Large-scale Sports Events Research Articles

Understanding the interplay between event communications and local business decision-making using signalling theory: the case of the 2018 Commonwealth Games

ABSTRACT Research question Governments often launch high profile and expensive bids to host large-scale sporting events to promote economic development. However, many studies have called into question the economic benefits of these events for host communities and businesses. This study examines the perceptions of host city businesses and their decision-making in relation to event leveraging, using the 2018 Gold Coast Commonwealth Games as a case study. Research methods Using in-depth interviews, a purposive study of 38 business professionals and experts based in the host city of the Gold Coast were conducted. Example mass media, social media, documents, and personal communications materials are presented to illustrate the messaging that businesses were exposed to. Data were analysed using an inductive thematic content approach through the software NVivo. Results and findings This study confirms that event-related information is vital for business leveraging behaviour. The data illustrated that local firms were at a point of information asymmetry between official forecasted information and their actual in-time experience. As businesses sought out information to inform their business decision-making, they found incomplete and inaccurate information which impacted their success in event leveraging decisions. Implications Our contribution to knowledge and practice is to propose that event mis/information that is often associated with large-scale sporting events is problematic for business planning and decision making. In applying signalling theory, we discern how official event messaging influences business performance, making an important contribution by highlighting that this mismanagement of official event messaging by event officials presents a critical inhibitor for event leveraging decisions.

Knowledge graph of alpine skiing events: A focus on meteorological conditions.

Alpine skiing, as an outdoor winter sport, is particularly vulnerable to the variation of meteorological conditions. Scattered and multi-source big data cannot be fully utilized to conduct effective decision analyses by conventional data analysis methods. Presently, knowledge graphs are the most advanced organization form of knowledge base, which can make explicit the complex relationships among different objects. Thus, introducing knowledge graph to the event management of alpine skiing is significant to improve the ability of risk prediction and decision-making. In this research, we analyze the components and dynamic characteristics of alpine skiing, and construct an “Object-Characteristic-Relation” representation model to express multi-level knowledge. Moreover, we propose a “Characteristic-value- Relationship” representation method based on the multi-source data, to construct the knowledge graph of alpine skiing. With the proposed method, comprehensive relationships between meteorological conditions and alpine skiing can be represented clearly, and support further knowledge reasoning for the event management under meteorological conditions. We have tested the utility of the proposed method in a case study of 2018 Winter Olympics in PyeongChang. The case study realizes an semi-automatic construction of knowledge graph for alpine skiing, provides decision supports for event risk managements, according to different meteorological conditions, and grounds a foundation for future knowledge graph construction of other large-scale sport events.

Neural Network-Based Modeling for Risk Evaluation and Early Warning for Large-Scale Sports Events

[Problem] The risks of hosting large-scale sports events are very difficult to evaluate and often directly affected by natural environment risks, events management risks, and social environment risks. Before hosting the events, accurately assessing these risks can effectively minimize the occurrence of risks and reduce the subsequent losses. [Aim] In this article, we advocate the use of a back propagation neural network (BPNN) model for risk evaluation and early warning of large-scale sports events. [Methods] We first use expert surveys to assess the risks of 28 large-scale sports events using 12 indicators associated with climate conditions, events management, and natural disasters. We then apply the BPNN model to evaluate the risks of 28 large-scale sports events with sufficient samples by adding white noise with mean zero and small variance to the small actual samples. We provide a general rule to establish a BPNN model with insufficient and small samples. [Results] Our research results show that the recognition accuracy of the established BPNN model is 86.7% for the 15 simulation samples and 100% for the 28 actual samples. Based on this BPNN model, we determined and ranked the risk level of the events and the importance of each indicator. Thus, sample S8 had the highest risk and the second highest was sample S14, and indicator nine was the most important and indicator one the least important. [Conclusions] We can apply the established BPNN model to conveniently evaluate the risk of hosting a large-scale sports event. By analyzing the nonlinear relationship between each indicator and the risk of the sports event, and applying the established BPNN model, we can propose more targeted and effective measures and suggestions for eliminating and decreasing the risks of hosting a large-scale sports event, and ensure large-scale sports events can be successfully hosted.

