Large-scale Topographic Maps Research Articles

Large Scale Topographic Map Comparison Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Imagers and Real Time Kinematic (RTK)

Large scale topographical mapping is important in geospatial industries in providing high resolution 3D geospatial data sources. The field of aerial photogrammetry also plays an important role in the surveying scope and map production. Nowadays, the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) platform is a quick way for low altitude aerial data acquisition for mapping. For collecting ground details data at the land-scape level, real time kinematic global positioning system (RTK GPS) is a useful tool for Ground-based topographic mapping. RTK GPS is mobile, collects data quickly at field, and measures elevation within an accuracy of 1 – 5 cm. This work aims to do a comparison of topo-graphic map generated by UAV imagers and by RTK GPS in term of accuracy. The study was conducted using UAV with high resolution non-metric digital compact camera while the ground control point were established using static observation method and ground detail survey using RTK observation method. Vertical accuracy for digital elevation model (DEM) obtained from this study was 8.015 cm at the altitude of 116 m.

Practice of Small and Medium UAV in Large Scale Topographic Map

As a basic surveying and mapping work, small uav has been widely used in large scale topographic mapping. According to the needs of production and construction, digital mapping methods and aerial photogrammetry are used to provide technical support for large scale topographic mapping in engineering construction surveying and mapping, urban planning and construction, cadastral surveying and other directions. In order to control the small uav in the terrain elevation information, mapping proportion accuracy and other aspects to get better improvement, the practice of small uav in large scale topographic map is deeply analyzed, in order to understand the practical application value of small uav in large scale topographic map.

ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ ЛЕДНИКА ЧАЛААТИ (ГРУЗИНСКИЙ КАВКАЗ) С МАЛОГО ЛЕДНИКОВОГО ПЕРИОДА ПО ДАННЫМ КОСМОГЕННЫХ ИЗОТОПОВ (10BE) И ДЕНДРОХРОНОЛОГИИ

Glacier variations over the past centuries are still poorly documented on the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus. In this paper, the change of Chalaati Glacier in the Georgian Caucasus from its maximum extent during the Little Ice Age has been studied. For the first time in the history of glaciological studies of the Georgian Caucasus, 10 Be in situ Cosmic Ray Exposure (CRE) dating was applied. The age of moraines was determined by tree-ring analysis. Lichenometry was also used as a supplementary tool to determine the relative ages of glacial landforms. In addition, the large-scale topographical maps (1887, 1960) were used along with the satellite imagery – Corona, Landsat 5 TM, and Sentinel 2B. Repeated photographs were used to identify the glacier extent in the late XIX and early XX centuries. 10 Be CRE ages from the oldest lateral moraine of the Chalaati Glacier suggest that the onset of the Little Ice Age occurred ~0.73±0.04 kyr ago (CE ~1250–1330), while the dendrochronology and lichenometry measurements show that the Chalaati Glacier reached its secondary maximum extent again about CE ~1810. From that time through 2018 the glacier area decreased from 14.9±1.5 km 2 to 9.9±0.5 km 2 (33.8±7.4% or ~0.16% yr −1 ), while its length retreated by ~2280 m. The retreat rate was uneven: it peaked between 1940 and 1971 (~22.9 m yr −1 ), while the rate was slowest in 1910– 1930 (~4.0 m yr −1 ). The terminus elevation rose from ~1620 m to ~1980 m above sea level in ~1810–2018.

A LOW-COST SPATIAL TOOL FOR TRANSFORMING FEATURE POSITIONS OF CAD-BASED TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING

In fact, Computer Aided Design (CAD) offers powerful design tools to produce digital large scale topographic mapping that is considered the backbone for construction projects, urban planning and landscape architecture. Nowadays local agencies in small communities and developing countries are facing some difficulties in map to map transformation and handling discrepancies between the physical reality and represented spatial data due to the need for implementing high cost systems such as GIS and the experienced staff required. Therefore, the require for providing a low-cost tool based on the most common CAD system is very important to guarantee a quality and positional accuracy of features. The main aim of this study is to describe a mathematical relationship to fulfil the coordinate conversion between two different grid references applying two-dimensional conformal polynomial models built on control points and a least squares fitting algorithm. In addition, the automation of this model was performed in the Microsoft Visual Studio environment to calculate polynomial coefficients and convert the positional property of entities in AutoCAD by developing spatial CAD tool. To evaluate the proposed approach the extracted coordinates of check points from the interpolation surface are compared with the known ones.

