Largest Inhibition Zone Research Articles

The Impact of Berberine Loaded Selenium Nanoparticles on K. pneumoniae and Candida albicans Antibiotics Resistance Isolates.

This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial and antifungal activities of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) and berberine (BBR) despite antibiotic resistance against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Candida albicans. Cells of K. pneumoniae and C. albicans were treated with solutions of different concentrations of each bare SeNPs, BBR, and BBR-loaded SeNPs (BLS) using the disk diffusion method. The results indicated that the activities of SeNPs, BBR, and BLS were statistically significant (P<0.05) when the concentration of all agents increased. Moreover, it was found that BLS had a statistically significant effect against K. pneumoniae and C. albicans, compared to SeNPs and BBR alone (P<0.05). The largest zones of inhibition of SeNPs were 14 and 16 mm toward K. pneumoniae and C. albicans, respectively, at the concentration of 20 Mml, compared to the concentrations of 10 and 15 Mml. Furthermore, BBR showed a maximum zone of inhibition at the concentration of 1,200 mg (15 mm for K. pneumoniae and 18 mm for C. albicans) and it was statistically significant in comparison with other concentrations of 400 and 800 mg. In addition, the BLS underwent a statistically significant increase (P<0.05) when the concentration increased and it registered a large zone of inhibition of 22 and 25 mm against K. pneumoniae and C. albicans, respectively, at 20 Mml of SeNPs: 1,200 mg BBR, compared to 10 Mml of SeNPs: 400 mg BBR and 15 Mml of SeNPs: 800 mg BBR. Based on the results of the current study, there was a statistically synergistic effect of BBR-loaded SeNPs, compared to that of BBR and Se nanoparticles, only in the case of both K. pneumoniae and C. albicans. This study is promising as a blueprint for the enhancement of weak antimicrobial agents and their return to their previous role as antibiotics.

Analisis Kualitas Fisik Hand sanitizer Ekstrak Serai dan Cengkeh Serta Kemampuannya dalam Menghambat Pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus

Hand sanitizer is an antiseptic substance that can be used to clean hands. To reduce the chemical content in Hand sanitizers, by using natural ingredients that contain antimicrobial ingredients. The natural ingredients used in this study were lemongrass and cloves. The purpose of this study was to determine the physical quality (organoleptic, homogeneity), phytochemical content and effectiveness of lemongrass and clove extracts against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. This study uses an experimental laboratory research method where the data obtained in the observations are presented in the form of quantitative descriptive analysis with concentrations of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% in 5 days, 7 days and 10 days of fermentation. The results of the organoleptic test got the results of color, shape and liquid texture, the results of the homogeneity test were that there were still coarse grains on the Hand sanitizer. The results of the phytochemical content of lemongrass and clove extracts are flavonoids and tannins. The results of the effectiveness test showed that lemongrass and clove extracts were able to inhibit Stahpylococcus aureus bacteria in 5 days, 7 days and 10 days of fermentation. The largest inhibition zone was found in the 7-day fermentation with 100% concentration of 0.86 mm.

Probiotic candidates for controlling Paenibacillus larvae, a causative agent of American foulbrood disease in honey bee