The world cup trilogy: an analysis of Aotearoa New Zealand’s leverage strategies for the women’s cricket, rugby, and football world cups

ABSTRACT A common trend among hosts of women’s international sporting events is to tout the opportunity to positively impact women’s and girls’ sporting and physical activity practices. Yet, many scholars have shown that such ‘trickle down’ effects from the event to society are seldom realised. Nonetheless, organisers continue in their attempts to ‘leverage’ large-scale sporting events to produce a range of positive impacts. Here, we use the extraordinary context of Aotearoa New Zealand hosting the Women’s Cricket, Rugby, and Football World Cups in 2022 and 2023 to consider the potential prospects, pitfalls, and challenges involved in attempting to leverage such events to improve societal and sporting opportunities for women and girls. More specifically, we explore the proposed leveraging strategies for the tournaments and examine how such initiatives align with the New Zealand Government’s ‘Strategy for Women and Girls in Sport and Active Recreation’ (WGS). Drawing upon strategy, planning and policy documents, press releases, and media coverage, we adopt a critical discourse analysis approach to understand how current strategies of organisers, national sports organisations, and governing bodies align with the three main ‘pillars’ of the WGS (leadership, participation, and visibility). Through our analysis we present empirical and theoretical challenges (and opportunities) faced by the tournament stakeholders. We end with a critical analysis of the challenges and possibilities hosting three world cups can have on enacting meaningful and important change for women and girls’ sport in Aotearoa.

Research on Large-Scale Sports Events Boosting Urban Tourism Development from The Perspective of Media Rituals

With the advent of the new media era, the research on the promotion of urban tourism development by large-scale sports events has gradually deepened, and its connotation and extension have shown an expanding trend. This study proposes a new framework for sports event tourism and introduces the concept of "media rituals" in communication. After sorting out the three interactive forms of sports, media, and tourism, the main mechanism of media rituals participating in sports event tourism is clarified. , and carried out explorations in three aspects: first, according to the presence or absence of media ritual intervention, a dual model of sports event tourists is proposed; second, the conceptual continuum of sports event tourism is constructed according to the level of media ritual intervention. From the perspective of ontology, this paper explores the particularity of sports event tourism that is different from other forms of tourism; thirdly, taking the Beijing Winter Olympics as a case, to sort out the value, predicament, and development path of large-scale sports event tourism under media ceremonies, aiming to It provides new ideas for sports event tourism marketing and academic research in the new media era.

Attribution Interpretation of Urban Marathon Events Based on Random Matrix Model

The arrival of the national fitness boom has enabled the marathon as a large-scale sports event to attract the attention of a sufficient number of sports enthusiasts in a relatively short period of time. These people attracted by the event will have a series of expenses and expenditures also precisely reflect the prominent role of sports events on social and economic effects. In this paper, the AISAS consumption behavior model is used as the theoretical research model, and the survey data of urban marathon participants is used as the basis for analysis. The methods of generating attention, interest surveys, information search methods, actual consumption items and amounts during the action, and postmatch satisfaction and information sharing willingness and methods have been analyzed and counted in detail, and spss21.0 software is used to analyze the statistics. The results are analyzed. In addition, this paper studies the effect of the subspace weighting algorithm based on the singular value of random matrix on the urban marathon. Using the results of the eigenvalues of the sample covariance matrix in random matrix theory, the energy of each subspace is estimated, and then the subspace weighting matrix is constructed with the estimated energy. Through the calculation of the weights of the indicators, the weights of the three-level indicators of the event quality are ranked in the order of participation experience, cooperative media level, enthusiasm of local residents to watch the competition, registration status of the competition, number of sponsors, quality of sponsors, enthusiasm of local residents to participate in the competition, media value, and number of cooperative media algorithm, in which the marathon economic effect is defined as the estimated angle where the deviation between the estimated value and the true value exceeds 20%, that is, the root mean square error of the estimated angle is greater than 10%. In the first-level indicators, the quality of the event to evaluate the impact of the event itself has been added. The quality of the event is the influence of the urban marathon itself, which originates from the quality of the marathon itself. At the same time, the quality of the urban marathon is also the foundation of its economic, social, and environmental impact on the host site, so the quality of the urban marathon is an important impact indicator.

