Largest Inhibition Zone Research Articles

Development of PDMS/TiO2/Ag3PO4 antibacterial coating on 316L/PDMS implants: Evaluation of superhydrophobicity, bio-corrosion, mechanical behaviour, surface nanostructure and chemistry

Nanocomposite coatings based on polydimethylsiloxane were developed by adding silver phosphate and titania nanoparticles with a PDMS pre-layer for 316L stainless steel. FTIR spectra and XRD patterns confirmed the synthesis of TiO2 and Ag3PO4 nanoparticles and nanocomposite coating. FESM and AFM images show that with the increase of Ag3PO4 nanoparticles, the roughness of coatings increased (Ra and Rq for adding 7 wt% of Ag3PO4 coating was 29 and 293 nm). The wettability results demonstrated that the presence of 7 wt% Ag3PO4 nanoparticles in the coating has the highest water contact angle (152 °). Nano-scratch results proved that creating a pre-layer of PDMS can increase the scratch resistance of PDMS + TiO2+Ag3PO4 nanocomposite coating (displacement and scratch coefficient were 408 nm and 0.07μΝ−1/2 with the pre-layer). Corrosion current density of 316lSS with PDMS + TiO2+Ag3PO4 coating was 0.00045 μA/cm2, while for 316LSS with pure PDMS coating was 0.00114 μA/cm2 at 37 °C in PBS solution. The Nyquist curves showed the diameter of the semicircle for the nanocomposite coating was larger than pure PDMS coating, which indicates the higher corrosion resistance of the nanocomposite coating (5.98 × 107 Ω). By increasing Ag3PO4 nanoparticles from 1 to 7 wt%, the number of E. coli bacteria in contact with the nanocomposite decreased significantly from 580000 to 31000 CFU/cm2. In the disk diffusion test, the largest inhibition zone was related to the nanocomposite coating with the addition of 7 wt% Ag3PO4 (23 mm). Therefore, the PDMS + TiO2+Ag3PO4 nanocomposite coating has improved properties such as superhydrophobicity, advanced mechanical behavior, bio-corrosion resistance, and antibacterial activity.

Phytochemical investigation and antibacterial activity of Curcuma longa against multi-drug resistant bacteria

Emergence of antibiotic resistance in bacterial species is increasing at an alarming rate. This calls for an urge to search for new antimicrobial agents from natural sources. Curcuma longa rhizome is used in traditional medicine as a remedy for many infectious diseases. The rhizome extracted in different solvents is tested against hospital isolates of multidrug-resistant bacteria (Acinetobacter baumannii, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) using agar well diffusion and broth microdilution assays. Antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH radical scavenging and superoxide anion scavenging methods. GC–MS analysis was performed to identify biologically active compounds present in the plant. All the plant samples inhibited bacterial growth with varying degree of inhibition observed for different bacterial strains. In general MRSA was more sensitive to most of the extracts with larger zones of inhibition and high percentage inhibition while A. baumannii was the most resistant with smaller zones of inhibition and low percentage inhibition observed for different plant samples. n-Hexane fraction of C. longa was the most effective in inhibiting bacterial growth with lowest MIC values (2.5 mg/mL). Antioxidant activity assays indicated strong antioxidant potential of n-hexane fraction in DPPH assay and of methanol fraction in superoxide scavenging assay. GC–MS analysis indicated ar-turmerone as the most abundant component of the plant (34.63 %). The non-polar fractions of the plant were particularly more effective against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Further purification and characterization of bioactive compounds, from active fractions of this plant, for their applications as antibacterial leads in pharmaceutical industries is recommended.

Efektivitas Edible Coating Spray Gel Lidah Buaya (Aloe vera) dan Daun Sirih (Piper betle) Sebagai Sanitizer Pangan

Betel leaf and aloe vera have antibacterial properties as evidenced by the presence of active substances and other organic compounds. The antibacterial activity of both plants was influenced by the presence of secondary metabolites such as glucomannan and phenol in aloe vera and phenol, saponin and flavonoid in betel leaf. This study was conducted to determine the mechanism and activity of the combination of aloe vera gel and betel leaf in the form of edible coating spray as a food sanitizer. The method used is a true experimental design in vitro with a completely randomized design. Then, to test the performance of antibacterial activity, the paper disc diffusion method was used against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. The results showed that there was an inhibitory activity of the preparation against the two test bacteria. The largest inhibition zone was owned by the preparation with a concentration of 100% with a very strong inhibition category against Escherichia coli and a strong category for Staphylococcus aureus. One way ANOVA test followed by Post Hoc Test showed a significant number of p <0.05 which represented a significant difference in fruit rot against the control treatment with a concentration of 100%, while against the control treatment with a concentration of 50% and a concentration of 30% there was no significant difference. Based on the results of this study, the preparation in the form of edible coating spray is effective in increasing food security during the pandemic and reducing losses for fruits and vegetables.

