Large-scale Topographic Maps Research Articles

The place names of the Aragonese maps. Interpretative hypotheses, landscape readings and methodological proposals

ABSTRACT Aragonese Maps’ is the name of the remaining sheets of the large-scale topographic map series attributed to the Aragonese administration of Southern Italy (1282–1516). These maps are one of the ‘mysteries’ of the history of Europe for the layered wealth of geographical information and the technical perfection of the drawing, cartography. They offer innumerable possibilities of territorial investigation and for this reason they are at the centre of the recent research of geographers, historians and scholars of the territory tout court. The visible and invisible landscapes they depict, of which the toponyms are privileged indicators, offer the opportunity for a geographical-historical investigation in a diachronic perspective: in fact, they contain numerous details linked to previous or subsequent contexts and as many questions about their origin and historical provenance. The contribution therefore proposes a geo-cartographic reading of the material and immaterial landscape elements of the Aragonese maps, starting from three objectives: the comment of some ‘enigmatic’ details of the depicted territory; the dynamic and functional reading of the landscapes obtained from an examination of the most explanatory toponyms; a methodological proposal for the realization of a Geotoponomastic Atlas based on the semantic web.

Fast detection method of transmission line defects and faults based on airborne laser LiDAR

In view of the fact that it is difficult for transmission line operators to find transmission line defects and accurate location information in time, and in the face of the discovered transmission line defects, they are unable to quickly and accurately return detailed defect information to provide urgent repair to provide rectification solutions, etc., this paper proposes a fast transmission line defect fault detection method based on airborne laser LiDAR, and compares and analyzes it by using laser point cloud data in different periods. It is found that there are some defects such as the interruption of the transmission line channel and the sinking of the tower foundation. Using laser point cloud data, the tilt detection and deformation of poles and towers are found, and large-scale topographic maps are quickly generated to quickly restore the three-dimensional channel environment of transmission lines, so as to provide auxiliary decision-making for transmission line defects and fault rectification schemes. The digital and scientific management of transmission line defects and equipment fault detection are realized through laser point cloud.

Application of GPS RTK in Surveying and Mapping of Large-scale Topographic Map

Application of GPS RTK in Surveying and Mapping of Large-scale Topographic Map

THREE-DIMENSIONAL TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING OF VERTICAL AND OVERHANGING SURFACES OF COASTAL CLIFFS USING UAV-BASED LIDAR DATASET

The availability of high-density LiDAR datasets, enabled by UAV-based airborne laser scanning, has allowed topographic mapping surveyors to see unprecedented details on the earth’s surface. One of the problems faced in large-scale topographic mapping is generating proper three-dimensional contour lines for vertical cliffs, recesses, and overhangs, especially when the surface is covered by vegetation, which is quite common in the tropical area. This paper showcases the practical application of the LiDAR survey using an unmanned aerial vehicle and ground point classification process using the Simple Morphological Filter (SMRF) algorithm to produce high-fidelity, three-dimensional digital contour maps of coastal cliffs. By rotating the LiDAR dataset before the classification process to minimize overlapping surfaces, the entire dataset can be simulated as a 2.5-D surface. Therefore, the SMRF algorithm can be executed to classify all ground points on the cliff surface, including the overhangs and recesses. The resulting ground surface derived from this classification process provided a sufficient approximation of the real-world surface in overhanging cliffs and recesses while maintaining the conventional way to convey local landscape topography through three-dimensional contour lines.

Accuracy Assessment of Large-Scale Topographic Feature Extraction Using High Resolution Raster Image and Artificial Intelligence Method

Feature extraction is the most important application in spatial data management for updating of topography databases. The importance of features extraction from high resolution raster imagery arises from the fact that it enhances the efficiency of map generation and map production. Presently many studies have been addressed to extract topographic using semi-automated methods using various types of technologies. The objective of the study is to evaluate the planimetry accuracy of topographic features extracted using combination of high resolution and artificial intelligence algorithm. Conventional methodology for features extraction is time consuming and costly. Therefore, automated methods are crucial needed for efficient large area mapping with cost efficient. Maxar 0.3 cm high resolution raster imagery is an important issue in many application domains. The Maxar-Ecopia method is applied in this study to update the large-scale topographic map. Maxar-Ecopia method demonstrates the potential use of high-resolution raster imagery as main source and artificial intelligence algorithm for topographic feature extraction. The planimetric accuracy (RMSEr) of vector extraction is 0.882m. This method is highly accepted to be applied for rapid updating of large-scale topographic map.