BackgroundAmerican foulbrood (AFB) disease caused by Paenibacillus larvae is dangerous, and threatens beekeeping. The eco-friendly treatment method using probiotics is expected to be the prospective method for controlling this pathogen in honey bees. Therefore, this study investigated the bacterial species that have antimicrobial activity against P. larvae.ResultsOverall, 67 strains of the gut microbiome were isolated and identified in three phyla; the isolates had the following prevalence rates: Firmicutes 41/67 (61.19%), Actinobacteria 24/67 (35.82%), and Proteobacteria 2/67 (2.99%). Antimicrobial properties against P. larvae on agar plates were seen in 20 isolates of the genus Lactobacillus, Firmicutes phylum. Six representative strains from each species (L. apis HSY8_B25, L. panisapium PKH2_L3, L. melliventris HSY3_B5, L. kimbladii AHS3_B36, L. kullabergensis OMG2_B25, and L. mellis OMG2_B33) with the largest inhibition zones on agar plates were selected for in vitro larvae rearing challenges. The results showed that three isolates (L. apis HSY8_B25, L. panisapium PKH2_L3, and L. melliventris HSY3_B5) had the potential to be probiotic candidates with the properties of safety to larvae, inhibition against P. larvae in infected larvae, and high adhesion ability.ConclusionsOverall, 20 strains of the genus Lactobacillus with antimicrobial properties against P. larvae were identified in this study. Three representative strains from different species (L. apis HSY8_B25, L. panisapium PKH2_L3, and L. melliventris HSY3_B5) were evaluated to be potential probiotic candidates and were selected for probiotic development for the prevention of AFB. Importantly, the species L. panisapium isolated from larvae was identified with antimicrobial activity for the first time in this study.

Antibacterial activity of green synthesized ZnO nano-flower using pineapple peel extract

Plant-based nanoparticles provide significant advantages over conventional physico-chemical techniques in medicine and biology. This paper reports the green route to synthesise ZnO particles using pineapple peel extract at various zinc precursor concentrations and evaluate their antibacterial activity. Morphological, structural, and optical properties of ZnO were characterised using SEM, XRD, FTIR, and UV–vis. The antibacterial potential of ZnO particles was evaluated against two clinical strains of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) using the paper disc diffusion method. SEM images exhibit flower-like ZnO with diameters in the range of 331–538 nm. The hexagonal wurtzite crystal phase of ZnO has been confirmed by XRD analysis with a crystal size of 14–17 nm. The FTIR spectrum has also validated the Zn-O bonding and the presence of additional functional groups in the samples. Antibacterial activity of the nanoflower ZnO towards E. coli and S. aureus displays inhibitory zone widths of 17.23 ± 3.03 mm and 30.14 ± 1.86 mm, respectively. These findings reveal that nanoflower ZnO produced using the pineapple peel extract exhibited a large bacterial inhibition zone, indicating that it is potentially used as food packaging or antibiotics.

Antioxidant, antibacterial and insecticidal activities of cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.) essential oil

ABSTRACT The aerial parts of cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.) of three collect regions (Bizerte, Ben-Arous and Nabeul) were reported for their essential oil (EO) compositions, antioxidant, antimicrobial and insecticidal activities. Results showed that the higher EO yields were observed in Bizerte and Ben Arous (0.56%), followed by Nabeul (0.49%). The EO composition showed the predominance of α-pinene with 36.72% in Bizerte, 30.22% in Nabeul and 30% in Ben-Arous. Cypress EO of Bizerte showed higher antiradical capacity (IC50 = 55 µg/mL) than Ben-Arous (IC50 = 97.50 µg/mL) and Nabeul (IC50 = 155 µg/mL). E. faecalis was the most sensitive strain to cypress EO of Bizerte with the largest inhibition zone (IZ = 65 mm). Regarding the insecticidal activity, cypress EO of Bizerte had the highest mortality of Tribolium castaneum with a lethal concentration of LC50 = 164.3 µL/L air after 24 h exposure.

FORMULATION FOR MAKING HAND SANITIZER BASED ON DURIAN PEEL EXTRACT (DURIO ZIBETHINUS MURR) IN IMPROVING ANTIBACTERIAL ABILITY

Maceration using ethanol solvent was chosen in extracting durian rind which was then evaporated to obtain 50 grams of durian peel extract. The results of the phytochemical screening test showed that the durian rind contains tannin compounds as evidenced by the addition of Iron (III) chloride reagent to produce a black solution. In addition, durian peel also contains terpenoid compounds which have been proven using the Lieberman Burchard reagent so that a blackish brown ring is produced in the extract. The best hand sanitizer product formulation is 75 mL of 96% ethanol, 2 mL of glycerin, 3 mL of 3% hydrogen peroxide, 10 mL of distilled water and 10 mL of a 6% concentration of durian peel extract solution. The hand sanitizer product has a liquid form, has a clear brownish color, has a distinctive durian rind aroma with a pH around 6 indicating that the hand sanitizer is suitable for use. Concentration of 6% Durian fruit peel hand sanitizer has better antibacterial ability than other concentrations with a large inhibition zone of 12.4 mm which is categorized as a strong level as an antibacterial substance.