The Green and Low-Carbon Development Effect of Comprehensive Sports Events: A Quasi-Natural Experiment From China

Large-scale sports events can improve public environmental awareness, strengthen urban governance, and push green innovation. However, it may also increase the burden on infrastructure, cause energy consumption, and lead to some pollution. Using the panel data of 278 cities in China from 2006 to 2019, this study systematically discusses how comprehensive sports events affect the green and low-carbon development of Chinese cities. First, the green total factor productivity and carbon emission efficiency calculated by the SBM-DEA model are taken as proxy variables of green and low-carbon development. And then, the spatial difference-in-differences (SDID) model is used to undertake empirical analysis and further test the impact mechanism and heterogeneity. Four main results are derived from this study: 1) the hosting of comprehensive sports events can significantly enhance the green and low-carbon development of cities. This result is still valid after a whole string of robustness tests; 2) comprehensive sports events have a significant positive spatial spillover effect on the green and low-carbon development of adjacent cities; 3) the mechanism analysis shows that comprehensive sports events can encourage green development of cities through technological innovation, sports industry development, and foreign investment, but through foreign investment, sports events cannot significantly affect the green total factor productivity and carbon emission efficiency of host cities; and 4) heterogeneity exists between the city rank and the event level. The promotional effect of comprehensive sports events on cities’ green and low-carbon development is more significant in first-tier cities and for international events.

An investigation of the economic impact of small-scale sports events: The case of a medium-sized city in the Western United States

The current study was designed to bridge a sporting event typological and geographical gap by investigating evidence of the economic impact of five small-scale sports events in the Western region of the United States. Utilizing the input-output economic impact equation established by the Sports Event and Tourism Association, data was collected from participants and spectators through on-site intercept surveys. Data was analyzed using the traditional calculations for economic impact as well as offering real-time economic impact data using an sporting event intercept survey procedure. Results showed small-scale events impact the economy of their host city positively, mainly by filling hotel rooms that would otherwise have gone vacant. Results also show that real-time economic impact data may prove more reliable to future decisions of cities hosting events. Previous research on mid-sized cities hosting sporting events as well as the current research related to small-scale sporting events proves more beneficial than large-scale sporting events in large-sized cities. Given the information from the current study, local sports commissions and political figures may effectively advocate hosting small-scale events to their public using the justification of economic impact (traditional or real-time). Additionally, stakeholders of such events should consider maintaining or expanding the current inventory of small-scale events throughout the calendar year.

SPORTS MAJOR EVENT ORGANIZING FOR ECONOMIC RECOVERY OF BALI

Covid19 pandemic has paralyze Bali completely. This paper offer an idea to organize major sporting event to restore it. By organize a large-scale sports event, will beneficial in many ways and accelerate Bali restoration. Economic side, branding, and legacy will be discussed.Keyword: Sport Event, Organizing, Recovery, Bali Tourism

Risk assessment of large-scale sports events based on fuzzy analytic hierarchy process

Large scale sports events bring all kinds of opportunities, but also contain huge risks. Therefore, risk management measures in the operation of sports events is important, and risk assessment is a significant part of risk management. It is indispensable to select risk factors that have a greater impact on the event risk and analyze their impact on the event risk and the degree of impact. In this paper, the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process is used to study the risk assessment. Through the identification of risk factors, the modeling of analytic hierarchy process, the construction of fuzzy evaluation matrix and the ranking of risk factors, the importance ranking of risk factors in the operation of large-scale sports events is realized. Aiming at the fuzziness of people’s judgment reflected by fuzzy analytic hierarchy process, a research method of risk assessment of large-scale sports events based on fuzzy analytic hierarchy process is proposed. Through a series of steps of risk identification and risk assessment of sports events, the risk assessment of sports events is realized, event risk factors, modeling of AHP structure, building of fuzzy judgment matrix and ranking of event risk factors, importance ranking of risk factors. The experimental results show that the consistency ratio CR = CI/RI = 0.0193/0.58 = 0.033 < 0.1, the judgment matrix has good consistency, which shows the feasibility in the risk assessment of large-scale sports events.