Synthesis,Characterization and Antimicrobial Evolution of New Bi-α-amino Nitrile Compounds

This project is regarding the synthesis of new bi-α-amino nitrile compounds derived from the reaction of di-amine , aldehyde (vanillin oro-vanillin ),and KCN in glacial acetic acid as a solvent . The three components-one pot reaction produced (2,2'-(1,2-phenylenebis(azanediyl))bis(2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)acetonitrile) (I) and(2,2'-(1,2-phenylenebis(azanediyl))bis(2-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)acetonitrile) (II)considering the formation of bi-imine compounds as intermediate. α-amino nitrile compounds (I and II) were characterized using infrared spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy. The prepared compounds were screened for their anti-microbialactivity. The bacteria are Gram positive (Staphylococcus aurous) and Gram negative (Escherichia coli) in vitro, the results were promising; due to the large inhibition zones.

Green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles: Characterization and applications for environmental and biomedical fields

AbstractIn recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the development of plant‐based nanoparticles due to their numerous benefits over conventional physio‐chemical methods, including sustainability and environmental safety. Green synthesis, a process that produces safe and sustainable goods without the use of harsh chemicals or other harmful processes, is gaining popularity. The current study focuses on the green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using Piper nigrum leaf extracts, their characterization, and applications. The synthesis of nanoparticles was confirmed by changes in colour, further endorsed by UV–visible spectroscopy. Copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). CuO nanoparticle sizes ranged between 58.23 and 69.89 nm and were spherical in shape. FTIR results indicated a functional group capped on the nanoparticle surface. The antibacterial activity of the copper oxide nanoparticles was tested, and they exhibited the significant decrease in bacterial concentration and the largest zone of inhibition, making them an efficient disinfectant. Antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli was observed. Furthermore, the synthesized CuO nanoparticles exhibited a high affinity for safranin dyes and demonstrated maximum removal efficiency. This makes them an effective agent for removing dyes in wastewater from industries such as clothing manufacturing. Safranin dye was successfully removed with an efficiency of 78% using nanoparticles. In conclusion, the green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using plant extracts presents an eco‐friendly and sustainable approach for producing nanoparticles with a wide range of potential applications.

Investigation of bioactive constituents and evaluation of different in vitro antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity potentials of different Portulacaria afra extracts

The use of medicinal plants exists before the existence of humans. Healing with herbal treatments is of utmost significance because medicinal plants contain bioactive compounds. The objective of the current investigation was to evaluate the biological potential of methanolic (PAM) and chloroform (PAC) extracts of Portulacaria afra root, leaf, seed and flower. FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) spectroscopy was completed to detect the different functional groups. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total reducing power (TRP) and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays, were done for the determination of antioxidant potential of medicinal plant P. afra. Five different bacterial strains were used to evaluate the antibacterial potential using disc diffusion method. Cytotoxicity assay was used to test the cytotoxic potential against brine shrimps and shown the maximum cytotoxic potential with lowest IC50 value (41.41 ± 0.80 µg/mL) in PAM. Radish seed germination phytotoxicity assay was performed and revealed the highest phytotoxic potential in PAM extract. ANOVA was applied via statistics version-8.1, and experimentations were done in triplicates. Maximum DPPH scavenging potential was observed in methanol extract of P. afra (PAM). The PAM extract has the highest flavonoid concentration (30.70 mg/g). PAM demonstrated maximum total reducing power (73.46 gallic acid equivalents per gram (GAE/g). Antibacterial activity was performed against different bacterial strains and PAM shown the best antibacterial activity with largest zone of inhibition (17 mm) contrary to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The bioactive compounds found in P. afra extracts have antibacterial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic properties, revealing their ability to induce cell death in cancerous cell lines, indicating potential anticancer agents and making them intriguing candidates for future research and the possible creation of new therapeutics. we advise the use of these extracts against biofilms as these extracts have shown significant antibacterial activity against gram negative bacteria“.