Screening of novel probiotics with intestinal peristalsis-promoting potential based on in vitro and in vivo investigations

Constipation is a widespread gastrointestinal issue. This work aimed to investigate anti-constipation capacities of 9 novel strains of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium using in vitro experiments for initial exploration and then further confirmed through in vivo models including both zebrafish and mice. The in vitro experimental results revealed that L. plantarum T34 and L. paracasei YJ10 could survive under the simulated gastrointestinal tract conditions as standard strain L. rhamnosus (LGG) did. L. paracasei YJ10 and L. casei Lc showed the highest 22 h's aggregation rate. L. rhamnosus W1 showed the highest coaggregation rate with E. coli and with S. aureus. T34 had the largest inhibition zones against S. typhimurium and L. Monocytogenes. The highest adhesion rates with HT-29 cells were L. casei Lc, LGG and W1. Principal component analysis (PCA) and Fuzzy synthetic evaluation (FSE) were performed to evaluate the in vitro probiotic potential of the 9 strains comprehensively. The order of scores on in vitro probiotic property from high to low was as follows: T34, W1, YJ10, Lc, LGG, SLT, SS, Lb, YN4 and LQSQ. The subsequent in vivo experiment of zebrafish further confirmed T34, W1 and YJ10 have better anti-constipation ability compared to other strains. Furthermore, T34 relieve loperamide-induced constipation by promoting gut transit in the mice model. In conclusion, T34 was demonstrated to prevent constipation and may be suggested for use in food and pharmaceutical goods.

Insight into the phytochemical profile and antimicrobial activities of Amomum subulatum and Amomum xanthioides: an in vitro and in silico study.

Medicinal plants have been considered as potential source of therapeutics or as starting materials in drugs formulation. The current study aims to shed light on the therapeutic potential of the Amomum subulatom and Amomum xanthioides Fruits by analyzing the phytochemical composition of their seeds and fruits using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques to determine the presence of bioactive components such as flavonoids, phenols, vitamins, steroids, and essential oils. The protein content is usually higher than the total lipids in both species except the fruit of A. subulatum which contain more lipids than proteins. The total protein contents for A. subulatum were 235.03 ± 21.49 and 227.49 ± 25.82 mg/g dry weight while for A. xanthioides were 201.9 ± 37.79 and 294.99 ± 37.93 mg/g dry weight for seeds and fruit, respectively. The Carvacrol levels in A. subulatum is 20 times higher than that in A. xanthioides. Lower levels of α-Thujene, Phyllanderenes, Ascaridole, and Pinocarvone were also observed in both species. According to DPPH (2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl) assay, seed the extract of A. subulatum exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (78.26±9.27 %) followed by the seed extract of A. xanthioides (68.21±2.56 %). Similarly, FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) assay showed that the highest antioxidant activity was exhibited by the seed extract of the two species; 20.14±1.11 and 21.18±1.04 µmol trolox g-1 DW for A. subulatum and A. xanthioides, respectively. In terms of anti-lipid peroxidation, relatively higher values were obtained for the fruit extract of A. subulatum (6.08±0.35) and the seed extract of A. xanthioides (6.11±0.55). Ethanolic seed extracts of A. subulatum had the highest efficiency against four Gram-negative bacterial species which causes serious human diseases, namely Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Salmonella typhimurium. In addition, P. aeruginosa was also inhibited by the fruit extract of both A. subulatum and A. xanthioides. For the seed extract of A. xanthioides, large inhibition zones were formed against P. vulgaris and the fungus Candida albicans. Finally, we have in silico explored the mode of action of these plants by performing detailed molecular modeling studies and showed that the antimicrobial activities of these plants could be attributed to the high binding affinity of their bioactive compounds to bind to the active sites of the sterol 14-alpha demethylase and the transcriptional regulator MvfR. These findings demonstrate the two species extracts possess high biological activities and therapeutical values, which increases their potential value in a number of therapeutic applications.