Cross-National News Narratives of the Paralympic Games: Computational Text Analysis of the Media Coverage in the United States and South Korea

This study presents a comparison of themes found in the U.S. and South Korean news coverage of the Paralympics. It is commonplace to associate rugged individualism with the former country and collectivism with the latter, and we assumed that these national traits would be apparent in the news coverage of the Paralympic Games in the two countries. Using the keyword “Paralympics,” we searched two decades of newspaper coverage and performed latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) topic modeling on the articles that the search produced. The results of the modeling confirmed that the reporting in each country reflected its national characteristics, with the U.S. coverage reinforcing ableism and the South Korean coverage focusing on the government’s efforts to promote large-scale sporting events. The news stories in both countries were alike, though, in treating disabled athletes and traditional athletes differently. Part of the contribution of this research to the academic study of disabled athletes is the use of computational textual analysis to address these issues.

The Shaping of Urban Image by Large-Scale Sports Events—Based on A Pre-2022 Hangzhou Asian Games Perspective

The 19th Asian Games will be held in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province in 2022. Hangzhou is China’ s third city to host the Asian Games, so this event has attracted much attention at home and abroad. Based on the attitude theory and the perspective theory of residents’ perception, this paper analyzes the influence of large-scale sports events on the shaping of urban image from the perspectives of urban visual image, urban concept image and urban behavior image through questionnaires, literature analysis and other methods. The study found that before the holding of large-scale sports events, that is, during the preparation period, it helps to improve the image of the city, accelerate the construction of urban infrastructure, and stimulate public sports enthusiasm. Based on this, this study suggests that during the preparation and implementation of the Asian Games, Hangzhou can improve its international reputation by taking advantage of the event opportunity. Relying on the existing resources in Hangzhou, create characteristic projects, and vigorously promote the development of sports; properly solve the legacy of the competition, overall planning, strengthen the public sports spirit.

Determination of 44 foodborne stimulants and 6 progestogens in meat by QuEChERS and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

利用QuEChERS结合超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法建立了畜禽肉中44种兴奋剂和6种孕激素的检测技术。样品粉碎均质后加入内标,依次加入水和含0.5%乙酸的乙腈溶液振荡提取后,加入氯化钠和无水硫酸镁脱水离心,上清液采用PSA、C18、中性氧化铝和无水硫酸镁分散固相萃取材料进行净化,净化液经氮气吹干,复溶后用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱仪测定。被测物采用ACQUITY BEH C18(100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm)色谱柱,以0.1%甲酸-5 mmol/L乙酸铵水溶液和甲醇为流动相分离,在电喷雾正离子模式下,以多反应监测(MRM)方式采集,采用基质匹配标准曲线内标法定量分析。50个被测物包含6类化合物:β2-激动剂类(19个)、β-阻断剂类(3个)、蛋白同化激素类(11个)、糖皮质激素类(8个)、利尿剂类(3个)、孕激素(6个)。所有被测物在各自的范围内线性关系良好,相关系数>0.99, β2-激动剂类和β-阻断剂类的线性范围为0.1~20 μg/L,糖皮质激素类的线性范围为0.5~200 μg/L,蛋白同化激素类、孕激素类、利尿剂类的线性范围为0.2~50 μg/L。方法的定量限范围为0.1~0.4 μg/kg。在低、中、高3个浓度水平下的加标回收率试验中,50种目标化合物在鸡肉、猪肉、牛肉、羊肉中的平均回收率范围为50.3%~119.9%,相对标准偏差(RSD, n=6)范围为0.42%~15.1%。采用该法和国标方法(GB/T 21981-2008)同时对市售的9个肉样品(包括3个牛肉、3个猪肉、2个鸡肉、1个鸭肉)进行了比对检测,对检出的氢化可的松、可的松含量采用t检验进行统计学分析,结果表明,两种方法测得的数据没有显著性差异。采用该法测定了12个来自某养殖场的牛肉样品,结果共检出4种食源性兴奋剂,其中氢化可的松的含量范围为3.3~22.6 μg/kg,检出率为100%;可的松的含量范围为1.5~2.1 μg/kg,检出率为67%;雄烯二酮含量范围为0.7~1.2 μg/kg,检出率为17%;睾酮含量范围为0.6~1.5 μg/kg,检出率为42%。该法操作简单,准确灵敏,重复性好,适用于不同种类畜禽肉中食源性兴奋剂和孕激素的检测。