Research on quality Inspection method of Topographic Map using oblique Photogrammetry

In view of the shortcomings of traditional methods in the quality inspection of large-scale topographic maps in Alpine area and high altitude areas, such as the difficulty of operation and the limited coverage of detection points, this paper puts forward the method of UAV tilt photogrammetry. This paper attempted to replace the traditional quality inspection method in the quality inspection of mathematical accuracy of large-scale topographic maps. By constructing the three-dimensional real scene model of the target area, this paper studied a new method for the quality inspection of large-scale topographic maps, which breaks through the fixed mode that the traditional quality inspection can only be checked by on-the-spot collection, further improve the accuracy and objectivity of the results quality inspection, intensive manpower and material resources, and improve the efficiency and quality of the quality inspection work. Comparing with the traditional check points collected in the field, the UAV tilt photogrammetry method can replace the traditional quality inspection method in the quality inspection of mathematical accuracy of large-scale topographic maps.

VERY HIGH RESOLUTION SATELLITE IMAGERY UTILIZATION STANDARD FOR LARGE SCALE TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING

Due to its large area Large Scale Topographic Mapping (LSTM) for Indonesia requires acceleration strategies that must be innovative enough to take into account the production efficiency. Satellite-based technologies are still a preferable choice especially in conjunction with the security clearance and weather. Standards for the Very High-Resolution Satellite Imagery (VHRS) utilization are essential, especially in a situation where there are so many available sensors and processing methods implemented. Hence, the selection of a proper geometric correction method is fundamental in order to utilize the VHRS imagery as one source of geospatial data especially for LSTM production and updating purposes. For CSRT geometric correction, an orthorectification process is required, where this process requires input data from the Ground Control Point (TKT) and the Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Therefore, the Least Square Adjustment (LSA) method is implemented to be able to include 8-9 GCPs per-scene (orbital and sensor parameters) and the DEM with a maximum resolution 4 times of the VHRS imagery’s Ground Sampling Distance (GSD) in the process of producing VHRS orthoimages. In addition, the role of orbital and sensor parameters is also essential for the geometric correction because its relation to the Direct Georeferencing (DG) of each pixel by Rigorous Sensor Model (RSM) approach. However, in the situation where the reliable orbital and sensor parameters are not available, the Rational Function Model (RFM) can be used as an alternative solution for the geometric correction of VHRS imagery. This paper discusses the VHRS utilization with a comprehensive approach that can be implemented in a local coordinate system i.e. the Indonesian Geospatial Reference System for the production of the reliable VHRS imageries.

Grid algorithm for large-scale topographic oblique photogrammetry precision enhancement in vegetation coverage areas

In areas covered by vegetation, large-scale topographic mapping by UAV oblique photogrammetry normally obtain elevations from vegetation instead of ground points, resulting in lower elevation precision. This study developed an precision improvement grid algorithm and associated SOP for large-scale topographic surveying and mapping in vegetation coverage areas by UAV oblique photogrammetry. The procedures of generating a three-dimensional model for topographical surveying was proposed using Guanlang project as an experimental case study. The UAV flight route and the course overlap and side overlap of UAV oblique photogrammetry were designed, and the image control point layout in the experimental field was carried out. CTI T3 high-precision intelligent RTK was used for image control point measurement. A grid algorithm based on elevation maps was developed and validated in the Guanlang experimental field to improve the elevation precision in vegetation coverage areas.

