Large Transport System Research Articles

Lithium-Ion Batteries on Board: A Review on Their Integration for Enabling the Energy Transition in Shipping Industry

The emission reductions mandated by International Maritime Regulations present an opportunity to implement full electric and hybrid vessels using large-scale battery energy storage systems (BESSs). lithium-ionion batteries (LIB), due to their high power and specific energy, which allows for scalability and adaptability to large transportation systems, are currently the most widely used electrochemical storage system. Hence, BESSs are the focus of this review proposing a comprehensive discussion on the commercial LIB chemistries that are currently available for marine applications and their potential role in ship services. This work outlines key elements that are necessary for designing a BESS for ships, including an overview of the regulatory framework for large-scale onboard LIB installations. The basic technical information about system integration has been summarized from various research projects, white papers, and test cases mentioned in available studies. The aim is to provide state-of-the-art information about the installation of BESSs on ships, in accordance with the latest applicable rules for ships. The goal of this study is to facilitate and promote the widespread use of batteries in the marine industry.

К платформе стратегического управления транспортной инфраструктурой

The challenges of strategic management of the transport infrastructure in the conditions of geopolitical and sanction pressure on Russia are considered. In order to support decision-making concerning its development, it is proposed to use a set of strategic management models successfully applied in strategic planning of the sustainable functioning of the Russian economy, including Siberia, the Russian Arctic and the Far East, as well as in JSC «Russian Railways». The adoption of these and other decisions in the improved model of public administration should be based on the array of data on the conditions of economic entities and internal and external factors affecting them. This requires creation of the national public administration platform. The strategic transport infrastructure management platform should become an integral part of it. As a theoretical basis for its construction, it is proposed to use the theory of large transport systems. On the basis of this theory, a design solution for creation of the strategic transport infrastructure management platform based on the above-mentioned set of models and requirements of regulatory documents is proposed. As an example, one of the subprocesses of the design solution is considered - mathematical modeling and forecasting of the consequences of the onset of new events for transport infrastructure based on the theory of large transport systems. At the same time, the state of the infrastructure is formally determined as a result of the interaction (decision of the game) of interested parties under certain mechanisms of public administration. The solutions of the game of the subjects - users of the transport infrastructure and its efficiency criteria before and after the onset of new events are determined.

Имитационное моделирование развития Ванино-Совгаванского мультимодального транспортного узла

Purpose: Working-out of simulation model of multimodal transport node functioning to solve the problem of regional transport infrastructure development. Determination of the optimal ratio of technical and technological parameters of railway and sea port infrastructure, namely: technical parameters of MTN (Multimodal Transport Node) objects which determine their capacity in view of reliability of their functioning; processing time of applications (on cars, trains, ships, etc.) at each MTN object. Methods: Methodology for structural systems analysis, system theory, agent-based, discrete-event and system-dynamic modeling were applied. Results: Theoretical foundations for modeling methods are considered and the application of simulation modeling to solve the task of effective functioning of large transport systems in the conditions of uncertainty is substantiated. The simulation model of Vanino-Sovgavan multimodal transport node development was carried out to justify design decisions on change of MTN railway infrastructure oblique and capacity. The values of parameters at which the system can function smoothly in conditions of car traffic rise have been determined. Practical importance: The developed simulation model makes it possible to analyze the work of the key transport node of the Far East with the purpose of its effective and sustainable functioning. In addition, the model can be used to rationalize the work of existing transport nodes and to solve the issue of advanced development of a regional transport infrastructure, primarily, the Trans-Siberian and Baikal-Amur Mainlines, the Northern Sea Route, sea ports, border crossings and approaches to them in order to ensure production improvement for mining, processing and transportation of natural resources and realization of transit potential of Siberia, the Far East and the Arctic zone of Russia.

Design of warm dielectric terminations and electrical breaks for high-temperature superconducting power cables

Large electric transportation systems such as electric aircraft and electric ships have been designed with multiple high temperature superconducting (HTS) power cables as part of superconducting power distribution network, and a good electric insulation for the power cables is a critical design requirement needed to be considered. This is because terminations in HTS cable represent a location of significant electrical and thermal stresses and needs to be addressed to reduce the substantial heat load that might be introduced into the cryogenic system. The use of a warm dielectric termination is seen as a potential solution to reduce the electrical standoffs required as part of the design and allow for a high-power dense termination design. A warm dielectric termination design using commercially off-the-shelf ceramic breaks as electrical breaks is explored and withstand and partial discharge measurements are performed to determine the viability of the design concept.