Design of Sports Event Evaluation and Classification Method Based on Deep Neural Network.

Large-scale sports events with high-level competition as the main content will have a great impact on the host city whether from the economic level or from the social level. With the improvement of human civilization, people realize that the holding of large-scale sports events not only has a positive impact on the economy and society but also brings some negative effects, such as waste of resources and environmental pollution, which have attracted the attention of the government and investors. Therefore, how to scientifically, comprehensively, and reasonably evaluate large-scale sports events, especially the accurate evaluation of their economic and social effects, has become the focus of attention. The evaluation of large-scale sports events mainly includes two levels: economic and social. Through the specific analysis of the evaluation content and the weight calculation of the evaluation index, the overall optimization of the evaluation of large-scale sports events is realized, and the reference experience is provided for the holding and evaluation of large-scale sports events in the future. Based on this, this article proposes a sports event evaluation and classification method based on the deep neural network. Firstly, on the basis of literature review and field investigation, the evaluation index system of sports events is established. Deep learning models have strong fitting power and robustness and have been applied to many real-world tasks. Then the deep neural network is used to evaluate the holding effect of sports events. The experimental results show that the model has high evaluation accuracy and is of great significance to the supervision and guidance of sports events.

Stakeholders' Perspectives on Hosting Large-Scale Sports Events

Special events, in general, and sports events, in particular, are a major focus and revenue generator for cities that host these events. They are time specific, and they can have a variety of short- or long-term, positive or negative impacts, which contribute to both beneficial or harmful outcomes. If prolonged over time, these outcomes have been called "legacies." This study sought to explore key stakeholders' perspectives on the attributes needed to host large-scale sports events. The research concentrated on identifying the main factors that attract large-scale sports events to specific municipalities, motivations to sponsor these events, and the main challenges faced by official agencies during events. The data were collected from 22 participants in a focus group meeting including three main types of stakeholders: event organizers, event sponsors, and official entities. The interview transcripts were processed using mixed-content analysis methods. The results revealed that the main themes mentioned by event organizers are media coverage, sports infrastructure, sponsor brands, discipline in sports, event organization, event and city security, motivation, capacity (e. g., accommodations), stakeholder commitment, residents, and territorial impacts. Sponsors are usually large well-known firms, and discussions about them covered the following themes: event–sponsor fit, sponsorship returns, mega-event territorial marketing, brand strategy, and sponsorship competition. The main themes mentioned by official entities are accessibility, events that sell cities, destination visibility, security, protection of athletes and the public, hospitals, residents, changes, and territory. This study's findings contribute to the existing literature by focusing on the specific case of largescale sports events and examining three main event stakeholders' perspectives. Managerial implications are also discussed.

Subjective Well-being (SWB) of Sport Event Participants: Causes and Effects

Amateur athletes invest a lot of effort, time, and money on participating in events such as marathons and bike races. The aim of the study is to explore whether this increases their subjective well-being (SWB). The study addresses both what contributes to SWB and the effects of SWB for participants in large-scale sport events. More than 7,000 sport event participants responded to surveys including measures of sociodemographics, participation in sport events, perceptions of quality and satisfaction of the event, behavioral intentions, and SWB. Building on theories of SWB and serious leisure, hypotheses linked to the causes and effects of SWB are explored. Results show that sociodemographics, past relational activities, and past event participation influence SWB. Furthermore, with higher SWB the sport event participants are more satisfied, perceive a higher quality, and are more likely to participate in future events. These are proposed to be effects of SWB. For sports clubs and event organizers the results help inform marketing efforts before, during, and after events. In particular, if participants with serious leisure careers are identified.