Quality assessment of DEM derived from topographic maps for geomorphometric purposes

AbstractDigital elevation models (DEMs) play a significant role in geomorphological research. For geomorphologists reconstructing landform and drainage structure is frequently as important as elevation accuracy. Consequently, large-scale topographic maps (with contours, height points and watercourses) constitute excellent material for creating models (here called Topo-DEM) in fine resolution. The purpose of the conducted analyses was to assess the quality of Topo-DEM against freely-available global DEMs and then to compare it with a reference model derived from laser scanning (LiDAR-DEM). The analysis also involved derivative maps of geomorphometric parameters (local relief, slope, curvature, aspect) generated on the basis of Topo-DEM and LiDAR-DEM. Moreover, comparative classification of landforms was carried out. It was indicated that Topo-DEM is characterised by good elevation accuracy (RMSE <2 m) and reflects the topography of the analyzed area surprisingly well. Additionally, statistical and percentage metrics confirm that it is possible to generate a DEM with very good quality parameters on the basis of a large-scale topographic map (1:10,000): elevation differences between Topo-DEM and: 1) topographic map amounted from−1.68 to +2.06 m,MAEis 0.10 m, RMSE 0.16 m; 2) LiDAR-DEM (MAE 1.13 m, RMSE 1.69 m, SD 1.83 m); 3) GPS RTK measurements amounted from−3.6 to +3.01 m, MAE is 0.72 m, RMSE 0.97 m, SD 0.97 m. For an area of several dozen km2Topo-DEM with 10×10 m resolution proved more efficient than detailed (1×1 m) LiDAR-DEM.

RESEARCH ON QUALITY SUPERVISION AND SPOT CHECKS TECHNOLOGY FOR NATIONWIDE LARGE-SCALE TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS IN CHINA

Abstract. Large-scale Topographic Maps (LST-Maps) play an important role in China, so their quality is of great importance. In order to guarantee the quality of the survey and mapping achievements, China has been implementing a supervision and inspection system. There are relatively big differences in the content, mode of production and demands for application of the LST-Maps all over the country, making it difficult for current informatization level of supervision and traditional methods of quality control to become fair and efficient. The existing operational mode, sampling means, and technical standards of inspection applied in supervision are not entirely suitable for the needs in quality supervision and inspection of LST-Maps. In face of the abovementioned contradictions and problems, the research has combined the requirements of quality supervision and spot checks of all levels. Various achievements such as an index system, technical means, inspection procedures and a software platform have been created, and they are widely used in the quality supervision and spot checks of national and provincial LST-Maps over the past three years.

Satellite Stereo Image Processing for 3D Topographic Mapping

Abstract. The large scale topographic map generation is mostly carried out using the aerial images while the high resolution satellite data are gaining popularity because of its large swath width that enables the efficient and economic mapping even over inaccessible areas. To use the satellite data for the 3D topographic mapping, the data should be acquired in the stereo mode and they requires to be aligned for the epipolar geometry. The accurate epipolar image resampling aligns stereo images to enable a stereo display on the computer monitor where human operators can easily identify and extract 3D features, such as points of interest, contours, building layers, and roads. The pushbroom type camera, which is used by most high-resolution satellites, has quite different epipolar geometry than the frame type of aerial or terrestrial cameras. Therefore, the piecewise approach should be used instead of the fundamental matrix approach that is the standard method for the frame type cameras. Regarding the sensor model, most high-resolution satellite data use RPCs (Rational Polynomial Coefficients) of RFM (Rational Function Model) while the frame type camera use the collinearity equation. But RPCs from the satellite image providers have not been accurate enough such that GCPs (Ground Control Points) are often required for improving the RPCs accuracy. The GCPs acquisition is not an easy task over the inaccessible areas and the positional accuracy of the old geospatial data such as orthoimages and traditional maps is relatively low. Fortunately, the positional accuracy of RPCs increases than the past such as up to several meters. The major problem to achieve high accuracy of stereo geometry is to ensure that the consistency between the stereo data is less than one-pixel level. Therefore, in this study, we first utilized the relative orientation method to improve the precision between the stereo data without using any GCP. The tie points are extracted using the robust stereo matching and they are used to generate quasi-GCPs by the space intersection based on the RPCs. The quasi-GCPs are projected back to the stereo data to model and remove the inconsistency in the image space. The improved RPCs were used to accurately align the stereo data for map production.

