Large Opening Research Articles

Influence of Opposing Exterior Window Geometry on the Carbon Emissions of Indoor Lighting under the Combined Effect of Natural Lighting and Artificial Lighting in the City of Shenyang, China

According to relevant statistics, the electricity consumption for lighting in university buildings accounts for 20 to 40% of the total energy consumption of the buildings. Lighting energy saving is a key influential factor in achieving a low-carbon campus construction. The electricity consumption for lighting is simultaneously affected by the utilization of natural daylight and artificial lighting schemes. Currently, there is a lack of research regarding the dynamic quantitative correlation between the geometric design of external windows affecting the utilization of natural daylight and carbon emissions. Also, research on the dynamic synergistic impact between natural light utilization and artificial lighting on carbon emissions has not been observed. Hence, there is a lack of quantitative carbon impact prediction and guidance in the early design and actual operation of such spaces. This study took the professional drawing space of a university in the severe cold regions of Shenyang as a prototype. Daylight factor (DF) and spatial daylight autonomy (sDA) were determined using Rhino + Grasshopper and Ladybug + Honeybee for window geometry. DIALux evo simulation was used to analyze the carbon emissions of space operation, followed by correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis using SPSS to determine the degree of influence of each window design parameter on the carbon emissions. The window-to-floor ratio (WFR), window-to-wall ratio (WWR), windowsill height (Hws), window width (Ww), and window height (Hw) had inhibitory effects on carbon emissions from daylight-responsive artificial lighting (C), and the influence of different orientations was different. Under the condition of an opposing window, the overall C trend of the professional drawing space was west < east< south < north, and the C of the morning period in each orientation was significantly lower than that in the afternoon period. Taking the frame structure system space with a floor-to-floor height of 4.2 m as an example, within the requirements of WFR and WWR, the C of the west-facing professional drawing classroom with 2.55 m for Hw, 0.75 m for Hws, and 9.6 m for Ww was the smallest. To a certain extent, opening large windows and opening high windows can reduce the C of the space.

Disintegration and Buttressing Effect of the Landfast Sea Ice in the Larsen B Embayment, Antarctic Peninsula

AbstractThe speed‐up of glaciers following ice shelf collapse can accelerate ice mass loss dramatically. Investigating the deformation of landfast sea ice enables studying its resistive (buttressing) stresses and mechanisms driving ice collapse. Here, we apply offset tracking to Sentinel‐1A/B synthetic aperture radar data to obtain a 2014–2022 time‐series of horizontal velocity and strain rate fields of landfast ice filling the embayment formerly covered by the Larsen B Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula until 2002. The landfast ice disintegrated in 2022, and we find that it was precipitated by a few large opening rifts. Grounded glaciers did not accelerate instantaneously after the collapse, which implies little buttressing effect from landfast ice, a conclusion also supported by the near‐zero correlation between glacier velocity and landfast ice area. Our observations suggest that buttressing stresses are unlikely to be recovered by landfast sea ice over sub‐decadal timescales following the collapse of an ice shelf.

The Solar Origin of an In Situ Type III Radio Burst Event

Solar type III radio bursts are generated by beams of energetic electrons that travel along open magnetic field lines through the corona and into interplanetary space. However, understanding the source of these electrons and how they escape into interplanetary space remains an outstanding topic. Here we report multi-instrument, multiperspective observations of an interplanetary type III radio burst event shortly after the second perihelion of the Parker Solar Probe (PSP). This event was associated with a solar jet that produced an impulsive microwave burst event recorded by the Expanded Owens Valley Solar Array. The type III burst event also coincided with the detection of enhanced in situ energetic electrons recorded by both PSP at 0.37 au and WIND at 1 au, which were located very closely on the Parker spiral longitudinally. The close timing association and magnetic connectivity suggest that the in situ energetic electrons originated from the jet’s magnetic reconnection region. Intriguingly, microwave imaging spectroscopy results suggest that the escaping energetic electrons were injected into a large opening angle of about 90°, which is at least nine times broader than the apparent width of the jet spire. Our findings provide an interpretation for the previously reported, longitudinally broad spatial distribution of flare locations associated with prompt energetic electron events and have important implications for understanding the origin and distribution of energetic electrons in interplanetary space.

