Large Societies Research Articles

LIFE STRATEGIES OF YOUTH IN CAPITALS AND PROVINCES

The purpose of the research. The article is dedicated to the formation of life strategies in capitals and provinces. Life goals are considered in relation to life meaning settings reflected in ideas about life success, factors of settings achievement, life values. There is considered life planning horizon, saturation and focusing of life plans of youth in capitals and provinces. Analyzed connection between youth’s ideas about the possibilities of achieving life goals and social feelings, influence of negative self-forecasting on the formation of pessimistic psychoemotional background and critical assessments of the situation in the country, negative attitude towards the authorities. Results. The article shows that youth in capitals, compared to youth in provinces, is more critical of the external context of their life; it often looks at the circumstances of its own life through the prism of opportunities for development. It is more often focused on self-positioning in the "large society" and influencing it, and demonstrates an active subjective approach in achieving its goals. It is more often confident that it can achieve success, and doubts about it worsen the emotional background, increase criticality in relation to what is happening in the country and to the authorities. Youth in provinces perceives the general context and circumstances of its own life more positively, and is more often focused on goals related to the "small society". It is more dependent on external circumstances, more often ready for failure in life, but this does not cause it to feel negative about its own life or the external world. A conclusion is made about the possibilities of using the analysis of life strategies in studying the specifics of the formation of social and socio-political sentiments of representatives of different groups of youth. The empirical basis of the article is all-Russian surveys of FCTAS RAS.

“Like sand through an hourglass, so are the days of our lives”: Youth, religion, and social capital in South Africa

South Africa has experienced significant transformations, including the dismantling of the apartheid system and the transition to a democratic regime. Despite progress, South Africa still struggles with inequality and fostering social cohesion. Social capital refers to networks, relationships, and customs that enable collaboration. Young people’s networks and connections shape their social and economic success. Social capital helps young people establish friendships and access to resources. Religion improves social capital in many places. This article analyses the concept of social capital imposed by religious institutions and their practices in various communities, larger societies, and younger generations.It aims to investigate the distinctive role of religion in enhancing social capital in an effort to demarginalise youth. The article examines the correlation between youth, religion, and social capital in South Africa, focusing on how religious practices and beliefs can affect young people’s sense of social connectedness and community.

Social play fosters cooperation in wild adult chimpanzees.

Adult social play is a universal human trait, promoting the tolerance, bonding, cooperation, and collective action that sustain our large and complex societies.1,2 Play serves as a conduit for transmitting positive emotions, thereby stimulating psychological resilience to stressors and facilitating the positive intent and trust3,4,5,6 essential for cooperation emergence. In contrast, non-human adult social play is considered rare, and its role in cooperation remains unknown. We address this gap by studying the play behavior of 57 adult chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire, where adult social play and collective action regularly occur. We show that adult female and male chimpanzees play more during times of increased mate competition (with males mainly playing with immatures) and with adult partners they had recent disputes with, highlighting the role of play in regulating social tension that can undermine cooperation. Chimpanzees also preferred playing with adult partners with whom they share strong affiliative bonds, aligning with the idea that play is associated with social familiarity and trust. Finally, adult chimpanzees were more likely to play before collectively defending their territory against outsiders and hunting monkeys. Those who played together were subsequently more likely to collaborate, reinforcing the notion that the positive feedback signaled via play can facilitate cooperation.5 Our findings demonstrate the sustained significance of adult social play throughout the chimpanzee lifespan, providing valuable insights into the evolution of adult social play and its societal functions, from diffusing tension to supporting social bonds and collective action.

An indifference result for social choice rules in large societies

Social choice rules can be defined or derived by minimizing distance-based objective functions. One problem with this approach is that any social choice rule can be derived by selecting an appropriate distance function. Another problem comes from the computational difficulty of determining the solution of some social choice rules. We provide a general positive indifference result when looking at expected average distances by showing that on ‘average’ each social choice rule performs equally well with respect to a very large class of distance functions if the number of voters is large. Our result applies also to the frequently employed Kendall τ, Spearman rank correlation and Spearman footrule ‘distance functions’.