Long-term analysis of irrational water use processes based on cartographic materials and remote sensing data

Abstract. Assessment and monitoring of environmental features based on large-scale and ultra-high resolution data, including remote sensing data, which have advantages in the repeatability of information and the speed of processing of incoming data, often face issues of completeness and duration of time series in retrospective analysis. Cartographic materials and remote sensing data allow monitoring for rapidly changing natural and anthropogenic features in the study areas, but very often face a problem when an event or phenomenon occurred many years ago and it is necessary to make a complete chronology.Ultra-high-resolution data, remote sensing data and the results of the subsequent geoinformation analysis are widely used to solve problems in a number of socio-economic areas of territorial development, in particular:in environmental studies – identification of local sources of water pollution, the consequences of their impact onecosystems, synthetic assessment of the ecological state of the territories and their comfort;in the management of various resources, including water – determination of biological productivity of water bodies, identification of water bioresources, detection of anthropogenically provoked and natural changes in water mass,implementation for glaciological studies, etc.Within the framework of the current study, a multi-time analysis of the water area and the coastal strip of Lake Sevan (the Republic of Armenia) at an altitude of about 1900 m above sea level, was carried out. The lake has repeatedly beensubjected to changes in the water level of the reservoir in the past. The 1930s and in the period between 1949 to 1962 were noted by the most intense drop in water level (more than 10 meters). In the 1990s, there was a slight increase inthe level, and then until 2001, the level of the lake continued to decrease.The main factors affecting aquatic ecosystems and the overall ecological status of the lake are:Repeated changes in the water level of the reservoir in the past and its expected fluctuations in the future.The uncontrolled discharge of harmful substances caused great damage to the lake, which affected the water qualityand biodiversity of this unique natural site.Untimely cleaning of flooded forests, which increases the risk of eutrophication of the lake.The poorly organized system of waste disposal and unauthorized landfills of municipal solid waste, as well as animalwaste.Unauthorized construction of recreational facilities and capital structures in the coastal and water protection zonewhich may be flooded. The information support of the study is based on the materials of satellite imagery from the worldview2, SPOT 5/6,Resurs-P, Canopus-B, materials from the international space station (ISS), materials of archival aerial photography anddata obtained from the UAVs, in combination with other map data sources in the range of scales 1 : 5 000 – 1 : 100 000,including digital topographic maps, land use maps, statistical and literary data. In fact, cartographic materials andremote sensing data provide a time history of 75 years, from large-scale topographic maps of 1942–1943 to highlydetailed images of 2017–2018.According to the results of the study, it was possible to establish the position of the coastline for different time periods.The period between 1949 and 1962, when there was the most critical drop in the water level, was especially interestingand had not been studied before. Archival aerial photographs for 1943 and 1963 allowed to reconstruct the position ofthe coastline for almost every year of irrational water use.

Downscaling Landsat-8 land surface temperature maps in diverse urban landscapes using multivariate adaptive regression splines and very high resolution auxiliary data

ABSTRACT We propose a method for spatial downscaling of Landsat 8-derived LST maps from 100(30 m) resolution down to 2–4 m with the use of the Multiple Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS) models coupled with very high resolution auxiliary data derived from hyperspectral aerial imagery and large-scale topographic maps. We applied the method to four Landsat 8 scenes, two collected in summer and two in winter, for three British towns collectively representing a variety of urban form. We used several spectral indices as well as fractional coverage of water and paved surfaces as LST predictors, and applied a novel method for the correction of temporal mismatch between spectral indices derived from aerial and satellite imagery captured at different dates, allowing for the application of the downscaling method for multiple dates without the need for repeating the aerial survey. Our results suggest that the method performed well for the summer dates, achieving RMSE of 1.40–1.83 K prior to and 0.76–1.21 K after correction for residuals. We conclude that the MARS models, by addressing the non-linear relationship of LST at coarse and fine spatial resolutions, can be successfully applied to produce high resolution LST maps suitable for studies of urban thermal environment at local scales.