The structure of Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistance protein 1 reveals an N-terminal regulatory domain

Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistance protein 1 (PfMDR1), an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette (ABC) transporter on the digestive vacuole (DV) membrane of the parasite, is associated with the resistance to antimalarial drugs. To understand the mechanisms of PfMDR1, we determined the cryo-electron microscopy structures of this transporter in different states. The transporter in the apo state shows an inward-facing conformation with a large cavity opening to the cytoplasm. Upon ATP binding and dimerization of the nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs), PfMDR1 displays an outward-facing conformation with a cavity toward the DV lumen. Drug resistance-associated mutations were investigated in both structures for their effects, and Y184F was identified as an allosteric activity-enhancing mutation. The amphiphilic substrate-binding site of PfMDR1 was revealed by the complex structure with the antimalarial drug mefloquine and confirmed by mutagenesis studies. Remarkably, a helical structure was found to hinder NBD dimerization and inhibit PfMDR1 activity. The location of this regulatory domain in the N terminus is different from the well-studied R domain in the internal linker region of other ABC transporter family members. The lack of the phosphorylation site of this domain also suggests a different regulation mechanism.

Macroporous fibers electrospun from dual‐good solvent system

AbstractThe polymer/solvent/nonsolvent ternary solutions have been previously used for fabricating electrospun macroporous fibers, in which the nonsolvent was expected to induce a liquid–liquid phase separation that leads to formation of pores after drying. In this study, we demonstrate that the poly(styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile) (SAN)/chlorobenzene (CB)/dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) system can be successfully electrospun into highly uniform macroporous fibers with pore size >50 nm at CB/DMSO volume ratio ~7/3 though both CB and DMSO are good solvents to SAN. The results imply that a premixed nonsolvent is not necessary for the formation of macropores. We find that it is the water droplets condensed from the atmosphere that work as the nucleation sites to trigger the phase separation while water‐miscible DMSO plays a supporting role to expand the solvent‐rich phase and the resultant pore size. Instead of solvent quality, the distinct volatilities and water miscibilities of the solvents are the keys. The macropores throughout the fibers provide high surface areas and large openings on surface such that the fibers show a significant improvement in oil adsorption capacity in comparison to the smooth and mesoporous ones.

Investigation and comparison of numerical methods in predicting the behavior of rebar in reinforced concrete hollow slab (from start to crack) in Abaqus finite element software

Nowadays, the use of reinforced concrete hollow slab system in building structures is widely accepted due to the provision of control criteria, the ability to be used in large openings and flexibility in architectural designs, and it is more responsive in terms of economic efficiency and time management. has it. The use of reinforced concrete hollow slabs is one of the effective methods in styling and reducing the dead load and consequently the earthquake load, and as a result achieving sections with smaller dimensions. The aim of the current research is to study the post-cracking behavior of reinforced concrete hollow slabs under Common loading situations and analyzed using the finite element method. Also, by using the obtained results and comparing them with the behavior of laboratory samples, it is intended to determine the optimal numerical model for predicting the behavior of reinforced concrete hollow slab, and to measure the accuracy of common design relationships. Modeling of hollow concrete slab sample in this study has been done using ABAQUS software, and the results of this study showed; The load coincident with the first crack in the CDP method was obtained for 10.18, 15.2, 34.20, and 44 for the concentrated joint, concentrated grip, wide joint, and wide grip modes, respectively.

Fire spread in a large compartment with exposed cross-laminated timber and open ventilation conditions: #FRIC-01 – Exposed ceiling

Exposing cross-laminated timber (CLT) structures in buildings is increasingly popular in modern buildings. However, large timber surfaces, window facades, and different geometries can change the fire dynamics in a compartment. The effect of those parameters, therefore, needs to be studied. Two large-scale CLT compartment fire experiments (95 m2) have consequently been performed. The experiments were designed to represent a modern office building with an open-plan space and large window openings. In this experiment, #FRIC-01, the ceiling was exposed. The wood crib fire developed slowly and travelled approximately 1.5 m before the ceiling ignited at 32.5 min. Thereafter the fire spread rapidly across the ceiling and wood crib before it shortly after retracted. Three such cycles of rapid spread followed by a retraction occurred within 13 min, whereby the wood crib fire grew larger for each cycle. After the flames extended through the compartment for the fourth time, the fire remained fully developed. After a short period of intense burning, the CLT self-extinguished while the wood crib fire was still burning. The compartment withstood full burnout, and no reignition occurred despite some delamination and using an adhesive that lacks a demonstrated resistance against glue-line integrity failure.