Boundary obstacles in social innovation: refugees, volunteers, and caseworkers navigating Denmark’s paradoxical borderscape

Abstract Collaborative methods have gained traction in migration studies, policy, and practice, in turn, engendering calls for new collaborations between research and practice. Bringing multiple perspectives to the production of knowledge in refugee research is particularly pertinent in Denmark, where incongruent policy aims of integration and of return creates a paradoxical borderscape that refugees, volunteers, and municipal caseworkers must navigate. This article draws on a practice-research project, co-developed by two large civil society organizations and university researchers that included collaborative ethnography among refugees, volunteers, and caseworkers in and around a social innovation initiative. It investigates how the conflicting expectations of integration and return shape efforts to change social relationships and strengthen the agency of refugees. We approach collaborative efforts from the perspective of boundary work and coin the concept of ‘boundary obstacles’ to describe core challenges to advancing social innovation initiatives with refugees. Building on a thematic analysis of qualitative data comprising fieldnotes and interview transcripts, we identify three boundary obstacles: positionalities, emotionalities, and politicizations. Finally, the article reflects on the prospects and challenges of social innovation and recommends ways to approach those challenges as boundary obstacles that can help set new directions for collaborative research with refugees.

Testing the human superorganism approach tomorality.

Current theories in moral psychology do not agree about the kinds and range of offenses that people should moralize. In this study, a new approach to defining the moral domain, Human Superorganism Theory (HSoT), is presented and tested. HSoT proposes that the primary function of moral action is the suppression of cheaters in the unusually large societies recently established by our species (i.e., human 'superorganisms'). It suggests that a broad range of moral concerns exist beyond traditional notions of harm and fairness, including actions that inhibit functions such as group-level social control, physical and social structuring, reproduction, communication, signaling and memory. Roughly 80,000 respondents completed a web-based experiment hosted by the British Broadcasting Corporation, which elicited a suite of responses to characteristics of a set of 33 short scenarios representing the areas identified by the HSoT perspective. Results indicate that all 13 superorganism functions are moralized, while violations of scenarios falling outside this area (social customs and individual decisions) are not. Several hypotheses derived specifically from HSoT were also supported. Given this evidence, we believe this new approach to defining a broader moral domain has implications for fields ranging from psychology to legal theory.

Disagreement in Female Urethral Nomenclature: A Survey Study of Genitourinary Surgeons.

Introduction: Inconsistencies exist in the nomenclature pertaining to the terms dorsal and ventral female urethra. This survey study was devised to demonstrate this inconsistency, and to identify any surgeon characteristics that contribute to this confusion in urologic and gynecologic reconstructive surgeons.Methods: Genitourinary surgeons were anonymously surveyed using email and social media platforms and asked how they would anatomically label 2 distinctly indicated regions of the female urethra using "dorsal" and "ventral" nomenclature. χ2 statistical analyses were used to compare categorical responses.Results: We received a total of 155 responses: 128 urologists, 26 gynecologists, and 1 medical student. The medical student was excluded from the analysis. Responses to the red/dorsal marker were 48% dorsal, 27% ventral, and 25% free response. Responses to the green/ventral marker were 52% ventral, 26% dorsal, and 22% free response. Urologists were more likely than gynecologists to use the correct "dorsal" label (χ2 [1, N = 122] = 33.6, P < .00001) and "ventral" label (χ2 [1, N = 124] = 32.3, P < .00001). There was no statistically significant difference between attendings vs trainees responding either "dorsal" or "ventral" to describe the red marker (χ2 [1, N = 124] = 0.24, P < .63) or the green marker (χ2 [1, N = 122] = 0.21, P < .65).Conclusions: The terms dorsal and ventral female urethra are not consistent between urologist and gynecologist reconstructive surgeons, and efforts to standardize terminology should be made at the residency training level.

Indoor tent management for extending honey bee research season: benefits and caveats.

Honey bees are important organisms for research in many fields, including physiology, behavior, and ecology. Honey bee colonies are relatively easy and affordable to procure, manage, and replace. However, some difficulties still exist in honey bee research, specifically that honey bee colonies have a distinct seasonality, especially in temperate regions. Honey bee colonies transition from a large society in which workers have a strict temporal division of labor in the summer, to a group of behaviorally flexible workers who manage the colony over winter. Furthermore, opening colonies or collecting bees when they are outside has the potential to harm the colony because of the disruption in thermoregulation. Here, we present a simple and affordable indoor management method utilizing a mylar tent and controlled environmental conditions that allows bees to freely fly without access to outdoor space. This technique permits research labs to successfully keep several colonies persistently active during winter at higher latitudes. Having an extended research period is particularly important for training students, allowing preliminary experiments to be performed, and developing methods. However, we find distinct behavioral differences in honey bees managed in this situation. Specifically learning and thermoregulatory behaviors were diminished in the bees managed in the tent. Therefore, we recommend caution in utilizing these winter bees for full experiments until more is known. Overall, this method expands the research potential on honey bees, and calls attention to the additional research that is needed to understand how indoor management might affect honey bees.