Landscape transformations in the alluvial fan of the River Little Vistula (Mała Wisła) in Poland from the 18th century to the present

Abstract Development within the River Little Vistula valley undoubtedly started at the very beginnings of the Polish state. At that stage, human activity focused on finding and adapting sites that were suitable for permanent settlement and also on utilising the resources found in the valley and afforded by the river such as fishing and shipping opportunities. The shape of the River Little Vistula alluvial fan also allowed the construction of numerous canals branching from the river channel, on which mills, fulleries and sawmills were established. The characteristics of the landscape changes which have taken place in the study area have been presented on the basis of analyses of large-scale (1:28,800) topographic maps from the mid-18th and 19th centuries, modern topographic maps and also from visits to the study area (General-Mappa des Merzogthums Ober-Schleisien 1763–1764 and Übersicht der Militar Aufmahme von Mähren und Schlesien, 1839-1840). It was found that landscapes of the River Little Vistula alluvial fan are “landscapes of valleys and plains subject to water accumulation and floods”. Such areas are characterised by the presence of groundwater at low depths and are subject to periodic flooding by river waters, which are rich in mineral substances. Their habitats include riparian forests and flood meadows, which have often been transformed into arable fields. Characteristic types of soils in these areas include alluvial soils and peats, and typical elements of the landscape are water bodies, mainly fish ponds.

ACCURACY EVALUATION OF VARIOUS SATELLITE IMAGERY PRODUCTS FOR LARGE SCALE TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING

Abstract. DEM and ortho-imageries are building blocks for topographic mapping and satellite imageries are prime source of data for inaccessible terrain. When the required mapping scale is of the order 10k or higher, the accuracy needed is also of higher order. It becomes imperative to evaluate the accuracy of available high resolution DEMs and corresponding imageries to provide quality products for mapping. The present study is encouraged by the fact that not every place of our earth is accessible, so an assessment of satellite data products is required for precise mapping. Here, the accuracy assessment has been carried out in terms of RMSE, SD, CE90 and LE90 of various products viz. Carosat-1, Cartosat-2E, Worldview-2 (WV), Vricon, Pleiades, ALOS-World-3D (AW3D) ASTER, SRTM with Yahoo image. GCPs acquired by DGPS field survey were used to evaluate the products. The results have demonstrated that Vricon 0.5 m ortho-image provides the best RMSE (3.42) and CE90 (4.65); however, WV and Vricon DEM turns out to be best with RMSE of 2.20 m and 2.90 m respectively. Both products are suitable for large scale topographic mapping. The data can be used for inaccessible terrain where GCPs are not available. However, Cartosat-1 and Cartosat-2E can be used where good GCPs are available. The outcome of study can be used for planning of data suitability for scale variant mapping and inaccessible terrain mapping.

Evaluation feature extracting from DubaiSat-2 satellite images over planned/unplanned complex study area in Egypt

Abstract DubaiSat-2 satellite has two cameras Panchromatic (Pan) and Multispectral (Ms) with 1.0 and 4 m ground resolution. Pan-sharpened products are produced from panchromatic and multispectral with 1.0 m ground resolution. This research is oriented to assess the accuracy quantitatively and evaluation feature extraction qualitatively of DubaiSat-2. DubaiSat-2 has three products of satellite images which are pan-sharpened, panchromatic and multispectral will be evaluated individually to produce large scale maps and up-to-date maps over unplanned complex study areas in Egypt. The study area is a flat terrain located in greater Cairo region South Qalubia Governorate and North Cairo Governorate, Egypt. It is characterized by different types and levels of natural and well panned man-made features. The obtained results showed that DubaiSat-2 very high resolution satellite imagery pan-sharpened and panchromatic is capable of generating and updating Egyptian planimetric large scale topographic maps of scale 1:5000 and smaller.

QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF AN EXTENDED INTERFEROMETRIC RADAR DATA PROCESSING APPROACH

Abstract. Radar data acquisition is a reliable technology to provide base data for topographical mapping. Its flexibility and weather independency makes radar data more attractive in comparison with traditional airborne data acquisition. This advantage emplaces radar data acquisition as an alternative method for many applications including Large Scale Topographical Mapping (LSTM). LSTM i.e. larger or equal than 1 : 10.000 map scale is one of the prominent priority tasks to be finished in an accelerated way especially in third world countries such as Indonesia. The available TerraSAR-X Add on Digital Elevation Model X (TanDEM-X) Intermediate Digital Elevation Model (IDEM) from German Aerospace Center (DLR) as one useful global scientific data set however still complies with High Resolution Terrain Information (HRTI) Level 3 only. The accuracy of the end product of pairwise bi-static TanDEM-X data can be improved by some potential measures such as incorporation of Ground Control Points (GCPs) within the interferometric data processing. It is expected that the corresponding end product can fulfil HRTI Level 4 specification. From this point, we focus on the step of phase difference measurements in radar interferometry to generate elevation model with least square adjustment approach using three main parameters i.e. height reference, absolute phase offset and baseline. Those three parameters are considered to be essential within the Digital Surface Model (DSM) generation process. Therefore it is necessary to find the optimal solution within aforementioned adjustment model. In this paper we use an linearized model, as discussed in section 2.4, to process the bi-static TanDEM-X datasets and investigate how this improves the accuracy of the generated DSM. As interferometric radar data processing relies on accurate GCP data we use Indonesian Geospatial Reference System (SRGI) for our investigations. Also, we use baseline and phase offset information from TanDEM-X metadata. Subsequently, the DSM generated using Sentinel Application Platform (SNAP) desktop, is the main product used for LSTM. This product has to be assessed using check points derived from conventional airborne data acquisition using RCD-30 metric camera and the accuracy is compared with the accuracy of the IDEM. Summarized, this paper aims on an improvement of the DSM generation by adjusting main parameters through our linearized model.

INFORMATION CONTENT ANALYSIS FROM VERY HIGH RESOLUTION OPTICAL SPACE IMAGERY FOR UPDATING SPATIAL DATABASE

Abstract. High resolution satellite images started with IKONOS imagery. After the launch of the very high resolution IKONOS in the 1990s, a new generation of commercial Earth-imaging satellites have pioneered a new era of space imaging for observations of Earth. The IKONOS satellite image has an important place sampling range with 1 m GSD. In the subsequent Quickbird satellite image, the GSD is down to 62 cm and the sensitivity is even higher. Advancements in the geometric resolution of space images have improved the conditions for generations of large-scale topographic maps. With using WorldView-1, WorldView-2, and GeoEye-1, images can now be captured from space with a 0.5 m ground sampling distance (GSD). The Worldview-4 display with the highest technology and resolution is being used in various application areas. WorldView-4 (formerly GeoEye-2), launched in November 2017, provides a second sensor which is capable of delivering imagery at 30 cm resolution, the highest level of detail commercially available from satellite. WorldView-4 greatly expands the 30 cm collection capabilities and archive growth in today’s imagery environment. Geometric accuracy and information content are the most significant components of mapping from space images. By using economical, rapid and periodic acquisition, and corresponding ground resolution, these satellites have established an alternative to aerial photos and have been widely used for various applications such as object extraction, change detection, topographic map production, and development of Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The utility of VHR images is dependent on their geometric accuracy and information content. Related with the study, the generally required production scale of 0.05 to 0.1 mm GSD in the map scale has been confirmed. This corresponds to a topographic map scale of 1 : 10,000 respectively 1 : 5000 for 1 m and 0.5 m GSD images. In this study, images from IKONOS, QuickBird, WorldView-1, Worldview-2 and WorldView-4 have been used for topographic mapping. For this reason, İstanbul and Zonguldak test fields are an important area for applications of the high resolution imageries. The details which can be identified in the space images dominantly depends upon the ground resolution, available as ground sampling distance (GSD). In this study, high resolution imageries have been tested depending on the GSD and corresponding to the map scales for updating GIS database.