Effect of slab stiffness on floor response spectrum and fragility of equipment in nuclear power plant building

The floor response spectrum (FRS) is used to evaluate the seismic demand of equipment installed in nuclear power plants. In the conventional design practice of NPP structure, the FRS is simplified using the lumped-mass stick model (LMSM), assuming the floor slab as a rigid diaphragm. In the present study, to study the variation of seismic response in a floor, the FRSs at different locations were generated by 3-D finite element model, and the response was compared to that of the rigid diaphragm model. The result showed that the FRS significantly varied due to the large opening in a floor, which was not captured by the rigid diaphragm model. Based on the result, seismic fragility analysis was performed for the anchorage of a heat exchanger, to investigate the effect of location-dependent FRS disparity on the high confidence low probability of failure (HCLPF).

Preparation and Embedding Characterization of Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin/Menthyl Acetate Microcapsules with Enhanced Stability.

Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD)/menthyl acetate (MA) microcapsules were developed to overcome the volatile and unstable defects of MA and improve the ease of use and storage. MA microcapsules were prepared via spray drying using HP-β-CD as the wall material. The embedding rate of MA microcapsules was determined through gas chromatography. The embedding characteristics were studied using phase solubility and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The stability was characterized via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the release and retention rates of MA microcapsules at different temperatures. The embedding rate of HP-β-CD /MA microcapsules was 96.3%. The Gibbs free energy change, enthalpy change and entropy change of the embedding reaction between HP-β-CD and MA were all less than zero, indicating that the embedding process was a spontaneous exothermic reaction. NMR spectra showed that MA entered the cavity of HP-β-CD through the large opening end and interacted with the inner wall of the small opening end. DSC and the release and retention rates of MA microcapsules at different temperatures showed that the stability of MA was significantly enhanced after being embedded in HP-β-CD. The HP-β-CD/MA microcapsules are able to significantly improve the stability of MA and reduce the volatilization of MA.

Dispersion of sneeze droplets in a meat facility indoor environment – Without partitions

Spreading patterns of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) showed that infected and asymptotic carriers both played critical role in escalating transmission of virus leading to global pandemic. Indoor environments of restaurants, classrooms, hospitals, offices, large assemblies, and industrial installations are susceptible to virus outbreak. Industrial facilities such as fabrication rooms of meat processing plants, which are laden with moisture and fat in indoor air are the most sensitive spaces. Fabrication room workers standing next to each other are exposed to the risk of long-range viral droplets transmission within the facility. An asymptomatic carrier may transmit the virus unintentionally to fellow workers through sporadic sneezing leading to community spread. A novel Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model of a fabrication room with typical interior (stationary objects) was prepared and investigated. Study was conducted to identify indoor airflow patterns, droplets spreading patterns, leading droplets removal mechanism, locations causing maximum spread of droplets, and infection index for workers along with stationary objects in reference to seven sneeze locations covering the entire room. The role of condensers, exhaust fans and leakage of indoor air through large and small openings to other rooms was investigated. This comprehensive study presents flow scenarios in the facility and helps identify locations that are potentially at lower or higher risk for exposure to COVID-19. The results presented in this study are suitable for future engineering analyses aimed at redesigning public spaces and common areas to minimize the spread of aerosols and droplets that may contain pathogens.

Cyclic loading test for lightly reinforced exterior wall with openings

Recently, slender and lightly reinforced exterior walls with large openings have been frequently used in high-rise residential buildings for economical construction. Although the exterior walls can be severely damaged by moderate earthquakes, minimum reinforcement is used, and the seismic details are not used in the current design practice because it is assumed that the seismic performance of the exterior walls is not significant in the entire structure. To investigate the strength and damage mode of the exterior walls, four exterior wall specimens with openings were tested under cyclic lateral loading. The main test parameters were the type of the openings (i.e., small, horizontal slot, vertical slot), and the reinforcement ratio in the horizontal components (horizontally 0.42–1.29%, and vertically 0.28–0.89%). The test results indicated that the peak strengths of the exterior walls with large depth of the horizontal components reached the nominal flexural strengths calculated by assuming solid walls and neglecting the opening effect. However, due to the premature tensile fracture of the vertical rebars, the lateral stiffness was significantly degraded, and the energy dissipation was limited. Further, the maximum crack width was affected by opening type and reinforcement ratio. A parametric study was conducted using a finite element (FE) model to investigate the effects of the design parameters. Based on the test and analysis results, a design recommendation for exterior walls with openings was provided. The exterior walls can be designed as solid walls under the following limited conditions: the total opening areas are less than 10% of the wall area in elevation, the relative flexural stiffness of the horizontal components is greater than the lateral stiffness of the walls, and the axial load ratio is less than 10%. Further, the allowable lateral drift ratio for permissible crack damage was suggested to be 0.10%.