Nigella Sativa Seed Extract has Potential Antimicrobial Activity on Pasteurella multocida in Vitro

Nigella sativa known as black cumin has various bioactive compounds to treat many diseases. Some of the benefits of N. sativa seed are as immune booster, antihistamin, anti-diabetic, antihypertension, antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, and antitumor. This study aimed at determining the antimicrobial activity and finding out the effective concentration of N. sativa seed ethanolic extract on Pasteurella multocida in vitro. N. sativa seed extract was divided into three groups consisting of 15% extract (T1), 25% extract (T2), 45% extract (T3), and chloramphenicol was used as positive control. For antimicrobial test, Kirby Bauer diffusion method was used, and the data were analyzed by ANOVA. The results revealed that T3 had the most effective antimicrobial activity, shown by the largest inhibition zone (17.72 mm), followed by T2 (15.93 mm) and T1 (10.75 mm). ANOVA test results showed significant differences (P<0.05) in each group. The antimicrobial effect of T3 and T2 was categorized as strong, whilst T1 as moderate. From the results it can be concluded that N. sativa seed extract had strong and moderate inhibition activity on the growth of P. multocida, therefore, N. sativa seed is a potential candidate for antimicrobial drug development againts P. multocida.

Susceptibility of Vibrio spp. from Gill of Barramundi (Lates calcarifer) Towards Antibiotics

Vibrio spp. bacteria are aquatic bacteria that can be found in brackish water and estuaries, and they have opportunistic pathogenic properties. These bacteria are usually dominant in brackish and estuarine areas such as river mouths, rivers, ponds, and seas with salinities between 20-40 ppt and a temperature of 37°C. The aim of this research is to determine the susceptibility and sensitivity of Vibrio spp. bacteria to various types of antibiotics. The Vibrio spp. bacteria isolated in this study were obtained from barramundi fish (Lates calcarifer). If they are still sensitive, the growth of Vibrio spp. bacteria can be inhibited by antibiotic administration. The effectiveness of antibiotics against Vibrio spp. bacteria in barramundi fish was tested using eight types of antibiotics, namely Co-Amoxiclav, Gentamicin, Doxycycline, Tetracycline, Azithromycin, Chloramphenicol, Ciprofloxacin, and Ampicillin. Bacteria that are sensitive to specific types of antibiotics have larger inhibition zones. The measurement of inhibition zones was carried out using a caliper by measuring the vertical and horizontal diameters and then dividing by 2 to obtain the average. This average was compared to a standard interpretative zone diameter chart to determine antibiotic sensitivity and resistance status using the Disk Diffusion method. Tetracycline and Ampicillin antibiotics can inhibit or are resistant to Vibrio spp. bacteria with a percentage of 0.08%. Gentamicin has greater sensitivity compared to the other tested antibiotics. In this study, the Vibrio spp. obtained are still sensitive to certain types of antibiotics and resistant to Ampicillin.

Effect of silver nanoparticles on the morphological, antibacterial activity and performance of graphene oxide-embedded polyvinylidene fluoride membrane

In this work, a different ratio of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) was used as a nanofiller on graphene oxide (GO)-embedded polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes fabrication through a non-solvent induced phase separation method. The morphology of fabricated membranes was investigated using FTIR, XRD, and SEM-EDX techniques. The fabricated membranes were tested for Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) rejection and Molecular Weight Cut Off (MWCO) with various initial concentrations of 100 – 400 ppm and 6 – 145 kDa, respectively using a crossflow method, as well as antibacterial activity against four strains bacteria via total plate counting and Kirby-Bauer method. The incorporation of hydrophilic GO and Ag NPs obviously alters membrane morphology, enhances membrane’s porosity and hydrophilicity. Moreover, it improves membrane crystallinity (> 70%) as indicated by the higher XRD peaks intensity. Based on the crossflow measurements, the membrane fabricated with GO and Ag ratio of 1: 3 (PVDF/GO/AgNPs – 3) demonstrated the highest BSA flux of 83.81 L/m2 h, which was third-fold higher than that of PVDF membrane as well as high BSA rejection (> 94%) and MWCO of ∼3 kDa. According to the observation, PVDF/GO/AgNPs – 3 also possessed a high bacteria killing ratio of > 94% and a large inhibition zone of ≥ 1.5 mm toward all bacteria strains. These results inferred that PVDF/GO/Ag membrane has great potential as antibiofouling membranes.