Genome Sequence and Assessment of Safety and Potential Probiotic Traits of Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM I-4884.

The probiotic strain Lactobacillus johnsonii CNCM I-4884 exhibits anti-Giardia activity in vitro and in vivo in a murine model of giardiasis. The aim of this study was the identification and characterization of the probiotic potential of L. johnsonii CNCM I-4884, as well as its safety assessment. This strain was originally classified as Lactobacillus gasseri based on 16S gene sequence analysis. Whole genome sequencing led to a reclassification as L. johnsonii. A genome-wide search for biosynthetic pathways revealed a high degree of auxotrophy, balanced by large transport and catabolic systems. The strain also exhibits tolerance to low pH and bile salts and shows strong bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity. Sequencing results revealed the absence of antimicrobial resistance genes and other virulence factors. Phenotypic tests confirm that the strain is susceptible to a panel of 8 antibiotics of both human and animal relevance. Altogether, the in silico and in vitro results confirm that L. johnsonii CNCM I-4884 is well adapted to the gastrointestinal environment and could be safely used in probiotic formulations.

A hybrid discrete choice model to understand the effect of public policy on fare evasion discouragement in Bogotá's Bus Rapid Transit

• The study was carried out with a sample of actual evaders, which is unique in fare evasion studies. • Is critical to understand which observable and non-observable factors motivate individuals to evade fares. • Age, the evasion records, and some personality traits influence the fare evasion behavior. • Contributes with a novel application of discrete choice models to study fare evaders behavior. • Draw relevant policy implications for a large public transport system in South America. Fare evasion is currently a significant concern for public transport systems worldwide. Evasion causes huge economic losses to operators and cities, but also negatively influences the system’s security perceptions. Despite its importance, there are few efforts to understand which observable and non-observable factors motivate individuals to evade fares in a public transport system. Most studies dealing with fare evasion evaluate the effectiveness of several policies, quantify the amount of evasion, or correlate fare evasion with system satisfaction using aggregate data. This paper proposes a Hybrid Discrete Choice model to understand current evaders’ behavior considering sociodemographic, fare evasion records, trip characteristics, user satisfaction with the transport system, and perceptual indicators. The model was estimated using a unique stated preferences survey applied to 324 fare evaders of Transmilenio, the Bogotá (Colombia) Bus Rapid Transit system, in mid-2019. This is an interesting case study because, in 2018, the evasion rate was measured for the first time and it was discovered that evaders comprised approximately 15% of their users on weekdays. The contribution of this research is twofold. First, results highlight the importance of considering observable and latent variables to understand individual behavior in examining fare evasion in similar public transport systems. Age and the evasion records resulted in being the most important observable variables in our case study. Latent variables suggest that the more the user is satisfied with the transport system, the less likely is to evade fares. However, we found that personality traits, such as individual rule-unconsciousness, moderate the effect of satisfaction on the evasion behavior. Second, our results provide evidence that the discussion between certainty and severity of punishment on fare evasion should not necessarily be centered on whether to exacerbate one of these factors. A combination of both, however, should reduce the recidivism rate.

Multi-Inverter Linear Motor Based Vehicle Propulsion System for a Small Cargo Transportation

The paper provides an analysis of a transportation system with a long stator linear drive. The presented analysis for an in-house transportation system may be easily scaled into large transportation systems like maglev and hyperloop. It investigates the impact of the division of the stator into shorter parts which are sequentially supplied. Then it compares the concept of single-inverter and multi-inverter drive systems. The presented research includes the analysis of drive system power parameters. The drive system characteristics depending on the length of the active part of the linear motor are presented for each configuration, followed by a description of differences in the required inverter power and the obtained average thrust force. The paper proposes a new arrangement of the multi-inverter drive system incorporating multi-level inverters, which allows decreasing voltage oscillations in the DC circuit of drive inverters. The operation of the transportation system is presented in a simulation study. The paper is concluded with the verification of the concept in an experimental study in a 50 m test track.

