Largest City In Turkey Research Articles

Comparison of State-Trait Anxiety and Fear of Childbirth According to Attachment Styles of Pregnant Women.

Fear of childbirth (FoC) and its extreme form, tokophobia, is a clinical condition that can lead to many negative consequences, and its importance is increasingly understood. This article aims to assess the severity of FoC and anxiety levels according to different attachment styles and to investigate the relationships between these factors. A cross-sectional study was conducted in a state hospital in the largest city in Turkey. Three hundred pregnant women attending the Antenatal Outpatient Clinic were included. A sociodemographic questionnaire, Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire-version-A (W-DEQ), Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and Adult Attachment Style Scale were administered. 8.1% of participants had tokophobia (W-DEQ sum score ≥85). FoC was significantly higher in pregnant women who had a history of pregnancy loss and past psychiatric history. For multiparous women, adverse birth outcomes were also associated with higher FoC. State and trait anxiety were positively correlated with FoC levels. Regarding the attachment patterns, pregnant women with avoidant attachment styles presented with higher levels of FoC than those with secure attachment styles. In logistic regression analysis, higher anxiety levels, adverse birth outcomes, and insecure attachment styles were found to predict severe and clinical FoC. FoC has a considerable effect on pregnant women, albeit at different clinical levels. Adverse birth outcomes, high anxiety levels, and insecure attachment styles were associated with higher FoC. Therefore, antenatal patients with adverse birth outcomes and higher anxiety levels, which are risk factors for FoC, should be carefully evaluated in terms of tokophobia and referred to mental health professionals when necessary.

The moderating role of paternalistic leadership in the relationship between job satisfaction and job stress among health workers in Gaziantep, Turkey

BACKGROUND: Adopting an effective leadership style is of critical importance in increasing healthcare efficiency and therefore determining patient satisfaction. For example, although there are many new and effective leadership types today, the paternalistic leadership approach can still play an effective role in developing countries. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to examine the moderating role of paternalistic leadership in the relationship between job satisfaction and job stress. METHODS: A total of 466 healthcare workers completed measures of perceived paternalistic leadership, job stress, and job satisfaction. The research was conducted in the center of Gaziantep, one of the largest cities in Turkey. Regression analysis was used to evaluate the moderate variable. Dawson slope were used to visualize the results. RESULTS: A negative relationship was found between job satisfaction and job stress. Additionally, it has been determined that the perception of paternalistic leadership has a moderating role. It has been observed that as the perception of paternalistic leadership increases, the negative relationship between job satisfaction and job stress decreases. CONCLUSION: It has been concluded that the paternalistic leadership approach can play a critical role in increasing the productivity of healthcare workers and reducing the negative effect of stress on satisfaction. It has been suggested that policies be developed to develop appropriate strategies for creating work environments that will increase employees’ perceptions of paternalistic leadership.

Epidemiology of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: comparison of Turkish nationals and refugees.

The aim of this study is to conduct an epidemiological examination of Turkish citizens and refugees who requested an ambulance due to Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) at the Kayseri 112 emergency services between 2019 and 2020. This study was carried out in the province of Kayseri, which is one of the largest cities in Turkey. The study population includes OHCA patients for whom EMS were activated for any reason in 2019-2020. Data were taken from the Emergency Healthcare Automation System used by Kayseri Emergency Medical Services. A total of 5977 OHCA cases (Turkish 5736, Refugees 241) in which Emergency Medical Servises (EMS) was activated during the research period were included. A rate of 55.6% of patients Turkish nationality and 66.0% refugees were male (p<0.001). Observing at the cause of arrest, we find that 95.7% of cases among Turkish citizens and 82.6% of cases among refugees had a medical cause; while the suicide rate among Turkish citizens was 0.9%, this rate was 5.0% in refugee patients (p<0.001). It was found that the rate of OHCA increased with age and that the average OHCA age was lower in men and refugees. In addition, there is no difference between Turkish nationals and refugees in the use of emergency services for OHCA cases.