The Thermal Image of Sun Orientation and Openings in Residential Buildings with Modern Tropical Design Concept in Medan City

This study aims to analyze thermal imagery of the sun's orientation and the formation of openings in residential houses with a modern tropical design concept in Medan. The method used is temperature measurement and building thermal identification using a digital thermal imaging tool, namely Flir CX-3, which is carried out during the day, as well as measuring the WWR (window-to-wall ratio) value of the building. The results of the thermal image analysis show that the North-South orientation gets lower temperatures compared to the East-West orientation, even though it has a larger WWR value of 12.9% and 20.9%. Based on the results of this analysis, it is suggested to consider the orientation of the sun in designing residential houses in the city of Medan. Houses with a North-South orientation are the best choice for maximum thermal comfort and natural lighting, supported by large openings as one of the characteristics of modern tropical architecture.

Structural Performance of Internally Stiffened Double-Skinned Profiled Composite Walls with Openings

The double-skin profiled composite wall (DSPCW) system, filled with concrete material, is favorable in modern structures due to its high strength and ductility. Openings may be required within this composite wall (DSPCW) for various reasons, similar to a conventional bearing wall, which can lead to a reduction in bearing capacity. Therefore, to avoid changes in the geometry, materials, and thickness of this DSPCW wall, a new internally stiffening concept has been suggested by providing embedded cold-formed steel tube (CFST) columns. For this purpose, two full-scale DSPCW specimens were tested under static axial load, one of which was fabricated with a large opening size and stiffened with two octagonal CFST columns, while the other was designed without an opening and served as a control wall specimen. The results showed that the stiffened DSPCW with an opening achieved a slightly lower ultimate bearing strength (−9.4%) than the control wall specimen, with no reduction in the ductility behavior. Furthermore, several finite element models of DSPCW have been analyzed and designed to investigate additional parameters that were not experimentally tested, including the effects of the embedded CFST column’s shape and different types of internal stiffeners longitudinally provided inside these columns. The numerical investigation confirmed that the embedded CFST column with an octagonal cross-section was more efficient compared to the hexagonal and rectangular shapes by about 11% and 18.4%, respectively. Furthermore, using internal steel stiffeners for embedded tubes with a T-shape improved the axial bearing capacity of the DSPCW with an opening slightly higher than the corresponding stiffened walls with other investigated stiffener shapes (V-shaped, U-shaped, and L-shaped).

Polymeric Bowl-Shaped Nanoparticles: Hollow Structures with a Large Opening on the Surface.

Polymeric bowl-shaped nanoparticles (BNPs) are anisotropic hollow structures with large openings on the surface, which have shown advantages such as high specific area and efficient encapsulation, delivery and release of large-sized cargoes on demand compared to solid nanoparticles or closed hollow structures. Several strategies have been developed to prepare BNPs based on either template or template-free methods. For instance, despite the widely used self-assembly strategy, alternative methods including emulsion polymerization, swelling and freeze-drying of polymeric spheres, and template-assisted approaches have also been developed. It is attractive but still challenging to fabricate BNPs due to their unique structuralfeatures. However, there is still no comprehensive summary of BNPs up to now, which significantly hinders the further development of this field. In this review, the recent progress of BNPs will be highlighted from the perspectives of design strategies, preparation methods, formation mechanisms, and emerging applications. Moreover, the future perspectives of BNPs will also be proposed.