INTELLIGENT HIGH-SPEED PASSENGER ELECTRIC TRANSPORT (ISET-150) FOR LARGE CITIES OF UKRAINE

The high-speed passenger transport development is one of the most important tasks for the successful functioning of any large or largest city transport system. The modern society of the biggest cities-megalopolises needs a constant increase in the volume of transport communications. This requires an increase in costs to improve the infrastructure of the transport network, turning it into a flexible, highly manageable logistics system. However, this significantly increases the risk of investment, if one does not take into account the patterns of development of the transport network, the distribution of load on its sections. Ignoring these patterns leads to frequent traffic jams (transport congestion), overloading, an increase in the accident rate, and a complete dependence on the cost of oil products. Lack of developed infrastructure for road transport and low-speed public transport significantly hampers economic development. Therefore, a radical increase in public investment in stimulating the urban economy would necessarily include modernization of transport infrastructure. All infrastructural activities should be carried out on the territory of the country – thereby creating new jobs and strengthening the industry. Well-chosen infrastructure projects that provide conditions for economic development for decades and for many generations represent the best use of public debt capital.
 For creation in large cities of Ukraine, especially with difficult climatic and geological conditions, with difficult climatic and geological conditions, as well as with a poorly developed highway system, a new overhead electric high-speed passenger, economy and environmentally friendly, transport, with cabins, is proposed.
 To organize the safe movement of controlled crews with passengers, the theory of saturated traffic flows was used, which describes the movement of crews in a stream as a continuous change in the states of acceleration, uniform movement and braking, i.e. synchronized three phases «start-go-stop» in one control algorithm.

Optimizing large on-demand transportation systems through stochastic conic programming

On-demand transportation systems (OTS) are increasingly popular worldwide. Prior literature has studied how to control vehicle fleet in queueing-networks to rebalance excess supply or demand in OTS. This aggregated setting models the stochastic demand process and decompose large-scale networks for which product-form equilibrium distributions exist. However, such an approach is unsatisfactory in terms of computational complexity for its dependence on vehicle numbers. This paper presents a stochastic conic programming approach that obtains the near-optimal vehicle repositioning controls with endogenous demand with mild computational complexity and high fidelity. This global framework covers most existing queueing-network-based OTS models in the literature. Leveraging this approach, we explore day-to-day vehicle repositioning problems for on-demand vehicle operations in New York City. These results support the potential for providing a more accessible and sustainable on-demand mobility service, which is of particular significance as multimodal transport continues to emerge.

КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ ИГРОКИ В АРКТИКЕ — ОТ СОЦИАЛИСТИЧЕСКИХ КОМБИНАТОВ К КОМПАНИЯМ — ЛИДЕРАМ УСТОЙЧИВОГО РАЗВИТИЯ

The paternalistic model of the development of Arctic resources, based on large industrial and transport systems, developed in Soviet times and partly modernized during the privatization of the 1990s, is increasingly at odds with modern ideas about sustainable development. The role of leaders in the socio-economic development of the Russian Arctic can be assumed by large transnational and transregional corporations. This implies a transition to a new institutional model based on the participation of all key players in the Arctic projects, ensuring an equal dialogue and harmonization of the interests of the state, business and the local community.

Жаңа Суэц каналы құрылысының тарихи алғышарттары және саяси – экономикалық маңызы

The Suez Canal has become a certain symbol of Egyptian patriotism; this fact is proved by an opening of a partial backup of themain watercourse of the Suez Canal in July 2015. The Suez Canal has allowed reconciling ideologicaland religiousdifferenceswithinthe country,unitingMuslimsand ChristianCopts.Atthepresent stage ofdevelopment,theEgyptian canal not only brings significant public funds to the country, but also provides additional jobs; and the slogans for its further expansion and transformation into a modern logistics center allow the Egyptians to recognize themselves as an important part of the global economy. Creation of large transport systems and nodes connected with the transit of natural resources and goods with high added value is an important article of income of any state, through the territory of which they pass. As noted by the Elbasy of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nazarbayev N.A., transport infrastructure is a blood system of the industrial economy and society [1]. Analysis of the features of the construction and operation of the Suez Canal demonstrates the basicapproaches to theproblems of creatingnew transport arteries

Expertise and policy-making: Main actors, debates and outcomes in the making of the Portuguese railway network (1850–90)

In the second half of the nineteenth century, Portugal built the main branches of its railway system. In this paper, I will use technical and military reports, parliamentary debates and sundry bibliography to analyse the influence of the different stakeholders. I investigated the expectations, priorities and agendas of engineers, army officers, policymakers and lobbyists in the design of the Portuguese railway network. I argue that historiography about Portuguese railways usually considers the rationale behind their discussion as entirely technological and focuses mainly on their outputs, taking railways for granted, or black-boxed. However, the planification of large transportation systems depends on the sociotechnical context and on hierarchies of power of their time. I will show that experts (mostly engineers) played a decisive role in the planning of the network, but a large part of its design was due to non-technical issues, including political machinations, budgetary constraints and corporative lobbying.