Antibacterial Activity of Nano-Sized Gourami Fish Scales Powder (Osphronemus Gourami) Added to Conventional Glass Ionomer Cement

Background: Gourami scales contain antibacterial compounds, e.g., catechins, chitin, calcium, omega 3, omega 6, and flavonoids. Our previous studies have shown that millimicrons-sized gourami fish scales powder (GFSP) added to Glass ionomer cement (GIC) acts as an immunomodulator against Streptococcus mutans both in vitro and in vivo. However, the antibacterial activity of the material was affected by the particle size, and the effects of smaller GFSP, which is nano-sized (nGFSP), on oral biofilms are largely unknown. Materials and Methods: This study analyzed the potential of nGFSP added to conventional GIC in inhibiting the growth of Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus mutans, and Staphylococcus aureus. nGFSP were divided into five groups, 0% (control), 0.5%, 1.5%, 2.5%, and 3.5% (4 samples for each group). The antibacterial activity was evaluated using the agar diffusion method. Then, the diameter of the inhibition zone was measured and analyzed using ANOVA followed by the LSD test. Results: Antibacterial activity against S. sanguinis, S. aureus, and S. mutans significantly increased with nGFSP. The largest zone of inhibition was measured at a concentration of 3.5%, that is, 4.02 mm (S. sanguinis) and 2.29 mm (S. aureus). Meanwhile, nGFSP is more effective in inhibiting the growth of S. mutans in an optimum concentration of 0.5% with a zone of inhibition is 3.54 mm. Conclusion: The addition of nGFSP improved the antibacterial activity of GIC against gram-positive pathogenic bacteria, such as S. sanguinis, S. aureus, and S. mutans.

Effects of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized from Phenolic Extract of Agaricus bisporus Against Pathogenic Bacteria and Yeasts

<i>Agaricus biosporus</i> is a mushroom known for its use for nutritional and medicinal purposes. This study tested whether silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized from phenolic compounds extracted from this mushroom have an efficient antimicrobial impact against pathogenic bacteria and yeast isolated from urine, sputum, and vaginal swabs. Different methods were employed in the characterization of AgNPs. The microorganisms of isolated bacteria and yeast were identified according to morphological features, results of biochemical tests, and the VITEK 2 compact system. The susceptibility to antibiotics was determined by the disk method. The bacteria and yeast resisted all antibiotics employed in this research. But the AgNPs had good antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria and yeast. The highest inhibition zone of AgNPs against <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> in a 100 mg/mL concentration was 30 mm, while the minimal inhibition zone of AgNPs was 12 mm against <i>Escherichia coli</i> at the same concentration. The antibacterial effect of the synthesized AgNPs was concentration-dependent against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. With respect to the effect on yeast growth, there was a clear inhibitory effect of the synthesized AgNPs at 100 mg/mL, when the largest zone of inhibition was found against <i>Candida glabrata</i> (29 mm), and the minimal inhibition zone was found against <i>C. guillermondi</i> and <i>C. albican</i> (23 mm). Similarly, the AgNPs synergized with antibiotics were used against pathogenic bacterial and yeast isolates because when antibiotics and AgNPs were combined, the inhibition zones were larger compared to those of the antibiotics alone.