Risk Management of Sports Venues and Olympic Sports Cooperation Spirit under Complex Environment.

The understanding of sports event risk and Olympic sports cooperation spirit, as well as the systematic analysis and research of sports event risk management, are still in their early stages in China's sports theory circle. Institutions for developing sports talent also disregard programmes designed to increase the risk awareness and Olympic spirit of sports workers. This essay provides an overview of the concepts of sports event risk and Olympic sports cooperation spirit based on reality. This paper examines the interaction of risk management of large-scale sporting events and Olympic sports cooperation spirit from the perspective of event organization managers, using the pertinent theory of risk management and the random forest algorithm in machine learning. The experimental results show that, according to the analysis of injury occurrence according to different positions, it is discovered that forward athletes suffer the most injuries, with an average of 54 forwards in injury situations, followed by guards with an average of 43 guards in injury situations, and finally centres with an average of 38 guards in injury situations. Combining risk management for major sporting events with the cooperative Olympic sports spirit has significant practical implications.

Study on Self-assessment of Proficiency of PES in the Four English Macro Skills

Sports practitioners and learners who are good at English can better serve large-scale international sports events, and at the same time can better carry forward the traditional Chinese national sports spirit and promote cultural exchanges. In this paper, literature review, mathematical analysis and questionnaire surveys are applied to study self-assessment of proficiency of college PES in the four English micro skills. Results show that college PES had lower English scores in the college entrance examination, the four English micro skills at the high school stage are poor, the English proficiency of different grades of college PES is not comparable, and the English writing ability of college PES of higher grades is slightly better than that of lower grades, and both grades have not enough time to learn English. Moreover, it acquired some promotion strategies to improve present situation that provided evidence for better learning four English micro skills.

COVID-19 countermeasures of Chinese national athletes: Prevention, treatment, and return to play

Under the condition of normalized epidemic, how athletes train and compete well has been in the spotlight. This article reported the symptom, hospitalization and training situation of seven confirmed cases of coronavirus-disease-2019 (COVID-19) among Chinese national teams. Moreover, the paper summarized the experience of Chinese national teams in terms of epidemic prevention and control, treatment of infection, and safe return to play. Through a scientific combination of medication and non-medical treatment, seven athletes were all discharged from the hospital. These discharged athletes underwent strict isolation and scientific training before returning to sports teams. Before returning to play, continuous monitoring of physical and mental condition was required. All seven athletes returned to play safely and performed excellently. As for hosting large-scale sporting events, the entire enclosed-loop management from immigration to competition was proposed in this paper. This study could serve as a standard of epidemic prevention and control, treatment for infection and safe return to play during competition and training around the world.

Risk Assessment of Alpine Skiing Events Based on Knowledge Graph: A Focus on Meteorological Conditions

The alpine skiing event is particularly vulnerable to changes in meteorological conditions as a winter sport held outdoors. The commonly used risk assessment methods cannot be inflexible and cannot be dynamically adjusted to combine multiple risk factors and actual conditions. A knowledge graph can organize data resources in the risk domain as structured knowledge systems. This paper combines a knowledge graph and risk assessment to effectively assess the risk status. First of all, we introduce the relevant literature review of sports event risk assessment, combining the characteristics of alpine skiing events. Then, we summarize the risk types of alpine skiing events and related risk knowledge. Secondly, a model is proposed to introduce an event risk assessment model based on the RippleNet framework combined with the characteristics of large-scale sports events. Moreover, the validity of the model is verified. The results show that the RippleNet-based event risk assessment model can be used to assess the risk of alpine skiing events. In order to effectively deal with the large-scale sports events that occur with a variety of risks, the smooth implementation of large-scale sports events provides a strong guarantee.