Investigation of solar powered sorption cooling and heating systems to supply hospital’s thermal requirements in pandemic periods

Abstract In pandemic periods such as COVID-19, economic and sociological problems threaten human life and public order on a global scale. In these periods, the use of solar powered heating–cooling systems to meet the thermal needs of hospitals and to provide thermal comfort conditions offer important solutions for the elimination of technical, economic and environmental problems related to energy supply. In this study, the heating, cooling and hot water supply of a sample hospital building for the three largest cities of Turkey with a novel solar powered Li-Cl absorption heat pump system was investigated using the Transient System Simulation Tool (TRNSYS) simulation program. The use of a unique NH3-H2O resorption system as a solar powered auxiliary system was also investigated. It was determined that the total annual hot water and cooling needs of the hospital buildings in all three provinces are supplied almost completely by the solar energy powered system without compromising the hygiene and thermal comfort of the occupants. The average annual solar fraction of total heating demands are calculated as 50, 54 and 65% for İstanbul, Ankara and İzmir, respectively. In addition, depending on the use of solar energy, it has been observed that 126 tons of CO2 emissions were saved annually, and an economic saving of 524 375 TL was achieved in total. Considering the problems with energy supply during the epidemic periods, it was concluded that meeting the energy requirements of hospitals with clean, renewable and independent energy source will provide significant benefits to the countries.

Differences between low-income and high-income buyers of organic milk and willingness to pay organic price premiums

The demand for organic products has increased with the increase in individuals’ education and income levels, their sensitivity to the qualityof the products, and their willingness to pay higher prices for natural and quality products. Confidence in organic products, caring aboutthe health effects of organic products, and the ease of accessing them are among the factors that increase their consumption. Organicproducts are also perceived as natural products in Turkey. The awareness of questioning the certificates and logos of purchased organicproducts has not yet been formed. Those who do not know the legislation, such as the organic logo requirement, perceive all kinds ofnatural products obtained from rural areas as organic. In this study, 477 questionnaires from households were obtained in Bursa, the4th largest city in Turkey. The study aimed to reveal organic milk and dairy products (OMDP) consumption perceptions, consumption status,and reasons for preference by participants’ income level. Consumers’ awareness and perceptions of OMDP, their OMDP consumptionstatus, and the relationship between OMDP consumption and income level. The study also inquired whether consumers would be willingto pay more for OMDP and whether this willingness to pay was affected by income levels. Middle-income consumers consumed the mostorganic milk—consumers with high income purchased OMDP the least. However, in case of increased product awareness, half of thehigh-income consumers were willing to pay 30% more for OMDP. This research is a reliable, empirical field study to reveal Turkish OMDPconsumers’ characteristics and contribute to the literature.

Pythagorean Fuzzy Based AHP-VIKOR Integration to Assess Rail Transportation Systems in Turkey

Rail transit systems, one of the important public transportation (PT) systems, are widespread in large cities to satisfy passengers or commuters for their daily trips. However, rail transportation (RT) investments are costly, and the budgets are minimal. Thus assessing RT systems in big cities play a crucial role in deciding on the best RT investment. In this study, for the first time, a two-stage fuzzy set is used among the multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) studies in the area of transportation. The proposed method is a unique technique integrating the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Vise Kriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR) techniques with an extension of Pythagorean fuzzy sets. In this manner, datasets from the observations of three rail lines in Antalya, one of the largest cities in Turkey, are applied to the proposed method. Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP), a commonly used MCDM method, is used to weighting four main criteria and thirteen sub-factors. AHP is strengthened by interval-valued Pythagorean fuzzy numbers (IVPFNs). The Fuzzy VIKOR (FVIKOR) approach is then applied for the prioritization of three rail line alternatives. Results are achieved by analyzing not only real RT service observations, also actual RT expenditures or costs. Consequently, the uncertainty in results is thus minimized. Outcomes of the case study reveal the most serviceable RT line in the city evaluating the main criteria, namely economy, comfort, environment, and safety. Therefore, the proposed approach methodologically contributes to adopting a new insight into the integration of MCDM methods with fuzzy set.

