Large Facilities Research Articles

The High Brilliance Neutron Source Target Stations

High Current Accelerator driven Neutron Sources (HiCANS) are a cost-efficient alternative for future large scale neutron facilities. They excel in transforming neutrons released by the primary nuclear reaction into a spectral range usable for applications. In particular, the cost of a target station represents only a minor fraction of the overall construction cost due to the lower energy of the primary neutrons, which requires less shielding. They can be designed to provide optimized pulse and spectral properties for applications in neutron scattering, analytics and imaging experiments. For the High Brilliance neutron Source (HBS) project at Forschungszentrum Jülich, we have developed a modular design that meets the radiation protection requirements while providing sufficient space in its core to adapt the target-moderator-reflector assembly to the different applications. In the following, we present the basic target station design which will be used at HBS for three different realizations with their own instrument suite. All relevant components have been designed, built and tested at the JULIC Neutron Platform which has produced neutrons since December 12th 2022. The simulated performance of a target station shows that the brightnesses of the moderators are in the range of modern research reactors and sub-MW power spallation sources.

Association between comorbid mental illness and preceding emergency department visits in unplanned admissions.

To investigate the association between comorbid mental illness and preceding emergency department (ED) visits in patients with unplanned admission. This is a retrospective observational study using data from the EDs of three large tertiary medical facilities in Japan. We included adult patients who were admitted to these hospitals via the ED from 2017 to 2020. To investigate whether patients with mental illness were more likely to have preceding ED visits within 30 days prior to unplanned admissions compared with those without, we used univariate and multivariable logistic regression models. In the multivariable model, we adjusted for age category, gender, facility, year, and ambulance use. Out of 15,429 total admissions, 766 (5.0%) cases had documented comorbid mental illness and 14,663 (95.0%) did not. The prevalence of preceding ED visits among patients with mental illness was significantly higher than in those without (17.1% vs 8.8%; unadjusted odds ratio 2.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.76-2.61; P < 0.001). This association was more prominent in the multivariable regression model (adjusted odds ratio 2.40, 95% CI 1.97-2.94; P < 0.001). The presence of mental illness was significantly associated with a higher prevalence of preceding ED visits within 30 days prior to the unplanned admission. The result suggests that physicians should be more cautious in discharging patients with mental illness from the EDs and in providing care after ED discharge.

Effect of Aftermarket Asset to the Company Capital Gain

The acquisition of fixed assets during the business expansion or retention is a complex and ambiguous task. Maritime transportation companies often consider the option of acquiring ships on the aftermarket. This option is supported by the long service life of marine vessels may being in successful operation for 40 years or more from the time of vessel launching. Marine vessel is also characterized by demolition cost, which is the cost to the company of destroying a large industrial facility like the marine vessel. This effect forms the features that must be taken into account when business planning a project to purchase a marine vessel. The article analyzes in detail the effect of demolition cost on decision making based on interest rate.

Climate, Health, and Equity Implications of Large Facility Pollution Sources in New Mexico

Climate, Health, and Equity Implications of Large Facility Pollution Sources in New Mexico

Hydrometric flow measurement in water management

The main problem in the operation of irrigation systems is to ensure the accuracy and reliability of measuring the main hydrometric parameters in managing water resources of irrigation facilities. When operating systems with pumping stations, it becomes necessary to measure a set of technological parameters, which can be divided into the following groups by type: hydraulic parameters (flow rate, fluid pressure, water flow in the channel), parameters of pumping units, linear-angular parameters (channel section length, channel width, gate movement, mixed parameters (clear area, flow depth, wetted perimeter length). Analysis of existing methods and instruments for measuring water flow for the rational use of water resources is used in all areas the volume of water taken from the water intake and supplied to the irrigation network. This task contributes to operational and control of pumping station parameters without hydrometric instruments at the stations themselves. The problem of organizing automated technological accounting of irrigation water at graduated hydraulic structures equipped with gates and operating in a flooded or backwater-variable mode is solved by new hydrometric methods with the integrated use of ultrasonic, acoustic, or float level gauges as part of modern microprocessor devices that convert water level readings at such structures into flow and runoff readings, according to the calibration characteristic each specific building. The article presents the recommended water metering devices for different hydraulic flow regimes and water quality. To speed up the process of measuring water flow in canals with flow rates of 1-10 m3 / s and large facilities of pumping stations with flow rates of 10-200 m3 / s, types of standard weirs, flumes of various profiles, and water measuring nozzles are recommended. According to the working formulas, changes in water flow are determined, taking into account the error of the gauging station and the indicated weirs.

기후변화에 따른 탄소 중립 정책과 음식물류 폐기물 처리 방안

Efforts to reduce greenhouse gas (CO2) emissions are required in various fields for the urgency of greenhouse gas reduction due to global climate change. In this study, the current situation of food waste generation, systems, and policies were analyzed. The amount of food waste generated accounts for about 22-28% of the total amount of household waste, and it cause not only odors and polluted sewage occurring problems, but also economic losses for disposal. Food waste treatment methods domestically and internationally include collection/transportation and final treatment (door-to-door collection, automatic collection) and a small proportion of kitchen waste crusher and discharged to a public sewage treatment plant to combine sewage (biogas). Food waste is collected by vehicle and subjected to final treatment at a resource recovery facility. A huge amount of carbon dioxide is inevitably generated during the collection, transport, and final treatment at large scale facilities. In order to realize carbon neutrality and cope with climate change, measures are needed to reduce carbon dioxide emissions that can be applied not only to the reduction of food waste but also to its treatment technology.