PO-355 Enhancers mapping uncovers phenotypic heterogeneity and evolution in patients with luminal breast cancer

IntroductionBreast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer type and the second most frequent cause of cancer related death in women. 70% of all BC cases contain variable amounts of oestrogen receptor-alpha (ERα) positive cells. ERα is central to BC pathogenesis and serves as the target of endocrine therapies (ET). ERα-positive BC is typically subdivided in two ‘intrinsic’ molecular subtypes (luminal A and luminal B) characterised by distinct prognosis, highlighting functional inter-patient heterogeneity. Recent analyses demonstrate that patient-to-patient heterogeneity is more pervasive (reflected by histological, genetic architecture and transcriptional differences) ultimately influencing long-term response to endocrine treatment. Additionally, the presence of genetic intra-tumour heterogeneity has also now been extensively documented in several cancer types, demonstrating the role of clonal evolution in cancer. Parallel to genetic evolution, phenotypic/functional changes driven by epigenetic mechanisms can also contribute to breast cancer progression and ET resistance in cell lines. Nevertheless, little is known about the epigenome of BC patients, its influence on intra-tumour phenotypic heterogeneity and its role in breast cancer progression.Material and methodsHere we show the results of a systematic investigation of the epigenetic landscape of ERα positive primary and metastatic breast cancer from 47 individuals. Our results represent the first large scale topographic mapping of the active regulatory landscape of longitudinal ERα-positive BC. Using H3K27ac we mapped active promoters and enhancers across treatment naïve primary and endocrine treated metastatic patients. We used bioinformatic approaches to deconvolute the complex regulatory landscape and identified inter- and intra-patient epigenetic heterogeneity.Results and discussionsWe mined promoters and enhancers from clinically relevant breast cancer samples for potential regulatory drivers identifying YY1 as a novel key player in ERα-positive BC. Finally, we demonstrate that epigenetic mapping can efficiently estimate phenotypic heterogeneity changes throughout BC progression.ConclusionCollectively, our data show that epigenetic mechanisms significantly contribute to phenotypic heterogeneity and evolution in systemically treated breast cancer patients.

Development of linear erosion forms under the influence of technogenic conditions

The activation of linear erosion forms in the south of the Irkutsk amphitheatre was stimulated by the construction and exploitation of the Bratsk water-storage reservoir in mid-XX century. In the paper, the characteristics and interaction of natural and technogenic factors influencing the erosion process are described. The construction of reservoir gave rise to new erosion mechanisms such as karst-erosion, aeolianerosion and abrasion-erosion, which did not occur under the natural (undisturbed) conditions. The large-scale topographic maps were used for evaluation of the spatial distribution of erosion in the shore zone; the active erosion processes were observed in 16 areas of the Bratsk reservoir's shore zone; the overall erosionaffected area of the Bratsk reservoir's shore is 332.9 thousand m2.

Large scale topographic mapping based on unmanned aerial vehicle and aerial photogrammetric technique

Geographic information can be converted into plan of two dimensional (2D) using tacheometric technique and total station instrumentation in the field of geoinformation. Aerial photogrammetric technique can produced topographic and thematic maps in 2D. Three Dimensional (3D) model and 2D map can be generated from photogrammetry technique using 3D stereomodel. Nowadays, various technique available in generating 2D map and the needs of 2D maps have increase in various fields such as civil engineering, town planning, archaeology, architecture, and others. Aerial photogrammetry method can be used to generate 2D map of the earth surface. Several photogrammetric softwares are available in the market for processing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) data that provide different accuracy to generate 2D map such as Ensomosaic, Pix4D, Agisoft Photoscan, Correlatorand others. The paper will be focusing on the use of UAV and aerial photogrammetric technique to effectively generate large scale topographic map (2D) of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia campus, Johor Bahru, Malaysia. The software used are Agisoft Photoscan and AutoCAD Map. The processing procedure is briefly described in this paper. The results obtained from these software were compared with ground survey measurement. The results showed that an accuracy of sub-meter could be obtained from the Agisoft Photoscan software. As conclusion, accurate large scale topographic map could be produced within short period using photogrammetry software less than a week depending on the area and the combination of UAV and the software provide can be employed for geoinformation and various fields.