The relationship between environmental air pollution, meteorological factors, and emergency service admissions for epileptic attacks in children

ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between exposure to acute air pollution and meteorological factors on the frequency of epileptic attacks in children. MethodsThis retrospective study was carried using patient files from a children’s hospital in Diyarbakır, one of the largest cities in Turkey. In the present study, the possible relationship between epileptic attacks seen in children over a 10-year period, two air polluting factors (PM10 and SO2), and the meteorological factors (air pressure, humidity, precipitation, wind speed) affecting them were investigated. The effects of different variables on the number of epilepsy patients admitted to the pediatric emergency department were also evaluated through four different models utilizing Poisson Regression Analysis. ResultsAccording to Model 2 and 3, the strongest relationship of the four Poisson Regression models, there was a significantly increased risk of pediatric emergency department admissions for seizures associated with a 10 µm/m3 increase in PM10 (IRR=1.020; 95% CI: 1.018–1.022); IRR= 1.071; 95% CI: 1.050–1.081; respectively) and 10 µm/m3 increase in SO2 (IRR=1.162; 95%CI: 1.151–1.173; IRR=1.092; 95% CI: 1.042–1.120; respectively). In Model 2, a 1 m/s increase in wind speed decrease the risk of daily of epileptic attack admitted to the emergency department and a 1 °C increase in temperature increased the risk of daily of epileptic attack admitted to the emergency department (IRR=0.840; 95% CI; 0.714–0.987; IRR=1.033; 95%CI: 1.007–1.059; respectively). In Model 3, 1% increase in humidity and 1 m/s increase in wind speed increased the number of daily epileptic attack admitted to the emergency department (IRR=1.008; 95%CI: 1.004–1.011; IRR=1.169; 95%CI: 1.056–1.294; respectively). The daily number of epilepsy patients was statistically significantly affected by the autumn (95%CI: 10.017–19.845) and winter (95%CI: −0.279 to 13.292) seasons. ConclusionMeteorological factors and air pollutants affect the number of pediatric patients admitted to the pediatric emergency department with epilepsy attacks.

What We Have and Have Not Done in Transportation: The Story of Our Major Cities in Last Hundred Years

Farklı yönetimler, rejimler ve durmaksızın değişmekte olan bir dünya ortamını kapsayan yüz yıllık bir sürenin tümünün bir yazı çerçevesinde incelenmesi fazla iddialı gelebilir. Hele konu, bazen birkaç yılda bir değişen büyük şehirlerimizin ulaşım politikaları olursa… Bu nedenle yazı, İstanbul’un Aksaray semtinin ulaşım tarihine odaklanarak başlamakta, ilk olarak 20. Yüzyılın başlarından 1970’lere kadarki gelişmeler özetlenmektedir. Bu çerçeve içinde, Tarihi Yarımada’da çoğu bilinçsizce hayata geçirilen yol projelerinin yıkıcı sonuçları da göz önüne serilmektedir. Bu yıllardan itibaren dünyada ulaşım politikalarında ortaya çıkan çağdaş anlayışların kısa bir özetinin ardından, Ankara ve İzmir de dahil, Türkiye’nin üç büyük kentinde yürütülen ulaşım politikaları incelenmektedir. Bu dönemde birkaç yerel çağdaş uygulama dışında, büyük kentlerde eski anlayışın sürdüğü görülmektedir. Devamında, bu şehirlerde 1990’lardan günümüze kadar uygulanmış olan ulaşım proje ve önlemlerinin, dünyada kabul görmüş genel ölçütler çerçevesinde değerlendirmesi yapılmaktadır. Makale, pandemi koşulları sona erdiğinde, çağdaş ulaşım politikalarını oluşturan nedenlerin hala geçerliğini sürdüreceğini ve bunlara her zamankinden daha fazla ihtiyaç duyulacağı görüşü ile sona ermektedir.