ГЕОИНФОРМАЦИОННОЕ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ ПРОГНОЗИРОВАНИЯ ЗОН ЗАТОПЛЕНИЙ НА ЮГЕ САХАЛИНА

Modern systems of hydrometeorological monitoring, for the most part, widely use WEB and GIS technology tools. Territorial fragmentation divisions of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Roshydromet, Russian Academy of Sciences and other services and departments interested in obtaining data requires creation of unified information environment for exchange of heterogeneous information. Formation field for geospatial data has become possible with the availability of industrial design platforms with high performance, supporting standard data exchange formats suitable of system for building projectoin. The purpose of the study is to develop requirements for geoinformation sup-port of the system necessary for flood forecasting. Methods: GIS mapping, interpretation and analysis of remote sensing data of the Earth. When developing system for hydrological monitoring of rivers in the Southern Sakhalin, we used the experience of operating similar observational network in services of several European countries, as well as the geographically distributed GIS created by Roshydromet. Considering the vast experience of predecessors and requirements for geoinformation support neces-sary for predicting flood zones in the rivers of Southern Sakhalin have been developed. The initial da-ta for creating the correct flood model are satellite images, large-scale topographic maps, digital terrain models, data from long-term hydrometeorological observations, and engineering surveys.

Топырақ эрозиясын бағалауда жер бедеріне морфометриялық талдау жасау

Топырақ эрозиясын зерттеуде ең тиімді әдістерінің бірі рельефті морфометриялық талдау болып табылады. Аталмыш әдісте негізгі ақпарат көздері болып ірі масштабты топографиялық карталар, далалық аспаптық түсірілімдердің мәліметтері, сондай-ақ жерді қашықтықтан зондтау деректері рельефті цифрлық үлгілеу кезіндегі басты мәлімет көздері болып табылады. ГАЖ технологиялары мен рельефтің сандық модельдерін қолдану рельефтің маңызды морфометриялық көрсеткіштерінің тақырыптық карталарын жасауға мүмкіндік береді. Бірақ морфометриялық талдаудың ауқымы тек геоморфологиямен ғана шектелмейді, оның қолдану аясы анағұрлым кеңірек, атап айтқанда, әртүрлі геоэкологиялық, топырақ эрозиясын зерттеу мәселелерді шешу үшін қолданылады. Бұл мақалада Аlos Polsar Dem 12,5 m рельефінің сандық моделін қолдана отырып, келешекте топырақ эрозиясын бағалауда негіз болатын ССП рельефіне морфометриялық талдау жасалып, оның негізінде мынадай модельделді карталар жасалды: гипсометриялық карта, көлбеу бұрыштар мен беткейлердің экспозициялары.

Опыт подеревной инвентаризации и картографирования городских зеленых насаждений общего пользования

The article presents the results of research in the field of mapping the ecological state of city trees. Public green spaces are subject to constant and intense anthropogenic impact, which necessitates prompt and thorough monitoring and control of their state. However, the current methodology for the inventory of public green spaces is methodologically outdated long ago and does not take into account the modern techniques of remote sensing and GIS technologies in the field of obtaining information about natural objects. The article substantiates a new approach, which consists in using freely distributed remote sensing data to obtain information about the location and main ecological characteristics of trees that are part of urban public greening. A schematic diagram of the inventory of public green spaces using Earth remote sensing materials is presented. Requirements for map symbols used on digital maps of public green spaces are formulated. The symbols developed taking into account the existing system of symbols for large-scale topographic maps are given. The advantages and disadvantages of the developed system, and the corrections made to it, are noted. Fragments of created digital maps of public green spaces are presented. The landscaping of streets and highways in Novosibisk and Yakutsk and a park in Novosibirsk were assessed and mapped. The spatial position of city trees and the main types of disturbance in their condition (the presence of multi-stems, dead stems and branches, damaged crowns, etc.) were determined. The results showed the consistency of the proposed approach for operational environmental assessment and mapping of linear green spaces. When studying and mapping areal urban plantings, it is advisable to provide for an additional survey with the help of unmanned aerial vehicles to control thickened tall vegetation. Thus, the proposed approach minimizes field surveys of the territory, which significantly saves time and costs for an inventory of public green spaces.