A modelling platform for optimizing time-dependent transit fares in large-scale multimodal networks

With the continuous growth of urban areas around the world, overcrowding in large transit networks has become a persistent problem, with far-reaching impacts similar to those caused by congestion in large road networks. Moreover, instead of serving as a relief for large transportation systems, congested transit networks have increased delay-related traffic and transit costs. In light of these problems, cities seek cost-effective and relatively fast-to-implement strategies to mitigate transit system congestion, one of which is time-based fare structures. By implementing time-based fares, the transit demand may shift out of the congested peak periods, easing transit travel conditions. Although time-based fares are already in use in some transportation systems, their implementation is usually based on simplified what-if analyses. Such analyses of fare structures in previous studies have lacked a comprehensive evaluation of people's responses to these fares and is usually applied to simple or sometimes hypothetical transportation networks. Therefore, this paper presents a platform for analyzing and optimizing time-based transit fares in large networks, taking into consideration the effects of these fares on people's choices of mode, departure time, and route in addition to the interactions between transit vehicles and general traffic. As a case study, the largest metropolitan area in Canada, the Greater Toronto Area, is tested. The results show that the optimal time-based fares help spread the transit demand to the shoulders of the peak. However, the savings in weighted average multimodal door-to-door travel time over the whole network are slightly small compared to the large increase in peak-hour fares.

ПОВЕДЕНЧЕСКАЯ МОДЕЛЬ ВЫБОРА МАРШРУТА В МЕТРОПОЛИТЕНЕ

The theses describe the characteristics of large transport systems. Methods for
 obtaining initial data for solving the problem of choosing a route in the subway are considered. Factors
 that can affect the behavior of the passenger are taken into account.

Yellow Brick Roadmap to Demand-Based Parking Pricing: Findings from Washington, D.C.

Washington, D.C. (the District) has been a national leader with its progressive approach to parking management. Owing to the District’s strong housing and employment growth over the past decade, the District Department of Transportation (DDOT) needs a program to balance the competing parking needs of residents, commuters, visitors, and businesses. Using Federal funding from the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Value Pricing Pilot Program, DDOT planned and implemented a demand-based parking pricing pilot program in the Penn Quarter and Chinatown neighborhoods. The results of the pilot program confirmed that demand-based pricing programs can be both cost-efficient and effective, and highlighted a path to expanding demand-based pricing Districtwide. Using lessons learned from this project, practitioners will be better prepared to plan their own demand-based pricing programs, positioning themselves to effectively balance parking supply and demand in their own communities. The paper discusses the impacts of demand based pricing on a range of metrics such as parking search times, cruising, occupancy, and length of stay. It also assesses the impacts of the strategies on the larger transportation system and the study area.

On the Way to an Information System of Russian Transport Networks

Abstract. Currently Russia faces great challenges in mapping its large transport system to characterize transport as an important sector of the national economy, as well as the country's place in the system of Eurasian corridors and the economic space of Eurasia as a whole. The Department of Cartography and Geoinformatics of the Faculty of Geography of Moscow State University has been working on the creation of a spatial database and geo-information support to assess the state and functioning of the transport system of Russia.The concept of using a system approach and special geographic research is proposed. This concept includes the workflow from designing the GIS project architecture and database creation to thematic mapping and visualization of results in the form of a Geo-resource. The final goal of the project is creating the Internet geoinformation resource. The practical realization of the Geo-Resource is based on the development of a special mapping application integrated into the structure of the resource and connection of this application to Geo-Database as a main depository of spatial information.