Certain aspects of the problems of establishing marital and family relations according to the law of ancient eastern countries

It is pointed out that the issue of marriage and family relations of the Ancient World era and, in particular, Ancient Eastern societies, has always been in the field of view of domestic and foreign researchers. Such scientific interest in it is quite understandable in view of the need to clarify the essence of the emergence of the institution of the family, the factors that determined the evolution of this social phenomenon, the adjustment of the legal regulation of this process in the direction of optimizing marital and family relations in accordance with the level of development of society at each of the its stages. One cannot but agree, in this connection, with the opinion of the famous American philosopher of German origin, Felix Adler, that «the family is a society in miniature, on the integrity of which depends the safety of the entire large human society».&#x0D; The article is devoted to the analysis of certain aspects of the process of formation of marriage and family institutions under the law of the countries of the Ancient East. An attempt was made to reveal certain regularities of this process, in particular, the nature of the family as a social institution, marriage as a form of its realization in the oldest local civilizations of the Near East known to science. A partial comparative and legal analysis of the features of this segment of social relations in certain states of the Ancient East was carried out and the factors that, in the opinion of the author, determined these features were outlined.&#x0D; In a broad context, it was established that family, marriage, as a form of its implementation, are dynamic social institutions that are directly dependent on the level of development of society. Therefore, their form and content must correspond to the nature of social relations, establish the principles that are dominant in this society, while ensuring its harmonious development.

Intraoperative repair of functional subscapularis during RSA by deltopectoral approach could improve internal rotation but does not prevent anterior dislocation

IntroductionThe role of the subscapularis following reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) remains controversial as repair could restore adequate internal rotation and shoulder stability, but might compromise external rotation. The purpose of this multi-centre study, on a large cohort of RSAs performed using the deltopectoral approach, was to determine the effect of subscapularis preoperative status and intraoperative repair on range of motion, clinical scores and rates of complications at a minimum follow-up of 2 years. HypothesisRepair of a functional subscapularis grants better internal rotation and stability without compromising external rotation. Materials and methodsWe retrospectively reviewed records of all RSAs (n=916) performed by 14 surgeons that participated in a large national society symposium, and excluded 234 operated by the anterosuperior approach, 42 operated for rheumatoid arthritis, fractures, instability or post traumatic sequalae, and eight that had adjuvant latissimus dorsi tendon transfer (LDTT). This left 632 RSAs, in which the subscapularis was detached in 594, and repaired after detachment in 495. Patients completed pre- and postoperative Constant Score and postoperative Subjective Shoulder Value (SSV). Active forward elevation, active external rotation (ER), and active internal rotation (IR) were recorded pre- and postoperatively. Complications following RSA that required conservative treatment, reoperation without implant removal, as well as reoperation with implant removal were recorded. ResultsOf the initial cohort of 632 shoulders, 120 (19%) were lost to follow-up, 12 (2%) died due to causes unrelated to RSA, and 26 (4%) were revised with implant removal. Of the remaining 474 shoulders, 259 (55%) had a functional repaired subscapularis (Group FR), 59 (12%) had a non-functional repaired subscapularis (Group nFR), whereas 68 (14%) had a not repaired subscapularis (Group nR). Comparison of patient demographics revealed no significant differences among the three groups. Postoperative Constant Score (p=0.031) and SSV (p=0.016) were significantly different among the three groups, but effect sizes were small and not clinically relevant. Differences in postoperative ER as well as postoperative IR were not significant among the three groups: 91 (35%) gained functional IR in Group FR, 11 (19%) in Group nFR, and 13 (19%) in Group nR. Three shoulders (1.2%) reported subjective instability and 1 (0.4%) dislocated in Group FR, but none in either Groups nFR or nR. DiscussionDespite statistically significant differences in Constant Score and SSV among the three groups, the clinical relevance of these differences is negligible, so repair of functional subscapularis has little or no influence on functional outcomes. During RSA by deltopectoral approach, repair of a functional subscapularis could slightly improve internal rotation in some patients but does not compromise external rotation, forward elevation or clinical scores, while repair of a non-functional subscapularis, compared to non-repair, did not improve range of motion or clinical scores. Level of evidenceIII; retrospective comparative.