Phytochemical Analysis of Ginger Raisin Wine and its Fermentation Process: Investigating Antibacterial Properties

Due to its nutritional benefits, wine is a popular alcoholic beverage that is widely recognized, consumed, and flavored. Wine can be fortified with particular ingredients that may be good for our health to improve its nutritional value. Rhizomes of ginger are widely utilized in the food, beverage, and confectionary sectors as flavorings and are consumed all over the world. Terpenes and oleoresin are just two of the many active components found in ginger. In the lab raisins, sugar and yeast were used to try to make wine from ginger rhizome. 21 days were spent fermenting it at 250C. The alcohol was then detached from its sediments and keep for around 300 days to mature. The ginger wine’s hue, pH, acidity, brix, and alcohol content were noted. When the wine sample underwent phytochemical analysis, different components including flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, carbohydrates and proteins were discovered to be present. In comparison to ethanol and ginger extracts, wine had the largest zone of inhibition when its antibacterial ability was evaluated against the test pathogens. As a result, ginger can be useful for the creation of an herbal wine due to its significant phytochemical components are preserved in the wine and can therefore be made in big quantities as a heath beverage.

Uji Efektivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun Kaki Kuda (Centella Asiatica) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bakteri Propionibacterium Acnes

Infection is a disease caused by bacteria. Acne is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Propionibacterium acnes. Acne can be treated with topical treatments such as using Benzoyl peroxide, Retinoid acid, and antibiotics, but this has the side effect of causing drug resistance. To prevent the emergence of resistance to antibiotics, a formula is needed that can utilize herbal plants as the main ingredient. One example of a herbal plant that can be used is horse's foot leaves. This herbal contains active ingredients in the form of Flavonoids, Saponins, Tannins, Steroids and Triterpenoids which are thought to inhibit the growth of bacteria, especially Propionibacterium acnes. The aim of this research is to determine the antibacterial effectiveness of horse's foot leaf extract (Centella asiatica) against the growth of Propionibacterium acnes bacteria at concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100%. The method used is a quantitative method, namely laboratory experiments. Horse's foot leaf extract was obtained by maceration then distilled which was then varied into several concentration treatments, namely 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100%, as well as a positive control in the form of Tetracycline and a negative control of distilled water. Which is continued by using the well method. The results research show that horse's foot leaf extract can inhibit the growth of Propionibacterium acnes bacteria with moderate to strong inhibitory power. With a 20% concentration with an average inhibition zone of 7.6 mm, a 40% concentration of 9.3 mm, a 60% concentration of 10.3 mm, an 80% concentration of 11.6 mm and a 100% concentration which has the largest inhibition zone, namely 12.6mm.

Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Ananas comosus Extract: Preparation, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Efficacy.

Background This study aimed to environmentally synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) using Ananas comosus (AC) extract and evaluated their antimicrobial efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, and Enterococcus faecalis. Methodology AC extract was combined with a zinc sulfate solution to synthesize ZnO-NPs. The NPs were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive electron microscopy (EDX). Antimicrobial activity was assessed using the agar disc diffusion method against S. aureus, S. mutans, and E. faecalis. Results Green synthesis of ZnO-NPs with AC extract yielded NPs of different sizes and shapes. SEM analysis showed circular and conical NPs measuring up to 10 nm. EDX analysis confirmed the presence of zinc (Zn) and oxygen (O) particles. UV-visible spectroscopy indicated ZnO-NP formation with a peak at 290 nm. These NPs exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, with larger inhibition zones at higher concentrations, i.e., 15 mm at 100 μL. Whereas they showed low activity of 12 mm at 100 μL against S. mutansand showed no activity against E. faecalis. Conclusions Environmentally friendly synthesis of ZnO-NPs using AC extract provides an effective method for NP production. It exhibits strong antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, indicating the potential for targeted antimicrobial solutions in addressing associated infections.

Preparation of Bioactive Polyamide Fibres Modified with Acetanilide and Copper Sulphate.

This paper presents a simple method of obtaining polyamide 6 fibres modified with acetanilide and copper ions. During the spinning of the fibres with the additives applied, a partial reduction of CuSO4 to Cu2+ and Cu+ ions occurs, which is observed as a change in the blue colour of the prepared polyamide granulate to the grey-brown colour of the formed fibres. CuMPs obtained as a result of the salt reduction should give the obtained fibres bioactive properties. Three types of microorganisms were selected to assess the microbiological activity of the obtained fibres, i.e., Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. The fibres have antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The largest inhibition zones were obtained for the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, ranging from 1.5 to 4.5 mm, depending on the concentration of CuMPs. The morphology of the fibres' surfaces was examined by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy (OM). The changes in the polymer structure chemistry are studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray structure studies (WAXS and SAXS) and an energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. The newly obtained bioactive polyamide fibres can be used in many areas, including medicine, clothing and environmental protection for the production of filters.