ON THE USE OF FREELY DISTRIBUTED GLOBAL DIGITAL ELEVATION MODELS OF THE HIGH SPATIAL RESOLUTION FOR CALCULATIONS OF WATER EROSION OF SOIL

Problem Statement and Purpose. In the last two decades, when digital elevation models (DEMs) of global coverage and high spatial resolution have appeared in free access, the problem of assessing not only the planned or vertical accuracy of these DEMs but also the assessment of their applicability for mathematical modeling of hydrological or geomorphological processes has become relevant. The aim of this article is to evaluate the possibility of using freely distributed global digital elevation models of high spatial resolution for calculations of soil erosion losses, including their spatial distribution within a slope or a small catchment area.Data & Methods. The article evaluated the global DEMs SRTM with spatial resolution of 3 angular seconds and 1 angular second, ASTER GDEM (ASTER30) and AW3D30 with spatial resolution of 1 angular second. Estimation of the DEMs was performed for a test site with an area of about 340 km2, located in the north of Odessa region on the southern spurs of the Podolsk Upland. A digital elevation model based on the dig­itization of a large-scale topographic map and subsequent spatial interpolation of the results by the method of ordinary point Kriging was used as a reference. Calculations of soil erosion losses were performed using a spatially distributed GIS-implemented physical-statistical model of erosion-accumulation, developed at the Department of Physical Geography and Nature Management of ONU named after I. I. Mechnikov.Results. All evaluated digital elevation models in general well reflect the basic fea­tures of a relief of a test site. The average absolute heights of the estimated digital el­evation models differ from the average height of the local reference DEM by no more than 0.5 %. However, the minimum and maximum heights, average surface slopes, length of current lines, slope exposure and, especially, their spatial distributions ob­tained using evaluated global DEMs, to some extent differ from those obtained using a cartographic digital elevation model. In addition to the technical features of the survey, this is influenced by the presence within the test site of trees, buildings, struc­tures (ASTER30 and AW3D30), as well as the representation of heights in integers (SRTM90, SRTM30 and ASTER30). For ASTER30, it is also important the existance of post-processing errors ("artifacts") that have not been eliminated.The inadequacy of a quantitative assessment of the main factors of the erosion process, which are the slopes and exposure of slopes, as well as the lengths of water flow lines, inevitably affect the accuracy of calculating both the average values of soil erosional losses and, especially, their spatial distribution. This inadequacy manifested itself to the greatest extent in the digital elevation model ASTER GDEM. Based on the study for calcu­lations and mapping of soil erosion losses using spatially distributed mathematical models, we recommend digital elevation models AW3D30 and SRTM90, which pro­vided good compliance of the results of calculations of both average values of soil erosion losses and spatial distribution of them to the corresponding characteristics obtained using cartographical digital elevation model.

Research on UAV Large Scale Mapping and its elevation fitting

Due to the influence of the external environment and the limitation of data processing methods, the accuracy of the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) aerial photogrammetry needs further studies in the aspect of mapping large-scale topographic maps. In order to verify whether the measurement accuracy of the UAV aerial photography system meets the requirements of large-scale topographic maps, this paper conducts an accuracy test on a topographic map, using the surface fitting model, the plane fitting model, quadratic surface fitting and polyhedral function method fitting based on field measured data. The fitting of four models to the elevation points by the combined polyhedral function method. The elevation difference between the flat area and the mountain area was corrected, and the elevation accuracy of the four methods was compared. This paper shows that in flat areas the elevation accuracy of the surface fitting model is better than the plane fitting model, quadratic surface fitting, and polyhedral function method fitting. In the mountainous region, the elevation accuracy of the quadratic surface fitting model is better than that of the plane fitting model, surface fitting model, and polyhedral function method.