Flexural strength of steel girders with perforated web and tubular compression flange

Lateral torsional buckling reduces the moment capacity of steel I-girders. To redress this weakening, one approach is to replace the conventional plate flange with a rectangular tube, which has higher lateral stiffness and is thus helpful to resist lateral buckling. At the same time, web openings are introduced to enable services to pass through, but this causes a reduction in strength. Girders with tubular flange plus web openings have not yet been discussed in the literature. In this paper, finite-element method modelling is used to fill this gap, studying different slenderness classifications, as well as parameters such as size of web openings, spacing and location. The results for a solid web are found to be more comparable to the Eurocodes for steel structures than the American Institute of Steel Construction codes, enabling good prediction of the flexural capacity. By introducing web openings, the flexural capacity is reduced by 10–20%, closer to the higher side for openings with large diameters located near the compression flange. Openings with an oval shape have less reduction in strength, whereas the square is unfavourable. Tubular flange girders, even if perforated, provide flexural strength enhancement and a considerable reduction in material compared with plate flange girders. This section also behaves better in relation to carbon dioxide emissions.

Floods enhance the abundance and diversity of anthropogenic microparticles (including microplastics and treated cellulose) transported through karst systems

Microplastics (plastics <5 mm) are emerging contaminants that have been detected in virtually all environments. While microplastic research in terrestrial surface waters has been proliferating, microplastic contamination in subsurface environments remains understudied. Karst terrains may be particularly susceptible to microplastic pollution because the presence of large dissolution openings allows fast transport of water through these systems, facilitating the introduction of surface contaminants into subsurface habitats. Furthermore, few studies address the prevalence and movement of microparticles composed of semisynthetic and modified natural materials, despite their known ecotoxicity. Our study therefore aims to identify anthropogenic (i.e., synthetic, semisynthetic, and treated natural) microparticle extent, sourcing, and transport in subsurface karst environments. To do so, we examined a cave spring under variable flow conditions, finding that anthropogenic microparticles were present in all samples and were most frequently fibrous and clear. The mean anthropogenic microparticle concentration during baseflow was 9.2 counts/L but increased up to 81.3 counts/L during floods, indicating their enhanced mobilization when relatively dilute, acidic, and sediment-rich event water entered the cave. These results suggest that anthropogenic microparticles may originate from surface recharge or sediment resuspension within the cave. When we analyzed a subset of microparticles with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), we found that cellulose of known (i.e., dyed) and suspected (i.e., clear) anthropogenic origin was the most abundant material type. We nevertheless confirmed the presence of microplastics in the cave stream under all flow conditions, with the most common polymer being polyethylene. Both the concentrations and relative fractions of microplastics were higher during floods compared to baseflow, indicating their increased transport during high flow events. We also observed that microplastic polymer types diversified as discharge increased. Our study gives new insight into how anthropogenic microparticle contamination is transported through karst landscapes that can help inform debris mitigation strategies to protect ecosystems and water resources.

Study on airflow characteristics of underground transportation buildings with sunken squares using particle image velocimetry experiments in a wind tunnel

Recently, sunken squares have been integrated into underground transportation buildings in an effect to improve the urban environment and provide people with a novel urban space experience. Since these sunken squares are directly connected to the indoor environment, when air enters the underground transportation building through the entrance, it has a non-negligible impact on indoor thermal comfort and energy consumption. In this study, we combined PIV technology with wind tunnel experiments to elucidate the airflow characteristics of underground transportation buildings that contain sunken squares. We focused on three different heights of underground transportation buildings and sunken square models and evaluated the influence of the height of underground transportation buildings, the height of sunken squares and the number of sunken squares on the airflow characteristics of underground transportation buildings. We identified the dimensionless average wind velocity at the large openings of the sunken square ranges from 0.013 to 0.082, and that the distribution of the wind velocity at the large opening on the leeward side was more uniform compared to windward side. We also determined, the air flow rate first increases and then decreases with the height of underground transportation buildings when the underground transportation building has the same number and connection forms of sunken squares. Finally, we were able to develop an airflow prediction model for large openings in a sunken square of an underground transportation building. The results of this study provide data and technical guidance for the design of sunken squares and underground transportation buildings.

Woody debris structures on large clearcut openings: Oases for small mustelids and prey species?