EGQCY: A smart contract-based scientific big data system approach for incentive sharing and transaction on the cost of data quality

Currently, scientific big data management is generally faced with the problems of scattered data resources, inconsistent data standards, and the inability to share and circulate data safely. Research personnel attaches great importance to whether sharing the first-hand property is secure under clear ownership and whether it can contribute to the large society. The isolation of the data management system is the obvious obstacle to collecting and managing across-disciplinary data. To a large extent, sharing and trading scientific big data is the primary purpose to realize the clarity of property rights, secure data sharing, and the value of the data assets step by step. We propose to construct a public platform for scientific big data management. The system is managed to unify and authorize the on-chain data, on which data sharing and trading is tracked throughout the process. Smart contracts are executed with vital functions and guarantee price matching in data transactions. We design the incentive mechanism which measures the incentive yield of data cost quality based on Evolutionary Game Theory and Data Quality Control Theory (EGQCY), considering how the cost of data quality performs in controlling and impacting the rational release of the incentive yields in the sharing and trading process. The experiments found that the design of incentive yield and incentive coefficients only significantly affected the transition from low-quality data to medium-quality data. Both parameters converged to fixed values as the cost of data quality increased.

BREVE HISTÓRICO DA EDUCAÇÃO AMBIENTAL, CONCEITOS E SUA IMPORTÂNCIA

This article seeks to emphasize a brief history of environmental education, concepts and its importance for maintaining life and environmental awareness through , a literature review. Schools are the most appropriate places to develop and implement participatory and active teaching in order to and active teaching in order to build knowledge and thus disseminate it to society at large society in general. Environmental education should be used as an important part of the process of social and continuing education in order to solve problems in a targeted way and promote active public participation. Such an approach is important in dissemination of knowledge. To understand and be part of It is with this in mind that we will approach the subject as a summary of the whole subject.the subject as a synthesis of the entire subject addressed using: Cascino (200), Grün (1996), Dias (1998), Reigota (2007), Sauvé, 1992, 1994) and others.

한국 신석기시대 복합수렵채집사회론 검토

The present essay critically reviews the recent attempt to conceptualize the Neolithic society in Korea as complex hunter-gatherers. While large scale settlements with 20 to 30, and even 60 subterranean houses are well recognized in the Neolithic Korea, many archaeologists still consider that the occupants were mainly hunters and gatherers. The concept of complex hunter-gatherers were originally proposed to denote large village societies with prominent social hierarchies relying on abundant marine resources, and some archaeologists extended its use to prehistory. Aside from the archaeological applicability of the concept itself, the Korean Neolithic archaeological record lacks critical elements of the complex hunter-gatherers. While the discussion and application of the concept in the context of Korean Neolithic have opened the new theoretical landscape, it is true that many burials and associated goods, let alone habitations sites, do not suggest the development of social hierarchies. The characteristics of burial goods are consistent with sexual differences which is widely observable with most hunter-gatherers societies. Furthermore, many Korean Neolithic sites yielded evidence of broomcorn and foxtail millet domestication, which most archaeologists try to explain in the context of complementary subsistence activities still dominated by hunting and gathering. The existence of material evidence of plant domestication strongly suggests that the Neolithic people were not ‘typical’ hunter-gatherers, which begs further discussions of the role of domestication in the Neolithic and its implications to the development of settled village lives. While the concept of the complex hunter-gatherers was coined to embrace cases that do not fit into the traditional hunter-gatherer society, it has become another stereotype that does not allow wide range of variability in prehistoric societies. Rather, we need to pay more attention to the role of mixed economy or horticulture and dynamics of orderly egalitarian societies in the Neolithic Korea.

ETHNIC CONFLICT: AN OVERVIEW OF POST-SOVIET RUSSIA

After the de-centralisation and collapse of the Soviet Union, the aftermath brought chaos, and the major challenge was the manifestation of serious conflict on ethnic lines. The emergence of the Russian Federation was not peaceful, and violence remained a core character in the making of the Russian Federation in the aftermath of Post Soviet Russia. The series of issues brought major ramifications of newly formed states carved out from the large Society federation as an independent entity. The collapse of the Soviet federation created fifteen independent states amidst ethnic tension across the federation. The outcome was chaos, political disintegration and struggle for autonomy in the making of power transition.

Accelerometer-based predictions of behaviour elucidate factors affecting the daily activity patterns of spotted hyenas.