Analysis of Related Factors of the Precision of Large-scale Surveying of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV)

With the development of UAV technology, obtaining high-resolution remote sensing images through aerial photography has gradually become popular. This technique has been widely used in various aspects of geomatics. However, state of UAV when flying in the air will be affected by the valley airflow due to small size, light weight, and low flying height in UAV. In addition, the image range of the non-measurement camera equipped with the drone is small, which may lead to a large error in plane and elevation accuracy. For example, it is difficult for the accuracy of drone photogrammetry to meet the survey work of the 1:500 large-scale topographic maps in hills and mountains. Therefore, how to improve the mapping accuracy of the UAV has attract people’s attention at present. In this paper, the source of errors in the 1: 500 UAV mapping process is used as an entry point, and the related factors that affect the accuracy of the mapping are analyzed, so as to improve the design of the UAV route.

INTEGRATION OF AUTHORITATIVE AND VOLUNTEERED GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION FOR UPDATING URBAN MAPPING: CHALLENGES AND POTENTIALS

Abstract. This paper provides a bibliometric review between integration of authoritative and volunteered geographic information for the purpose of cartographic updating of urban mappings. The adopted methodology was through a bibliometric survey of the literature published by Web of Science and Science Direct. The period was evaluated from 2005 to 2020 and the keywords used were: integration of authoritative data, volunteered geographic information, VGI, large scale topographic mapping, Authoritative urban mapping. The number of publications found was small for the topic that deals with this integration, totalizing 14 articles at Web of Science and 23 at Science Direct. 38% of them were published in the International Journal of Geo Information (ISPRS), 16% in the International Journal of Geographical Information Science. 5% were published in the Cartography and Geographic Information Science and the Computer Geosciences respectively. The other 36% is shown in several other journals, approximately 3% each. Regarding the origin of publications, 25% are in Germany (University of Heidelberg), 14% in the UK (New Castle University), 13% in China (Wuhan University), 11% in Canada (Calgary University), and other countries show percentages between 3% and 5%. Among the research, areas are physical geography, remote sensing, computer science, information science, engineering, and public administration. Among themes addressed in the articles, potentials can be pointed out as existence of models which institutions can implement management of information received collaboratively, existence of several methodologies for quality control of this information so that they can be integrated into authoritative data that are called as data conflation. Methodologies for handling big data and semantic interoperability, as well as automation of processes. This data potential is not only on platforms such as OpenStreetMap, but also on data collected through scraping from social networks such as twitter, sites, and others. Among the challenges, there are still somethings to investigate regarding consideration of temporal, historic, political, and economic aspects, as well as the consideration of legal aspects. The integration of this volunteered geographic information is necessary, mainly in cities with economic and cultural difficulties to maintain their mapping up to date, as well as the difficulty of accessing information that allows access to authoritative data.

THE STUDY OF MOBILE LASER SCANNING DATA ADJUSTMENT RESULTS FOR LARGE SCALE TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING

Abstract. Mobile laser scanning (MLS) data are widely used for solving various tasks. To be sure that these data are appropriate for a specific task it is necessary to adjust data with a certain accuracy. Large scale topographic mapping is one from the tasks often solved by MLS data. Necessary accuracy of creating topographic plans is determined with a requirements document. Topographic plans are always created in a certain coordinate system. For this reason, MLS data should be previously transformed in the required one. For transformation control points measured with other more accurate methods should be applied. The quantity of necessary control points depends on a surveying area. For urban areas a lot of control points are required due to bad quality of GNSS signal. Much research has been conducted for these areas. For areas with open view of the sky it is required significantly fewer control points. Moreover, there are not so many vertical objects in areas with open view of the sky. Large errors can take place in the result of automatic adjustment of point cloud’s multi-passes. The results of both relative and absolute MLS data adjustment are given for the area with a good GNSS signal. The paper presents the results of accuracy estimation with different quantity of control points. The main goal of the paper is to determine the minimum number of control points for MLS data to be appropriate for creating topographic plans at a scale of 1:500 with a contour interval of 0.25 m.