Restoration structures such as post-harvest woody debris piles on large clearcut openings may provide habitat for many mammal species. Mustelids such as the American marten (Martes americana) and several weasel (Mustela spp.) species are important furbearers in temperate and boreal forests and are negatively affected by clearcutting. We ask if constructed piles of woody debris on large (e.g., 30–50 ha) openings will be used by these mustelids and their small mammal prey species? We tested the hypotheses (H) that (H1) the presence (index of activity patterns) of small mustelids, (H2) abundance, species richness, and species diversity of the forest-floor small mammal community, and (H3) reproduction of the major species: southern red-backed vole (Clethrionomys gapperi), long-tailed vole (Microtus longicaudus), and deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), would be greater on sites with woody debris piles than on sites with dispersed debris. A fourth hypothesis (H4) predicted that the above response variables would be similar across a linear configuration of debris piles on the large openings. Mustelid presence and populations of forest-floor small mammals were sampled on four replicated (n = 4) large (30–50 ha) clearcut sites from 2017 to 2022 in south-central British Columbia, Canada.Mean presence of mustelids was significantly higher (4.5 to 8.0 times) in piles than dispersed sites during the first four post-harvest years, thereby supporting H1. Mean index of mustelid activity per line was similar among pile index-lines across these clearcut openings. Mean abundance of C. gapperi was similar statistically between treatment sites but with numbers 3 to 10 times higher, on average, in the piles than dispersed sites and was likely biologically important. Mean abundance of M. longicaudus was significantly higher (1.2–4.4 times) in the piles than dispersed sites. Mean abundance of P. maniculatus and Sorex spp. were similar between treatment sites. Mean abundance of total small mammals, including the less common species, was significantly higher (1.4–1.9 times) in piles than dispersed sites. Similarly, mean species richness and diversity were both significantly higher in piles than dispersed sites. Mean number of total recruits was higher in piles than dispersed sites for M. longicaudus and P. maniculatus, but most measures of reproductive attributes were similar, thereby providing only partial support for H3. As per support for H4, response variables were similar across a linear array of debris piles on large openings. Our study is the first to measure responses of small mustelids and forest-floor small mammals to constructed piles of woody debris as a means of habitat restoration on relatively large (mean area 40.5 ha) openings created by conventional clearcutting. Piles of debris seem to act as oases for mustelids and their prey species in ecological restoration of cutover forest land.

Experimental and numerical investigation of the damage characteristics of a ship side plate laterally punched by a scaled raked bow indenter

Experimental and numerical simulation studies are conducted on a scaled ship side-shell quasi-statically punched at the mid-span by a raked bow indenter to investigate its damage characteristics from deformation to a large opening. A scaled stiffened panel and a raked bow indenter are designed in model tests. Numerical simulation is performed to simulate the indentation responses. The experimental and numerical results are compared well in terms of resistance-penetration curves, final damage shapes and especially the three failure models, i.e., initial fracture, model “I” crack and model “III” crack. In addition, the whole damage process, the energy dissipation characteristics of the specimen and failure related parameters in three specific failed elements corresponding to the three failure models are analyzed through numerical simulation. The results demonstrate that the energy dissipated by the stiffener and frictional effect is substantial during the crack propagation process. In addition, shell elements involved with three failure models prior to fracture are mainly subjected to tension and bending effects, as shell elements cannot satisfactorily simulate the transverse shear effect. Finally, the influences of collision parameters, the failure sequence of integration points, modeling of weld seams, mesh resolution and failure criteria on the numerical simulation results are discussed.

Motion of Droplets in Lyophilic Axially Varying Geometry-Gradient Tubes

Droplet transport occurs frequently in nature and has a wide range of applications. We studied the droplet motion in a lyophilic axially varying geometry-gradient tube (AVGGT). The motion of the AVGGT in two directions─from the large opening side (L) to the small opening side (S) and from S to L─was theoretically and experimentally analyzed. The droplet dynamic behaviors, such as the self-transport behavior and the droplet stuck behavior, are explored from the view points of mechanics and energy. We found that the surface tension force of a three-phase contact line can be either a driving or an impeding force depending on the various droplet geometries in different AVGGTs. An important contributing factor to the self-transport behavior of a droplet moving from L to S in an AVGGT is the bridge liquid force caused by negative pressure inside the droplet, which is always pointing in the direction of S. As a result of experiments, we investigated the relationship between droplet motion and correlated parameters. The theoretical model based on the simplified Navier-Stokes equation was developed to explain the corresponding mechanism of the droplet motion. Additionally, dimensional analysis was carried out for the droplet stuck behavior of a droplet moving from S to L in an AVGGT to investigate the relationship between the droplet stopping location and the correlated parameters and thus obtain the required geometry for the droplet stopping location.