Ensemble Voting Regression Based on Machine Learning for Predicting Medical Waste: A Case from Turkey

Predicting medical waste (MW) properly is vital for an effective waste management system (WMS), but it is difficult because of inadequate data and various factors that impact MW. This study’s primary objective was to develop an ensemble voting regression algorithm based on machine learning (ML) algorithms such as random forests (RFs), gradient boosting machines (GBMs), and adaptive boosting (AdaBoost) to predict the MW for Istanbul, the largest city in Turkey. This was the first study to use ML algorithms to predict MW, to our knowledge. First, three ML algorithms were developed based on official data. To compare their performances, performance measures such as mean absolute deviation (MAE), root mean squared error (RMSE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), and coefficient of determination (R-squared) were calculated. Among the standalone ML models, RF achieved the best performance. Then, these base models were used to construct the proposed ensemble voting regression (VR) model utilizing weighted averages according to the base models’ performances. The proposed model outperformed three baseline models, with the lowest RMSE (843.70). This study gives an effective tool to practitioners and decision-makers for planning and constructing medical waste management systems by predicting the MW quantity.

Daily electricity demand assessment on the example of the Turkish road transport system – a case study of the development of electromobility on highways

The aim of this study is to investigate how the daily electricity demand from road transport related to the implementation of an electric road system on the eight roads with the highest traffic flow connecting the seven largest cities in Turkey varies according to time and location. Intercity highway route O-7, O-5, O-21, D715, D687, E96, and E87 in Western Turkey was used as a case study. The daily electricity demand on the eight roads working on the full electrification of the existing traffic flow can be increased by 3.7% in the case of the reference point. However, if all roads in Turkey are converted to an electric road system and all land vehicles use this system, the corresponding peak power increase will be 100%. The daily electricity demand along the roads is derived from the available measuring points for the daily road traffic volumes. The study also compares the CO₂ reduction potentials and energy demands of the electrified road system with the use of fossil fuels to achieve the same transportation volume. The results show that an electric road system application on eight Turkish roads with considerable traffic flow can reduce 18.8 million tons of CO₂ emissions from the road transport sector. The research can find practical application in assessing the validity of developing a strategy for the development of electromobility on highways in Turkey.

Success model of online food delivery system: The role of brand image in customer responses

There is a growing interest in understanding the factors affecting the success of online food delivery (OFD) systems because online food ordering has increased considerably in recent years. Hence, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of brand image on customer satisfaction and purchase intention based on the stimulus-organism-response (S-O-R) framework by adopting DeLone and McLean IS success model. A convenience sample of 251 respondents, who use the most popular OFD applications in 3 largest cities of Turkey, was surveyed by an online self-administered structured questionnaire. The results were first organized as descriptive statistics for observed variables and frequencies of demographic variables. In the second phase, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) followed by structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test the measurement and structural model. The results reveal that among OFD system success factors, only the system and service quality positively influence brand image, accounting for 46% of the variance. On the other hand, this study could not validate the proposed positive effect of information quality on brand image. For the role of brand image in customer responses, the findings evidence a significant positive effect of brand image on both customer satisfaction and intention to use. The variable explains 34% and 22% of the variance in satisfaction and purchase intention, respectively. In line with these results, this paper concludes that brand image can be introduced into the e-commerce success model as a new variable due to its partial mediating role and significant effects on customer responses.

Gendering the history of cinemagoing in Izmir, Turkey: Middle-class women’s experiences of cinema in the 1960s and 1970s

This article focuses on cinemagoing in Izmir (the third largest city in Turkey) in the 1960s and the 1970s, when the city developed a vibrant cinema culture with its numerous winter and summer cinemas. It attempts to undo the problematic conceptions of homogeneous audiences and cinemagoing experiences by focusing on how gender shaped and constructed the experiences of middle-class audiences. The primary source material for the article is qualitative data obtained from 62 oral history interviews, in addition to the contents of local newspapers and film industry magazines. The article argues that although, for women, cinemagoing was a very meaningful event in itself, it was not a wholly free and easily pleasurable activity. It also suggests that women, like men, went to the cinema to see a variety of films more than they went to socialize, and their choice of films was not limited to supposedly women’s genres. Overall, the article attempts to break with the nostalgic tone in popular and academic discussions of cinemagoing in Izmir and other cities in Turkey. It shows that cinema in Izmir, and possibly elsewhere in Turkey, was not just a forum of collective entertainment and pleasure, but also a locus of struggle.