Effect of Peganum harmala L. extract supplemented ISP2 medium on growth and production of secondary metabolites of Streptomyces ayarius S115

BackgroundThe present work aimed to investigate the effect of Peganum harmala L. in increasing the growth and production of secondary metabolites of Streptomyces ayarius strain S115 via ISP2 culture medium. Peganum harmala L. was dried and added to ISP2 medium. The morphological properties and the antibacterial activity of S. ayarius strain S115 seeded in ISP2 and the modified ISP2 media was evaluated by using the agar well diffusion method against five pathogenic bacteria, Escherichia coli Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia sp. and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The biomass of S. ayarius strain S115 in both media was determined. The kinetics of growth and production of secondary metabolites were studied for 7 d in different carbon sources. ResultsCulture on the modified ISP2 showed an effective growth of S. ayarius strain S115 with changed color of the aerial mycelium from gray to white. The antibacterial activity revealed large inhibition zones against the tested pathogenic bacteria compared to those of the ISP2. The amount of S. ayarius strain S115 biomass was twice as high in the modified ISP2. The effect of different carbon sources on the growth and production of secondary metabolites of S. ayarius strain S115 revealed the highest biomass and biological activities through using glucose in the modified ISP2 on the 3rd day of culture. Of note, glycerol was found as the optimal carbon source in ISP2. ConclusionsThe discovery of new bioactive molecules from actinomycetes seeded in specific culture media may contribute to the development of therapeutic solutionsHow to cite: Nait Marzoug A, Ayari A, Khaldi F, et al. Effect of Peganum harmala L. extract supplemented ISP2 medium on growth and production of secondary metabolites of Streptomyces ayarius S115. Electron J Biotechnol 2023;64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbt.2022.12.006.

Evaluation of Antibacterial activity of aqueous extract of Cucumis melo

Plant-based phytochemicals are promising antibiotics for treating microbial illnesses in humans. The purpose of the current study is to assess the antibacterial properties of an aqueous Cucumis melo extract against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. The Agar well diffusion method is initially used to assess the antibacterial activity of the fruit's aqueous extract against the gram’s positive B. subtilis and the gram’s negative organism E. coli. Results reveal that, in comparison to the control, the Cucumis melo aqueous fruit extract at two dose levels of 200 µg/ml and 400µg/ml significantly increases the zone of inhibition of microorganisms. Additionally, a very large zone of inhibition was seen at 400µg/ml dosage. The difference between the mean values of 200 and 400µg/ml was also encouraging. The aqueous extract exhibits a considerable dose, in conclusion.

Bactericidal potential of different size sericin-capped silver nanoparticles synthesized by heat, light, and sonication.

Present study was aimed to assess the bactericidal potential of sericin-capped silver nanoparticles (Se-AgNPs) synthesized by heat, light, and sonication. Se-AgNPs were characterized by size analyzer, UV spectrophotometry, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Average size of Se-AgNPs synthesized by heat, light and sonication was 53.60, 78.12, and 7.49 nm, respectively. All (10) bacterial strains were exposed to Se-AgNPs prepared from different methods to compare their antibacterial potentials. Largest zone of inhibition (13 ± 1.15 mm) was observed for sonication-based nanoparticles (NPs) against Klebseilla pneumoniae while the smallest zone of light assisted NPs against Serratia rubidaea (5 ± 1 mm). Bacterial strains were also exposed to different concentrations (0.2%, 0.3%, and 0.6%) of Se-AgNPs which showed largest zone (12 ± 1 mm) of inhibition for 0.4% of Se-AgNPs against Protius mirabilis and smallest zone (5 ± 1.154 mm) for 0.3% of Se-AgNPs against Escherichia coli. Furthermore, effect of different temperatures (5°C, 37°C, and 60°C) and pH (3, 7, and 12) on the efficacy and stability of Se-AgNPs was also evaluated against different bacterial strains. Sonication mediated NPs showed highest bactericidal results against K. pneumoniae (F3,8 = 6.154; p = 0.018) with smallest size NPs (7.49 nm) while lowest bactericidal results against S. rubidaea (5 ± 1 mm) were shown with largest size (78.12 nm) NPs prepared by natural light. These variations of bactericidal activities of NPs with difference size endorse that the Se-AgNPs with smallest size have highest antibacterial activity than larger size NPs. Moreover, Se-AgNPs maintain their bactericidal potency at wide range of temperature and pH, hence seemed stable.