Animal activity patterns are highly variable and influenced by internal and external factors, including social processes. Quantifying activity patterns in natural settings can be challenging, as it is difficult to monitor animals over long time periods. Here, we developed and validated a machine-learning-based classifier to identify behavioural states from accelerometer data of wild spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta), social carnivores that live in large fission-fusion societies. By combining this classifier with continuous collar-based accelerometer data from five hyenas, we generated a complete record of activity patterns over more than one month. We used these continuous behavioural sequences to investigate how past activity, individual idiosyncrasies, and social synchronization influence hyena activity patterns. We found that hyenas exhibit characteristic crepuscular-nocturnal daily activity patterns. Time spent active was independent of activity level on previous days, suggesting that hyenas do not show activity compensation. We also found limited evidence for an effect of individual identity on activity, and showed that pairs of hyenas who synchronized their activity patterns must have spent more time together. This study sheds light on the patterns and drivers of activity in spotted hyena societies, and also provides a useful tool for quantifying behavioural sequences from accelerometer data.

Respiratory disorders and their association with clinical outcomes in COVID-19: a narrative review of current literature.

The coronavirus disease 2019, also known as COVID-19, has caused significant worldwide morbidity and mortality. Given the direct effect of severe acute respiratory syndrome virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) on the respiratory system, it is important that clinicians who manage chronic respiratory conditions are familiar with the pathophysiology and impact of COVID-19 on pre-existing respiratory disease. Literature review relating to COVID-19 and respiratory disorders from PubMed and Google Scholar was conducted, with aim to encompass all publications relating to the most commonly encountered respiratory diseases in clinical practice, namely chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD), asthma, interstitial lung disease (ILD), obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), as well as obesity given it's known effect on both gas exchange and mechanistic aspects of respiration. The publications were analyzed for relevance to clinical implications and pathophysiologic mechanisms. Additional manual literature review was conducted based on citations from large review articles and society guidelines/statement papers. Certain respiratory disorders such as COPD, ILD, OSA, and obesity carry higher burden of morbidity and mortality associated with COVID-19. Surprisingly, and in contrast to previously studied viral epidemics, asthma does not carry increased associated risk of contracting the virus or worse clinical outcomes. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms responsible for control of breathing and the effect of COVID-19 on pulmonary pathophysiology will allow clinicians who manage chronic respiratory disease to effectively predict associated clinical outcomes as well as improve management strategies.

Educating for global citizenship in religious education: Islamic perspective

This conceptual article expands our knowledge on the meaning and practice of spiritual global citizenship by focusing on the civic and global purposes of Islamic religious education in western societies. It reviews the literature written (in English) on Islamic religious education and global citizenship education and proposes educational strategies for considering the moral, socio-political, and reflective aspects of Islamic global citizenship education (IGCE). This includes, for instance, the recognizing of the possible contribution of Islamic traditions to peaceful and dialogic living; the significance of contextualizing, historicizing, and rationalizing religious interpretations; the recognizing of diversity within Islam and larger societies; the significance of moral reasoning in democratic and pluralistic societies; and the deconstructing of discourses of Islamophobia and extremism at the global level. Muslim students at middle and high school levels are encouraged to develop their global and self-reflective identities. The current study challenges the writings on the secular nature of global citizenship, and it illuminates the possible implications of spiritual global citizenship from an Islamic perspective.

Analysis and simulations of the HANDY model with social mobility, renewables and nonrenewables

We expand the HANDY (Human And Nature DYnamics) model for the socioeconomic dynamics of a large stratified society. The basic model was introduced in Motesharrei (Dissertation 2014) and Motesharrei et al. (2016). It is a nonlinear system of ODEs for a `simple society' of Elites, Workers, Wealth, and Natural Resources. Following Ali Kadhim (Dissertation 2021), we add social mobility between the classes and split natural resources into renewables and nonrenewables. We establish the existence, boundedness and positivity of the solutions, and investigates the stability of the steady states. The model admits stable steady states, and there is numerical evidence of stable periodic solutions and limit cycles. Simulations depict the different qualitative types of model behavior: convergence to steady states, periodic oscillations, collapse.&#x0D; For more information see https://ejde.math.txstate.edu/Volumes/2023/59/abstr.html

Understanding the collective behaviour of guineafowl

Vulturine guineafowl live together in large groups, and these groups form part of a large and complex society. Researchers in the ECOLBEH project are looking at how these animals deal with the challenges of living in such a society, and how doing so can help them survive the harsh Kenyan climate, as Prof Dr Damien Farine explains

Human group size puzzle: why it is odd that we live in large societies.

Human groups tend to be much larger than those of non-human primates. This is a puzzle. When ecological factors do not limit primate group size, the problem of coordination creates an upper threshold even when cooperation is guaranteed. This paper offers a model of group coordination towards behavioural synchrony to spell out the mechanics of group size limits, and thus shows why it is odd that humans live in large societies. The findings suggest that many of our species' evolved social behaviours and culturally maintained social technologies emerged as solutions to this problem.