AMS-3000 LARGE FIELD VIEW AERIAL MAPPING SYSTEM: BASIC PRINCIPLES AND THE WORKFLOW

Abstract. Three-line array stereo aerial survey camera is a typical mapping equipment of aerial photogrammetry. As one of the airborne equipment, it can quickly obtain a large range of basic geographic information with high precision. At present, typical three-line array stereoscopic aerial survey cameras, such as Leica ADS40 and 80, have the disadvantages of small field of view and low resolution, which makes it difficult to meet the demand of large-scale topographic mapping for economic construction. For the urgent need of domestic three linear array aerial mapping camera in our project, we developed the AMS-3000 camera system. Camera features include a large field of view, high resolution, low distortion and high environmental adaptability. The AMS-3000 system has reached the international advanced level on both software and hardware aspects.

SMART FUSION OF MOBILE LASER SCANNER DATA WITH LARGE SCALE TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS

Abstract. The classification of Mobile Laser Scanner (MLS) data is challenging due to the combination of high variation in point density with a high variation of object appearances. The way how objects appear in the MLS data highly depends on the speed and orientation of the mobile mapping platform and the occlusion by other vehicles. There have been many approaches dealing with the geometric and contextual appearance of MLS points, voxels and segments to classify the MLS data. We present a completely different strategy by fusing the MLS data with a large scale topographic map. Underlying assumption is that the map delivers a clear hint on what to expect in the MLS data, at its approximate location. The approach presented here first fuses polygon objects, such as road, water, terrain and buildings, with ground and non-ground MLS points. Non-ground MLS points above roads and terrain are further classified by segmenting and matching the laser points to corresponding map point objects. The segmentation parameters depend on the class of the map points. We show that the fusion process is capable of classifying MLS data and detecting changes between the map and MLS data. The segmentation algorithm is not perfect, at some occasions not all the MLS points are correctly assigned to the corresponding map object. However, it is without doubt that the proposed map fusion delivers a very rich labelled point cloud automatically, which in future work can be used as training data in deep learning approaches.

UAV and terrestrial laser scanner data processing for large scale topographic mapping

Integrating spatial data from different sources results in visualization, which is the last step in the process of digital basic topographic map creation. Digital elevation model and visualization will used for geomorphological mapping, geospatial database, urban planning and etc. Large scale topographic mapping in the world countries is really a prominent challenge in geospatial industries today. The purpose of this work is to integrate laser scanner data with the ones generated by aerial photogrammetry from UAV, to produce detailed maps that can used by geodetic engineers to optimize their analysis. In addition, terrestrial - based LiDAR scans and UAV photogrammetric data were collected in Sharga hill in the north zone of Mongolia. In this paper, different measurement technology and processing software systems combined for topographic mapping in the data processing scheme. UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) projected coordinate system calculated in WGS84 reference ellipsoid. Feature compilation involving terrestrial laser scanner data and UAV data will integrated to offer Digital Elevation Models (DEM) as the main interest of the topographic mapping activity. Used UAV generate high-resolution orthomosaics and detailed 3D models of areas where no data, are available. That result issued to create topographic maps with a scale of 1:1000 of geodetic measurements. Preliminary results indicate that discontinuity data collection from UAV closely matches the data collected using laser scanner.

Soviet Cold War Maps: Examining the Organization and Practices of Production Through the Case of Denmark

ABSTRACT During the Cold War, the Soviet military carried out an ambitious mapping programme, which resulted in a global series of topographic maps. Although recent advances in scholarship have increased our knowledge of the production of these maps, we still know little about the organization behind them. Based on information from a set of 466 1:50 000-scale Soviet military topographic maps of Denmark, this article examines the Soviet mapping practices related to the large-scale mapping of Denmark. Results show that the Soviet military compiled large-scale topographic maps of Denmark between the 1950s and the 1980s. The maps were initially based on Danish maps, but later the Soviets began to prefer remote-sensed data from satellite imagery. This allowed the Soviets to capture information about concealed military infrastructure. The article also shows the potential for using information from the map sheets in a transnational analysis of the Soviet mapping during the Cold War.