Evaluation Of The Root Oil of Vetiveria Zizanioides for Subclinical Mastitis in Dairy Cattle

Between October 2020 and June 2021, 200 cows were screened for subclinical mastitis using the California mastitis test and the White Side test, and Ushir (Vetive-Ria zizanioides) (Linn.) was tested for its antimicrobial activity against mastitis pathogens. A positive control, namely the antibiotic ciprofloxacin, was used to compare the in vitro effectiveness of Vetiveria root oil. In the experimental investigation, the lowest bactericidal concentration against E. coli was recorded at 12.5%, whereas the minimum inhibitory concentration of E. coli and S. aureus were both observed at this level. The largest inhibitory zone was measured against S. aureus, whose lowest zone of inhibition was measured against, which had a mean diameter of 10.67 ± 0.81 mm. E. coli had a mean diameter of 10.89 mm. As a result, the antimicrobial efficacy of Vetivera root oil was found to be effective in controlling subclinical mastitis.

Mucor sp. (Fungal Philospheric) of Gambir (Uncaria) Leaf surface as a biosynthetic Mg doped ZnO Nanorods media for antibacterial applications

The antibacterial activity of ZnO nanorods (NRs) has been tested for its ability to inhibit the cells of pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella sp. This study aims to increase the antibacterial activity through modification of Mg2+ doped ZnO morphology under sol-gel-hydrothermal synthesis conditions at pH 10. The mechanism of biosynthetic reactions was using enzymatic grooves of the cell phyllosphere isolate of gambir (Uncaria) leaves as a reducing compound and capping agent. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that ZnO and Mg doped ZnO products were wurtzite structures based on intensities 2θ = 31.78°, 34.43°, 36.27° correlated to hkl (100), (002), (101), respectively (ICSD standard −157724). Mg doped ZnO has the same intensity as the control and no impurity intensity was obtained. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis showed nanospheric morphological patterns, while nanorods have a more dominant size distribution in the range of 125–175 nm. Infrared (FT-IR) analysis at wave numbers 401–584 cm−1 showed a Zn-O stretch. Furthermore, powder ultraviolet (UV-DRS) analysis indicated optical properties based on the uptake on blue-shift regions with λmax ≤ 400 nm and had a change in the bandgap (Eg) of 3.37 eV after conversion using Tauc-plot. The results also showed that the greater the concentration of Mg+2 ions, the smaller the bandgap will be, i.e., of 3.13, eV, 3.10, eV, 3.11 eV, and 3.12 eV for 0, 1, 2, and 3%, respectively. On the antibacterial activity against bacteria Gram (+) Staphylococcus aureus and Gram (–) Salmonella typhi., the largest inhibitory zone was found on Gram (–) bacteria at 24 mm.

Mass production of morin-stabilized silver nanoparticles: Characterization, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities.

Phytochemical-conjugated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are believed to act as a bridge between nanotechnology and therapy. There is a significant need for green and mass production of such materials due to their extensive applications, especially in the biomedical sector. In this study, morin-stabilized silver nanoparticles (morin/AgNPs) were synthesized on a massive scale using a one-pot solid-state technique. The reaction is achieved by ball milling of morin and silver nitrate powders at ambient temperature without any solvent or toxic reagent. The prepared morin/AgNPs exhibited a semi-hexagonal shape and ranged in size from 21 to 43 nm. The x-ray diffraction results elucidated the formation of highly crystalline AgNPs. Fourier transform infrared and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analyses prove that the hydroxyl, carbonyl, and aromatic functionalities in morin are playing major roles in the reduction and stabilization of AgNPs. The antioxidant potential of morin/AgNPs was evaluated utilizing 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Morin/AgNPs exhibited better free radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 11.7 μg/mL) than morin (IC50 = 14.8 μg/mL). Furthermore, the synthesized AgNPs showed promising antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, and Candida albicans. The largest inhibition zones were observed against S. aureus (21.2 ± 0.6 mm) and K. pneumonia (20.3 ± 0.5 mm) bacteria. The foregoing results highlighted the prospective application of morin/AgNPs as a promising antioxidant and antimicrobial material for safe medical applications. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: A simple green route for the large-scale production of AgNPs was developed. Morin acts as reducing/stabilizing agent in solid-state synthesis of AgNPs. Morin/AgNPs exhibited promising antimicrobial and antioxidant activity.