BLOCK ADJUSTMENT AND IMAGE MATCHING OF WORLDVIEW-3 STEREO PAIRS AND ACCURACY EVALUATION

Abstract. WorldView-3, as a high-resolution commercial earth observation satellite, which is launched by Digital Global, provides panchromatic imagery of 0.31 m resolution. The positioning accuracy is less than 3.5 meter CE90 without ground control, which can use for large scale topographic mapping. This paper presented the block adjustment for WorldView-3 based on RPC model and achieved the accuracy of 1 : 2000 scale topographic mapping with few control points. On the base of stereo orientation result, this paper applied two kinds of image matching algorithm for DSM extraction: LQM and SGM. Finally, this paper compared the accuracy of the point cloud generated by the two image matching methods with the reference data which was acquired by an airborne laser scanner. The results showed that the RPC adjustment model of WorldView-3 image with small number of GCPs could satisfy the requirement of Chinese Surveying and Mapping regulations for 1 : 2000 scale topographic maps. And the point cloud result obtained through WorldView-3 stereo image matching had higher elevation accuracy, the RMS error of elevation for bare ground area is 0.45 m, while for buildings the accuracy can almost reach 1 meter.

Різночасові топографічні карти Криворіжжя як інформаційний ресурс для ретроспективних досліджень

Розглянуто результати дослідження середньо- та великомасштабних топографічних карт Криворіжжя різних років видання, що являють собою зрізи природного та антропогенного стану території. На основі комплексу історикогеографічних, картографічних і математично-статистичних методів просторового аналізу здійснено оцінювання різночасових картографічних матеріалів з огляду на їх точність, достовірність і співставлення, що дало можливість визначити карти для використання під час ретроспективного дослідження і виконання широкого кола прикладних завдань. Для ретроспективного аналізу Криворіжжя рекомендовано користуватися такими картами: Генеральні плани Херсонського і Верхньодніпровського повітів (кінець XVIII ст.); Спеціальна карта Європейської Росії Стрельбицького (середина XIX ст.); Трьохверстова військово-топографічна карта Російської імперії (кінець XIX ст.); Карта Управління військових топографів РСЧА (початок ХХ ст.); Топокарта армії США (середина ХХ ст.); Карта Генерального штабу Збройних Сил СРСР (кінець ХХ ст.). Інші топографічні документи можна використовувати як уточнювальні з певним корегуванням у часі, просторовому стані та з урахуванням спотворення довжин.

The Greater Caucasus Glacier Inventory (Russia, Georgia and Azerbaijan)

Abstract. There have been numerous studies of glaciers in the Greater Caucasus, but none that have generated a modern glacier database across the whole mountain range. Here, we present an updated and expanded glacier inventory at three time periods (1960, 1986, 2014) covering the entire Greater Caucasus. Large-scale topographic maps and satellite imagery (Corona, Landsat 5, Landsat 8 and ASTER) were used to conduct a remote-sensing survey of glacier change, and the 30 m resolution Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Global Digital Elevation Model (ASTER GDEM; 17 November 2011) was used to determine the aspect, slope and height distribution of glaciers. Glacier margins were mapped manually and reveal that in 1960 the mountains contained 2349 glaciers with a total glacier surface area of 1674.9 ± 70.4 km2. By 1986, glacier surface area had decreased to 1482.1 ± 64.4 km2 (2209 glaciers), and by 2014 to 1193.2 ± 54.0 km2 (2020 glaciers). This represents a 28.8 ± 4.4 % (481 ± 21.2 km2) or 0.53 % yr−1 reduction in total glacier surface area between 1960 and 2014 and an increase in the rate of area loss since 1986 (0.69 % yr−1) compared to 1960–1986 (0.44 % yr−1). Glacier mean size decreased from 0.70 km2 in 1960 to 0.66 km2 in 1986 and to 0.57 km2 in 2014. This new glacier inventory has been submitted to the Global Land Ice Measurements from Space (GLIMS) database and can be used as a basis data set for future studies.