The creation of vehicle waste management system in Moscow

Introduction. Moscow City is one of the greatest megapolises of the world and the largesttransport system in Europe relating to scales of its development, amount of exploited transportvehicles. volumes of passenger and freight traffics.Autotransport has become the most powerful source of negative influence onenvironment in Moscow recently. The significant increase in number of cars is the main reasonof such situation taking into account share of old transport in the total number of vehicles , slowdevelopment of transport infrastructure, not always satisfactory level of cars technicalcondition. The problem of environmental pollution by motor transport is manifested not only ininfluence of functioning transporto, but also in negative influence of end-of-life cars.At present. some enterprises and organizations of Moscow region make proposals ondevelopments for improvement of the existing system of collection and treatment of vehicles.Making conception provides creation of a regional system for abandoned and end-of-lifevehicles. The technological scheme consists of stages of collection, preliminary preparation,metallurgy or shredding treatment and metal/metalloid scrap sorting. The Conception includes themain technico-econm ical indicators of the proposed system of processing.Making the complexes of conversion of vehicle waste is a large investment project,requiring not only anraction of significant funds, but also creation of a centralaized system,allowing guarantee the arrival of waste flow.The aim of the project is to develop organizational, financial, legal mechanisms andtechnical measures for making a motivated system. It must be based on the Polluter PaysPrinciple and consequent conversion of cars wracks into commercial goods. This work includesalso a forecast for transport waste volumes. Without these data it is impossible to make planningfor development of the system.

Плотность городской ткани и население жилых кварталов

Современная градостроительная практика планирова­ния развития транспортных систем городов основывается на математических расчётах транспортных потоков. Когда планируется реконструкция или строительство достаточно крупной транспортной системы, специалисты применяют математическое моделирование транспортных потоков. Важ­ными исходными данными для моделирования транспортных потоков служат количество людей, живущих или работающих на определённой территории. Последнее десятилетие градо­строители сталкиваются с проблемой определения числен­ности населения квартала или микрорайона. В настоящей статье описана методика определения численности людей, проживающих в жилых районах, основанная на анализе типа застройки. Данная методика может быть использована в градостроительстве при прогнозировании и моделировании транспортных потоков[1].
 
 [1] Данное исследование частично проведено в рамках НИР Минстроя РФ «Формирование базовых стратегических направлений развития транспортной инфраструктуры городов России», выполняемом в ФГБУ «Центральный на­учно-исследовательский и проектный институт Министерства строительства и жилищно-коммунального хозяйства Российской Федерации» ( ФГБУ «ЦНИИП Минстроя России»).

Scenario analyses for a sustainable transport system development

The paper presents selected aspects of developing sustainable transport system and provides the essential elements of scenario analysis procedure. The scenario analyse permits a background for setting approaches for the development of transport system. A major step towards reliable scenario analyses is establishing a system of criteria and indicators for evaluating the quality of analyse results. The appropriate system of criteria was proposed as a support for decision maker examining variants of transport system development. Scenario analyses require a tool for traffic distribution into transport network under different scenarios of its development. The large scale and detailed transport systems can be investigated with EMITRANSYS model – a new tool for multivariate distribution of traffic flow with regard to ecological, economic and technological criteria.

A Large and Heavy Cargo Transport System Designed for Small and Medium Ship Maintenance and Repair

In order to cope with the significant decrease in shipbuilding market demand and shipbuilding overcapacity, Chinese shipbuilding enterprises are actively restructuring production and seeking new business opportunities in the ship maintenance and repair sector. Many small and medium shipyards lack large shipbuilding facilities such as docks. Therefore, they are facing great difficulty in switching to ship maintenance and repair business. The authors designed a practical and economical cargo transport system that is suitable for transporting large and heavy cargos (specifically, ships) in small and medium shipyards. The system design considers the market requirement and the characteristics of heavy-lifts material handling in the ship and maritime engineering. In this system, with integrated control technology, a hydraulic pallet transporter can dive to be under a ship, clamp the ship bottom and push the ship up. Automatic variable pumps are used to control the diving, floating, lifting, depressing, and braking of the transporter flatbeds. By using this system, a ship can be moved from water to land safely and smoothly for repair or maintenance, or moved from land back to water. This method allows ships of under 10,000 gas turbine (GT) to be repaired and maintained without docks. The system has been implemented in a shipyard. The case study demonstrates that the transport system can help bring in new business opportunities in ship maintenance and repair for small and medium shipyards, effectively improve ship maintenance and repair environment, and reduce maintenance and repair cycle time. 1. Introduction The maritime and shipping industry has been important to many coastal countries. As a major maritime and shipping power in the world, China has numerous ships of many types. Each year a large number of ships need scheduled service, maintenance, and repair. The market for ship maintenance and repair has a tremendous potential with the increasing revenue in the past years. Statistics have shown that in 2015, the ship maintenance and repair service in China has generated the revenue of 12.9 billion RMB (nearly US$2 Billion), and 3740 ships were repaired and maintained. This is an increase of 9.6% on the year-on-year growth rate. Table 1 lists the major shipbuilding enterprises in China, their ship maintenance and repair completion value, and number of completed ships.