What’s going on in my mind? The effects of cognitive differences on buying impulsiveness, cognitive dissonance, and price consciousness

AbstractBuying impulsiveness, tendency for cognitive dissonance, and price consciousness may differ among consumers, primarily because of differences in individuals' time orientation, thinking style, risk perception, and cognitive flexibility. This exploratory hypothesis‐testing study aims to examine whether the cognitive differences in future orientation, holistic thinking, risk perception, and cognitive flexibility of consumers affect buying impulsiveness, tendency for cognitive dissonance, and price consciousness, through hypothesis testing and structural equation modelling. Data were collected face‐to‐face from 414 participants across the two largest cities of Turkey (İstanbul and Ankara) using the convenience sampling method. The findings demonstrate that future orientation, holistic thinking, and risk perception negatively affect buying impulsiveness. The tendency for post‐purchase cognitive dissonance is negatively affected by future orientation and holistic thinking and is positively affected by risk perception. Price consciousness, however, is affected positively by future orientation and negatively by risk perception. In addition, cognitive flexibility, which is also shaped by future orientation and holistic thinking, increases price consciousness and plays a mediating role in the relationship between future orientation and price consciousness.

Gendering the NEET category: young NEET women in Turkey

ABSTRACT Turkey has the highest proportion of young people not in employment, education, or training (NEET) among OECD countries, standing at 26 percent of all those aged 15–29 years. Notably, however, a young woman in Turkey is three times more likely to be out of education and employment than a young man. Based on statistical data on the NEET category and qualitative research drawing on experiences of young NEET women in six large cities in Turkey, this article discusses the gendered characteristics of this category. This article aims to reconcile competing perspectives in youth studies, namely transition and cultural perspectives, and argues for the importance of introducing cultural elements and gender perspective in the NEET literature, for which the Turkish case offers an important case study.

Frequency of RHD variants in serologically weak D Turkish blood donors

BackgroundRhD typing has remained of primary importance, as being the leading cause of hemolytic disease of the newborn. Among Rh system’s 55 blood group antigens, RhD is the most immunogenic. We aimed with this study to determine weak D/partial D variant frequency in blood donors who were admitted to our blood center and have serologically designated blood group weak D. Materials and methodsWe screened blood donors who admitted between 2011 and 2017 to our blood center. Sixty-seven serologically weak D phenotyped donors have participated in the study. These donors' samples were studied further by Polymerase Chain Reaction Sequence- Specific Primers (PCR-SSP) for determining D variants. ResultsWeak D phenotype was detected in 228(0.12 %) out of 177,554 donors. Sixty-seven of them agreed to take part in the study. The frequency of weak D and partial D was 68.7 % (n = 46), and 22.4 % (n = 15), in order. The most encountered weak D and partial D variant was type 15 and DFR type, respectively. ConclusionsThe prevalence of serologically weak D phenotypes varies by race and ethnicity. Turkey is a country covering a mixture of European and Asian DNA with different ethnic groups. Thus, our research as giving the overall distribution of RHD variants from the largest city of Turkey, which may reflect the general ethnic background of the country, would help to the establishment of a databank for blood banking. This paper is the first molecular study on RHD variants in Turkey. New molecular research would be more reliable and precise.

