/upkeep of these devices. Capacity fade modeling is capable of detecting the effects of the growth in the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer through cycling within the battery cell. Capacity fade modeling techniques are helpful with identifying remaining useful life (RUL) and is a widely hailed techniques for battery prognostic. Miao developed an unscented particle filter capable of predicting RUL in [1] but didn’t take into account the effects of depth of discharge on the cyclability of the battery cell. Guo used cycling to monitor the loss of capacity and power fade for a battery in [2] but didn’t take into account the effects of temperature. Sustained usage at multiple temperatures can have an adverse effect on the nominal battery capacity during prolonged cycling. Development of a comprehensive RUL technique can be accomplished using filtering methods to simulate the behavior of a battery under the following criteria: temperature, multiple C-rate and depth of discharge (DoD). RUL techniques used to estimate the serviceability of the battery cell define the capacity of the battery during all useable cycles compared to the capacity of a new cell multiplied by a degradation variable. The degradation variable is based on a Bayesian estimation process which considers temperature, C-rate, and DoD for multiple discharge scenarios. Fig 1 compares the filtering techniques supported by simulated data for multiple operating voltages at ambient temperature which enables better prognostics of the battery.

Potassium-Based Dual Ion Battery with Dual-Graphite Electrode.

A potassium ion battery has potential applications for large scale electric energy storage systems due to the abundance and low cost of potassium resources. Dual graphite batteries, with graphite as both anode and cathode, eliminate the use of transition metal compounds and greatly lower the overall cost. Herein, combining the merits of the potassium ion battery and dual graphite battery, a potassium-based dual ion battery with dual-graphite electrode is developed. It delivers a reversible capacity of 62 mA h g-1 and medium discharge voltage of ≈3.96 V. The intercalation/deintercalation mechanism of K+ and PF6- into/from graphite is proposed and discussed in detail, with various characterizations to support.