Thymol-Loaded Polymeric Nanoparticles Improve the Postharvest Microbiological Safety of Blueberries.

The presence of Yersinia enterocolitica on raw food products raises the concern of yersiniosis as most of the berries are consumed raw. This is a challenging issue from the food safety aspect since it could increase the occurrence of foodborne diseases among humans. Thus, it is crucial to implement an effective sanitation before the packaging. This study aims to synthesize and characterize thymol-loaded polyvinyl alcohol (Thy/PVA) nanoparticles as a sanitizer for postharvest treatment of blueberries. Thy/PVA nanoparticles were characterized by spectroscopic and microscopic approaches, prior to the analyses of antimicrobial properties. The diameter size of the nanoparticles was on average 84.7 nm, with a surface charge of -11.73 mV. Based on Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) measurement, the Thy/PVA nanoparticles notably shifted to the frequency of 3275.70, 2869.66, 1651.02 and 1090.52 cm-1. A rapid burst was observed in the first hour of release study, and 74.9 % thymol was released from the PVA nanoparticles. The largest inhibition zone was displayed by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), followed by Y. enterocolitica and Salmonella typhi. However, amongst these bacteria, the inhibition and killing of Y. enterocolitica required a lower concentration of Thy/PVA nanoparticles. The treatment successfully reduced the bacterial load of Y. enterocolitica on blueberries by 100 %. Thymol is a plant-based chemical without reported adverse effects to humans. In this study, by using the nanotechnology method of encapsulation with PVA, we improved the stability and physicochemical properties of thymol. This nanoparticle-based sanitizer could potentially promote the postharvest microbiological safety of raw berries, which may become an alternative practice of food safety.

In vitro Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Synthetic Zeolite Supported AgZno Nanoparticle Against a Selected Group of Bacteria.

The development of novel and intriguing nanoparticle (NP)-based materials with antibacterial activity has recently received attention due to the problem of bacterial resistance to conventional antibiotics becoming more and more frequent. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the antibacterial effectiveness of a synthetic zeolite-supported AgZnO nanoparticle against selected bacteria in vitro. Using the disc diffusion method, the antibacterial activity of synthetic zeolite-supported AgZnO nanoparticles was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). Zinc oxide (ZnO) and Ag/ZnO nanoparticles were used to create the zeolite-supported Ag/ZnO composite. Chloramphenicol was used as a standard drug. The nanoparticles and composites were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Synthetic zeolite-supported AgZnO nanoparticles showed promising antibacterial properties with the largest zone of inhibition against S. aureus bacteria in comparison to E. coli. The synthetic zeolite-supported AgZnO nanoparticle displayed a zone of inhibition against S. aureus and E. coli without a remarkable difference compared to the respective standard drug (Chloramphenicol). Zinc peaks were visible in the X-ray diffractograms, which supported the theory that the characteristic hexagonal wurtzite structure of zinc oxide was present. All types of ZnO, AgZnO, and AgZnO-Zeolite showed wide-spectrum activity with better effect against gram-positive bacteria, while the Zeolite-Ag/ZnO composite showed even better antibacterial activity. The findings suggest a potential bactericide that needs further evaluation in future studies was observed in synthetic zeolite-supported Ag/ZnO nanoparticles.

Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activity Against Streptococcus mutans and Solubility of Different Dental Luting Cements In Vitro