Investigation of micropollutants removal from landfill leachate in a full-scale advanced treatment plant in Istanbul city, Turkey

Although the levels of micropollutants in landfill leachate and municipal wastewater are well-established, the individual removal mechanisms and the fate of micropollutants throughout a landfill leachate treatment plant (LTP) were seldom investigated. Therefore, the determination of the removal efficiencies and the fates of micropollutants in a full-scale leachate treatment plant located in the largest city of Turkey were aimed in this study. Some important processes, such as equalization pond, bioreactor, ultrafiltration (UF) and nanofiltration (NF), are being operated in the treatment plant. Landfill leachate was characterized as an intense pollution source of macro and micropollutants compared to other water types. Chemical oxygen demand (COD), NH3, suspended solids (SS) and electrical conductivity (EC) values of the landfill leachate (and their removal efficiencies in the treatment plant) were determined as 18,656 ± 12,098 mg/L (98%), 3090 ± 845 mg/L (99%), 4175 ± 1832 mg/L (95%) and 31 ± 2 mS/cm (51%), respectively. Within the scope of the study, the most frequently and abundantly detected micropollutants in the treatment plant were found as heavy metals (8 ± 1.7 mg/L), VOCs (38 ± 2 μg/L), alkylphenols (9 ± 3 μg/L) and phthalates (8 ± 3 μg/L) and the overall removal efficiencies of these micropollutants ranged from −11% to 100% in the treatment processes. The main removal mechanism of VOCs in the aerobic treatment process has been found as the volatilization due to Henry constants greater than 100 Pa·m3/mol. However, the molecular weight cut off restriction of UF membrane has caused to less or negative removal efficiencies for some VOCs. The biological treatment unit which consists of sequential anoxic and oxic units (A/O) was found effective on the removal of PAHs (62%) and alkylphenols (87%). It was inferred that both NO3 accumulation in anoxic reactor, high hydraulic retention time (HRT) and sludge retention time (SRT) in aerobic reactor provide higher biodegradation and volatilization efficiencies as compared to the literature. Membrane processes were more effective on the removal of alkylphenols (60–80%) and pesticides (59–74%) in terms of influent and effluent loads of each unit. Removal efficiencies for Cu, Ni and Cr, which were the dominant heavy metals, were determined as 92, 91 and 51%, respectively and the main removal mechanism for heavy metals has thought to be coprecipitation of suspended solids by microbial biopolymers in the bioreactor and the separation of colloids during membrane filtration. Total effluent loads of the LTP for VOCs, semi volatiles and heavy metals were 1.0 g/day, 5.2 g/day and 1.5 kg/day, respectively. It has been concluded that the LTP was effectively removing both conventional pollutants and micropollutants with the specific operation costs of 0.27 $/(kg of removed COD), 0.13 $/(g of removed VOCs), 0.35 $/(g of removed SVOCs) and 2.6 $/(kg of removed metals).

Forecasting of Primary Air Pollutions: Emission Inventory Sample from Turkey

This study presents an air pollutant emission inventory of primary pollutants for Kayseri, Turkey. Kayseri is one of the largest cities in Turkey which went through industrialization in recent decades together with rapid population growth. Air pollution from residential, industrial, and transportation sources have been a major problem for Kayseri during this period. In this study, emissions of four primary pollutants, namely, particulate matter (PM), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and carbon monoxide (CO) were estimate. The sources of air pollutants in Kayseri were classified as point, area, and line sources. The emissions from point and area sources (i.e., industrial and residential areas) were estimated by using the information on types and amounts of fuels used. The emissions from line sources (i.e., transportation) were estimated by using the vehicle count data on major roads. The appropriate emission factors were obtained from the Unites State Environmental Protection Agency or European Environment Agency. The results showed that the annual emission rates for PM, SO2, NOX and CO were 2929 tons,5082 tons, 6791 tons and 37094 tons, respectively. Area sources are responsible for 86%, 94%, and 75% of total PM, SO2, and CO emissions, respectively. Point sources provide about 56% of total NOX emissions. In order to improve the air quality of our cities, it is envisaged that control measures should be taken especially for reducing the residential emissions caused by heating and the determination of national emission calculation factors in order to achieve more reliable results.