Selected antimicrobial essential oils to eradicate multi-drug resistant bacterial biofilms involved in human nosocomial infections

Biofilms are the primary source of contamination linked to nosocomial infections by promoting bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents, including disinfectants. Using essential oils, this study aims to inhibit and eradicate the biofilm of enterobacteria and staphylococci responsible for nosocomial infections at Guelma Hospital, northeastern Algeria. Thymbra capitata, Thymus pallescens and Artemesia herba-alba essential oils were evaluated against clinical strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oils under consideration was assessed using an agar disc diffusion assay and the determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). In addition, the crystal violet method and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) evaluated biofilm inhibition and eradication by those antimicrobial agents. The results indicate that T. pallescens essential oil was the most effective antimicrobial agent against pathogenic bacteria, with large zones of inhibition (up to 50 mm against S. aureus), low MICs (0.16 to 0.63 mg/mL), and powerful biofilm eradication up to 0.16 mg/mL in both 24 h and 60-min exposure times. Thus, Algerian thyme and oregano could be used in various ways to combat the biofilm that causes nosocomial infection in local hospitals.

Antimicrobial Properties of Medicinal Plants in the Lower Area of Ie Seu-um Geothermal Outflow, Indonesia

The lower area of the Ie Seu-um manifestation, located in Ie Seu-um village, Aceh Besar District, harbors several medicinal plants that exhibit potential for the treatment of infectious diseases. This study aims to assess the secondary metabolite content and in vitro antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans of medicinal plants inhabiting the geothermal region. Medicinal plants, namely Pluchea indica (L.) Less., Acrostichum aureum L., Acacia mangium L., and Calotropis gigantea (L.) Dryand., were collected within a range of 100-150 meters from the hot springs in the lower area. Methanol extracts of these medicinal plants underwent phytochemical screening and were tested for antimicrobial activity using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method at a concentration of 50%. The results of phytochemical screening demonstrated positive variations in alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, triterpenoids, and tannins for each medicinal plant. The antimicrobial activity of the methanol extracts noticeably inhibited the growth of S. aureus compared to E. coli and C. albicans. The largest inhibition zones were observed for the leaf part of A. mangium (12.70 ± 2.30 mm) against S. aureus, the aerial part of A. aureum (11.57 ± 2.01 mm) against E. coli, and the aerial part of P. indica (9.89 ± 1.11 mm) against C. albicans. Based on the research findings, medicinal plants originating from the lower area of the Ie Seu-um manifestation exhibit potential as antimicrobial agents, particularly against gram-positive bacteria.

PH and temperatures optimation activity of crude chitinase of oil palm endophytic bacteria Bacillus cereus which have antagonistic properties on pathogenic fungi Ganoderma boninense

Endophytic bacteria is promised solution to suppress basal stem rot disease caused by fungus Ganoderma boninense. The antifungal activities of selected isolate endophytic bacteria from oil palm plantation in South Kalimantan was studied. Bacillus cereus was tested for its antifungal activities of crude chitinase and secondary metabolites against the growth of Ganoderma boninense mycelium with dual cultured method. The results were showed that chitinase had the largest inhibition zone (18.5%) against growth inhibition of fungi Ganoderma boninense’s mycelium. A series of optimation assays of chitinase activity were conducted at pH 3 to 8 with 0.5 interval, and temperature at 30 to 70°C, with 5°C interval. Specific chitinase activities was measured using the colorimetric method. The highest specific chitinase activity significantly at 1.66393±0.04807 mU/μg (95% confidence level) at pH 5.5 and temperature 45°C.

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY TEST OF LAMELLODYSIDEA HERBACEA SPONGE EXTRACT FROM THE WATERS OF POOPOH VILLAGE, MINAHASA REGENCY

Infectious disease is one of the diseases that is currently became a health problem in the community. Along with the increase in cases of infection, there is also an increase in cases of resistance to antibiotics. The biodiversity of Indonesia exhibit a potential at anti-bacterial which could be develop to become antibioctics candidate. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of Lamellodysidea herbacea sponge obtained from the waters of Poopoh village, Minahasa Regency against the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria. Extraction was carried by maceration out using 95% ethanol solvent. Anti-bacterial testing using agar diffusion method (Disc diffusion Kirby and Bauer). The results showed that the ethanol extracts of Lamellodysidea herbacea sponge had the largest inhibition zone on Staphylococcus aureus bacteria at a concentration of 250 μL/disc of 7.5 mm and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria at a concentration of 250 μL/disc of 7.33 mm, both inhibition zones were in the medium category. Based on this study, it can be concluded that the largest inhibition zone is found in Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.