The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the antibacterial and solubility properties of four luting cements in artificial saliva at varying pH and clarify the composition by chemical analysis. Samples of bioceramic (C1), two resin-modified glass ionomer (C2 and C3), and zinc phosphate (C4) cements were stored on media with Streptococcus mutans and artificial saliva (pH 4.6 and pH 6.5). The disc diffusion method was used to evaluate antibacterial activity. In the solubility test, cement discs were stored in artificial saliva (pH 4.6 and pH 6.5) and distilled water (pH 7). After 48 and 120 hours, the solubility of the cement specimens was determined. Chemical analysis was performed by X-ray fluorescence. The growth inhibition zones of S. mutans induced by C4 were the largest in any pH values tested (p &lt; 0.05). The solubility of C4 was significantly higher than the solubility of other cements. C2 had the smallest inhibition zones and was least soluble in all media during the observation period, but without significant differences. After 48 hours, the solubility of C4 was significantly higher at pH 4.6 compared to control. The solubility of the cements, excluding C2, was significantly higher after 120 hours at pH 6.5. A significant association was found between larger amount of zinc oxide in cement composition and a larger zone of inhibition. Lower solubility was associated with higher amounts of aluminium and silicon oxides in the cement. Thus, cement containing higher amounts of zinc oxides had the highest antibacterial activity. In the solubility test, cements were more soluble in acidic media than in neutral media, and lower solubility was detected in cements containing more aluminium and silicon oxides. In clinical practice, C1 or C3 may be suggested when there is a higher risk of caries due to more desirable combination of antibacterial activity and lower solubility, for a lower caries risk C2 might be suggested.

Antibacterial and antineoplastic MCF-7 and HePG-2 characteristics of the methanolic (80%) clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) extract

Syzygium aromaticum L. (S. aromaticum) used universally as a spice beside as one of classical Indian and Chinese medicine. It contains a variety of biologically active substances, one of them is eugenol which the main component, accounting for 81.1% of the clove oil. It used in traditional medicine as an antibacterial, antineoplastic, antiseptic, and analgesic agent. Previous studies reported its role within photochemical reactions and its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and insecticidal properties, for that, eugenol listed as a promising candidate for the chemical scaffold for pharmaceuticals. The aim of the current study is evaluating of methanolic (80%) clove extract at room temperature in the sunlight (RS) and at low temperatures in the dark (DC) for their antibacterial and anticancer activity applied on different two cancer cell line types breast carcinoma cell line (MCF-7) and hepato-carcinoma cell line type (HePG-2). The results evaluated that both (DC) and (RS) have antibacterial activity against five multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates. Extract (DC) of clove has a larger zone of inhibition against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumonia, and E. coli, with diameter 13, 20, 20, 21, and 15 mm, respectively, with MICs and MBCs of 6.25 mg/mL and 12.5 mg/ml for all isolates except S. aureus showed MIC at 12.5 mg/ml. On the other hand, extract (RS) exhibit zone of inhibition with diameter 17, 10, 15, 18, 17 mm, respectively, with MICs and MBCs of 12.5 mg/mL and 25 mg/ml for all isolates except S. aureus showed MIC at 25 mg/ml. Also, both (DC) and (RS) have cytotoxic activity against two cell lines with significant DNA fragmentation as an indicator of cell apoptosis. The cytotoxic concentration of (DC) with IC50 values for MCF-7 started at 250 µg/ml and reached 46.7% but was 500 and 1000 µg/ml. toxicity reached 100%. Cytotoxicity of (RS) against mcf7 was found to be 48.25% at a concentration of 500 μg/ml, reaching 100% toxicity at the above concentrations 1000 µg/ml. For the HepG-2 cell line, the cytotoxic activity of (DC) was significant at 50.5% at a concentration of 250 µg/ml, whereas RS showed cytotoxic activity at 500 µg/ml with a value of 17.3%. These therapies for cancer and bacterial infections are all-natural and eco-friendly.

In Vitro Evaluation of the Antagonism of Saprophyte and Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) Against Soil-Transmitted Diseases Sclerotium rolfsii

Certain soil-borne diseases can have a detrimental effect on the quality and quantity of peanut production. One of the soil-borne diseases is Sclerotium rolfsii, a fungus that is the primary limiting factor in peanut plants. An alternative to controlling this fungus is to use saprophytic and endophytic fungi. The purpose of this study was to evaluate several saprophytic and endophytic fungi isolated from peanut plants in vitro as antagonistic agents against S. rolfsii. Isolation of saprophytic and endophytic fungi was carried out using the stratified dilution method. The fungal antagonism test was carried out using a non-factorial completely randomized design with 3 replications. The parameters observed in this study included the inhibiting zone, the diameter of the isolate colonies, the growth area, and the interaction of saprophytic and endophytic fungi with S. rolfsii. Five families and eight species of soil fungi were identified using macroscopic and microscopic identification techniques. The type of soil fungus has a large impact on the growth rate and inhibition area. Mucor hiemalis grew at the fastest rate, while Rhizopus oryzae had the largest inhibition zone.