Gentrification from Country: Sivas İşhanı Köyü-Eğri Köprü Mahallesi

Soylulaştırma olgusu, günümüzde kent ve kentle ilgili disiplinler tarafından sıklıkla incelenen bir araştırma konusudur. Özellikle post-endüstriyelleşen kentler üzerinden tartışılan olgu Türkiye’de sınırlı bir çerçevede ve büyük kentler üzerinden incelenmektedir. Bu çalışmada ise henüz büyük şehir statüsü kazanamamış, sanayileşme basamaklarını tamamlayamamış, Sivas ili özelinde, bir köy örneğinden hareketle, soylulaştırmanın işleyiş biçimi ve gündelik hayattaki karşılığı betimlenmeye çalışılmaktadır. Çalışmanın inceleme alanı olarak Sivas İşhanı Köyü seçilirken sürecin açıklanması için Philip Clay’in (2008) dörtlü basamaklandırmasının yanı sıra, iletişim sürecinin çözümlenmesi için Yılmaz Bilecen’in (2019) onlu kodlamasından faydalanılmıştır. İşhanı Köyü’nde soylulaştırma süreci, köyün ekenek alanı olan, tepe kısmında TOKİ’lerin yapılması ile son birkaç yıl içerisinde başlamaktadır. İşhanı Köyü’nün ekenek alanı olmaktan çıkan araziler günümüzde “lüks konutların” yer aldığı bir semte dönüşmüştür. Beyaz yakalı ve orta sınıfta yer alan kişilerin yaşamayı tercih ettiği mahallenin üst kısmı, ilk kez oturuma 2007 yılında yoksul aileler için yapılan TOKİ konutlarıyla birlikte açılmıştır. Soylulaştırmada öncü rolü üstlenen akademisyenler çevredeki diğer sitelere doğru yayılım gösterirken farklı gelir grupları aynı alan içerisinde birlikte yaşamaya başlamış ve akademisyenler kültürel dönüşümü hızlandırmıştır. Çalışmada bu dönüşüm gündelik hayata yansımaları ile birlikte tartışılmaktadır. Çalışmada yöntem olarak son on yıldır mahallede yaşanarak gerçekleştirilen doğrudan gözlemin yanı sıra, yüz yüze gerçekleştirilen mülakatlarla; köylüler, mahallede yaşayanlar ve muhtarlarla görüşülmüş ek olarak Sivas Belediyesi’ne ait faaliyet raporları ve mahallede yer alan duvar yazıları incelenmiştir. Görüşmeler yarı yapılandırılmış mülakat tekniği ile gerçekleştirilirken diğer materyaller niteliksel metin analizinden hareketle incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucunda görülmüştür ki, hızla gerçekleştirilen soylulaştırma Clay’in soylulaştırma modeli uyumlu bir şekilde hareket edilmekte ve Yılmaz Bilecen’in geliştirdiği kodlarla uyumlu sonuçlar içermektedir. İşhan Köyü’nde soylulaştırma süreci, köyün ekenek alanı olan, tepe kısmında TOKİ’lerin yapılması ile son birkaç yıl içerisinde başlamaktadır. İşhan Köyü’nün ekenek alanı olmaktan çıkan araziler günümüzde “lüks konutların” yer aldığı bir semte dönüşmüştür. Beyaz yakalı ve orta sınıfta yer alan kişilerin yaşamayı tercih ettiği mahallenin üst kısmı, ilk kez oturuma 2007 yılında yoksul aileler için yapılan TOKİ konutlarıyla birlikte açılmıştır. İlk dönemlerinde alt yapı ve ulaşım sorunlarının yaşandığı mahalleye KARDEŞLER TOKİ ya da İŞHAN TOKİ olarak hitap edilmiş ve lokasyon konutlar üzerinden tanımlanmıştır. Siteye bir yıl sonra yeni blokların, çarşının eklenmesi ve ardından üniversiteye yakınlığından dolayı Akademisyenler Sitesi ve villalarının, bekarlar için sadece kiralama yoluyla ikamet edile bilinen stüdyo tipi dairelerin yapılması ve öğrenciler için yurt açılması gibi etmenlerle soylulaştırma süreci hızlanmıştır. Saçaklanarak yerleşim alanın altına ve üstüne doğru ilerleyen konut stoku TOKİ’leri çevreleyip, ekenek alanı tahrip ederken, mahallede konut fiyatları ve kiralar yükselmiş özellikle, on yılını dolduran kiracılar için süreç sorunları da beraberinde getirmiştir. Soylulaştırmada öncü rolü üstlenen akademisyenler çevredeki diğer sitelere doğru yayılım gösterirken farklı gelir grupları aynı alan içerisinde birlikte yaşamaya başlamış ve akademisyenler kültürel dönüşümü hızlandırmıştır. Çalışmada bu dönüşüm gündelik hayata yansımaları ile birlikte tartışılmaktadır.Çalışmada yöntem olarak son on yıldır mahallede yaşanarak gerçekleştirilen doğrudan gözlemin yanı sıra, yüz yüze gerçekleştirilen mülakatlarla; köylüler, mahallede yaşayanlar ve muhtarlarla görüşülmüş ek olarak Sivas Belediyesi’ne ait faaliyet raporları ve mahallede yer alan duvar yazıları incelenmiştir. Görüşmeler yarı yapılandırılmış mülakat tekniği ile gerçekleştirilirken diğer materyaller niteliksel metin analizinden hareketle incelenmiştir.Çalışmanın sonucunda görülmüştür ki, hızla gerçekleştirilen soylulaştırma Clay’in soylulaştırma modeli uyumlu bir şekilde hareket edilmekte ve Yılmaz Bilecen’in geliştirdiği kodlarla uyumlu sonuçlar içermektedir.

The assessment of smart city projects using zSlice type-2 fuzzy sets based Interval Agreement Method

Cities are facing many urban challenges such as traffic congestion, air pollution, energy consumption and urban sprawl. Smart city concept is proposed to cope with these challenges. However, current smart city initiatives require a comprehensive decision-making framework. In this study, in order to capture individual and multiple opinions from decision makers over repeated surveys, the Interval Agreement Approach (IAA) is utilized to prioritize and evaluate the smart city dimensions for Istanbul's recent smart city project. The validity of the suggested approach is tested with a case study of Istanbul, the largest city in Turkey with many urban problems such as chronic traffic gridlock, rapid urban growth and environmental pollution. The results from the experiments show that IAA can be a useful approach for researchers who theoretically study smart city dimensions, concepts and decision-making methods. It can also help practitioners who deal with implementing smart city projects.

Repeating earthquakes and interplate coupling along the western part of the North Anatolian Fault

The Sea of Marmara accommodates segments of the North Anatolian Fault (NAF) in Turkey and remains the only part of the western NAF that has not ruptured during the last century. At its nearest, the segment is ~20 km from Istanbul, the largest city in Turkey. Thus, it is important to understand the locking state of the fault, since it illuminates the strain accumulation rate along the fault segments, which in turn is an important input parameter in seismic hazard studies. To infer the interplate locking state, we used repeating earthquakes that indicate fault creep in the surrounding area using long-term (April 2005 to May 2013) seismic observations at 12 broadband seismic stations operated by Bogazici University Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute. We defined repeating earthquakes from waveform coherences that were >0.95 for 40-second-long waveforms of the vertical component. Using the selection procedure, we found 21 repeating earthquakes with magnitude 2.3 to 3.2 that are grouped into 9 sequences. They are distributed along the main NAF, comprising three groups of activity, one group in the Sea of Marmara and a group either side to the east and west. The three groups are located near the boundary of previous large earthquake ruptures, suggesting relatively weak coupling there. We also estimated the fault creep rate from the cumulative slip of the repeating earthquakes using a scaling relationship between repeating earthquakes' moment and slip. The slip rate for these three groups are similar (3–4 cm/yr) and comparable to, albeit slightly higher than, those expected from global plate models (~2.4 cm/yr). This suggests relatively weak locking around the groups. The relocation results of the repeating earthquake hypocenters in the Sea of Marmara suggest the creep is occurring at 10 to 20 km depth. These results suggest heterogeneous coupling in the segment.