ZnO−Ag Hybrid Nanoparticles Used in the Antimicrobial Solvent‐Based Coatings: Antibacterial Studies in the Darkness and Under Visible‐Light Irradiation

AbstractThis study explores how hybrid nanoparticles can be used to improve the antibacteial properties of both single nanoparticles and their polymeric nanocomposite coatings. Hybridization of two different nanoparicles, such as nano‐ZnO and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has been carried out to combine advantages of the individual particles. For these purposes, firstly ZnO−Ag hybrid nanoparticles were chemically fabricated by reducing Ag+ precursor on the as‐received nano‐ZnO using sodium borohydride in aqueous medium. Thereafter, these ZnO−Ag nanohybrids were introduced into the acrylic polyurethane matrix (at 2 wt.%) under sonication in xylene/toluene solvents. To reveal the effect of hybridization on the antibacterial activity against E. coli of both ZnO−Ag nanohybrids and their nanocomposite coatings, two antibacterial tests have been carrieried out in presence of visible light irradiation or without light (in dark). The agar‐well diffusion method indicated that ZnO−Ag nanohybrids exhibited high antibacterial activity against E.coli at the low concentration (8 mg/mL). In addition, their larger inhibition zones under visible light exposure were observed, when compared to the dark condition. Similarity, antibacterial test (ISO 22196 : 2007 standard) indicated that nanocomposite coating under visible light exposure had a higher antibacterial activity than that in the dark condition. Data from this antibacterial test after 24 h indicated that the visible light exposure provided more bactericidal efficiency for APU/ZnO−Ag coating (4.17 log), as compared to the dark condition (4.07 log). This increase in the bactericidal efficiency can be attributed to the hybridization of nano‐ZnO and AgNPs in their hybrid nanostructure. From the experimental data, we propose the mechanism for antibacterial activity of ZnO−Ag hybrid nanoparticles. In addition, TEM photographs indicated that AgNPs (10–30 nm) were attached to the surface of nano‐ZnO (&lt;100 nm). Data from the diffused reflectance spectra indicated that the deposition of AgNPs on nano‐ZnO reduced its band gap energy (Eg) from 3.2 eV to 2.75 eV. In case of nanocomposite coating, addition of 2 wt.% ZnO−Ag nanohybrids into the acrylic polyurethane matrix significantly increased their impact strength and abrasion resistance.

Ethanolic, Methanolic, and Aqueous Extracts of Phyllanthus Niruri to Look at Its Antibacterial Properties and Phytochemicals

Abstract: As a possible addition to traditional medicine, pharmaceutical companies are turning more and more to the large number of phytochemical compounds found in medicinal plants. These chemicals are also used to make drugs. Because of its healing properties, Phyllanthus niruri has been shown to help treat a number of diseases, such as hepatitis. The main goal of this study is to find out what phytochemical compounds might be present. The goal of this study was to look at the phytochemical makeup and antibacterial activity of Phyllanthus and Phyllanthus niruri extracts in water, ethanol, and methanol. There are many different compounds in PN. Some of them are saponins, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, and cardiac glycosides. Different concentrations of methanol, ethanol, and water extracts were tested to see if they could kill bacteria. When compared to the other extracts, the 30% weight-per-volume methanolic extract had the largest zone of inhibition. Each extract of P. niruri has secondary metabolites that could be used in medicine and act as antibacterial agents against a wide range of bacteria. These PN phytochemicals have properties that kill bacteria and get rid of free radicals, and they may be used in therapeutic interventions.