Cases caused by spider bite in Tripoli, Libya

Spiders Arachnida has a significant impact on the insect population due to their position as predators and their effect on the ecology. Although spiders contain venom glands, the majority of them do not bite humans or cause harm, with the exception of a few situations, and usually only when they are trapped, injured, or annoyed. Spider bites resulted in serious injuries. This recent study includes a review of verified instances of spider bites in two large dermatological facilities in Tripoli, Libya (Tripoli Central Hospital and Bair al-UstaMilad Hospital). Data from all patients with verified spider bites during the years 2014 and 2019 were gathered. The total cases were 251, with 152 female patients (60.6%) and 99 male patients (39.4%) in total. Age groups (20-29 years) are the most commonly affected by spider bites, followed by age groups (0-9 years). The affected patient's body portion was the lower part (thighs and legs) (n = 189, 75.3%), while one patient (0.4%) had a spider bite on the backside. Furthermore, this study depicts the geographical distribution of documented instances. The majority of patients (53%) were from Tripoli. However, the need for medical counsel and treatment compelled some patients from other places to go to the capital city. In general, western Tripoli has the lowest patient percentage incidence (5.5%). This research reveals that the incidence of spider bites is quite low in comparison to the Libyan population, which may be related to the country's very low registration of cases.

대형연구시설을 활용한 연구에 관한 공법적 쟁점 검토

As the need for research using advanced facilities increased, the need for safe and efficient management of large research facilities used by research institutes increased. In particular, in the case of large research facilities, efficient and reasonable legalization measures are required in the use of large research facilities due to overlapping installation, disposal of idle or underutilized facilities, and temporary treatment. In Korea, the Basic Law on Science and Technology, the Enforcement Decree of the Framework Act on Science and Technology, and the 「Basic Research and Development Support Act」, the Industrial Technology Innovation Promotion Act」, and the 협동 Cooperative Research and Development Promotion Act have been enacted and applied. However, research on overseas cases with a more systematic management system is required because individual laws regulate different contents according to legislative purposes, and in some cases, the contents required by practice cannot be more specifically defined. &#x0D; In the case of the United States, since World War II, systematic laws, procedures, and guidelines have been operated on specific science and technology policies, funding for technology development, and facility operation plans. The federal government (Energy Bureau, Science Bureau, National Science Foundation, National Health Agency, etc.) centered on the presidential office systematically operates using related laws and guidelines. First, federal law proposes standards for funding for future strategy establishment under the American Innovation and Competition Act, Federal Grant and Cooperative Agreement, and guidelines for the Budget Administration (OMB Circular A-110) and Large Research Foundation (DNS) Guidelines for Energy Agency (DNS). Meanwhile, universities or research institutes operate individual guidelines for equipment management of large research facilities, and Stanford University has a systematic management and operation system for accelerator operation and management organization. Accordingly, the following implications are drawn for the laws related to research facilities in the United States. &#x0D; First, systematic governance is prepared for research promotion, and active support from the federal government is being provided around the presidential office. In the case of the American Innovation and Competition Act, which is under discussion for revision in 2021, six key industries (Artificial Intelligence, Semiconductor, Quantum Computing, Advanced Communication, Biotechnology, Energy Improvement) have been proposed. This U.S. governance system is consistent with the U.S. federal government's policy direction, which actively supports science and technology policies after World War II, and is thought to have implications in Korea in terms of actively and systematically supporting federal-managed industries. &#x0D; Second, there are detailed regulations and guidelines for budget allocation and management of research facilities. For example, the OMB Circular A-110, DOE 413.3A, and the Large Facility Manual of the National Science Foundation (NSF) stipulate not only the allocation of research funds but also the factors that need to be checked by the National Science Foundation (NSF) in detail.&#x0D; Third, various verification procedures such as external verification procedures and cost-benefit analysis are prepared. It seems that a management system is in place as predictable verification procedures for selecting research topics and initial design, such as verifying the Director's Review Board (DRB) of the Energy Agency and reviewing the National Science Board of the NSF are stipulated. In addition, it can be considered that the Large Facility Manual stipulates cost-benefit procedures and provides management improvement procedures through reasonable compensation for research and cost-benefit analysis.

РАЗВИТИЕ СИСТЕМЫ ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ НА ЖЕЛЕЗНОДОРОЖНОМ ТРАНСПОРТЕ КРАСНОЯРСКОГО КРАЯ ВО ВТОРОЙ ПОЛОВИНЕ ХХ ВЕКА

Realization of large-scale projects for the industrial development of Siberia was impossible without appropriate transport infrastructure, as well as the training of personnel with the necessary qualifications. The distinguishing feature of this period was that the call for the need to build large industrial facilities in Siberia was answered by the people mostly of young age: Komsomol members and youth accounted for over 70% of the total number of builders. As a rule, they did not have the necessary building specialties, so the training of young workers was carried out on the station. During this period, a multi-level training system was formed on the railways in Siberia. One of the main principles of personnel policy on the road was the continuity of training. So, for the training of workers, at large depots and at junction stations, preparatory courses were created. The article discusses the features of training for the railway industry in Siberia in the second half of the twentieth century. The author comes to the conclusion that the created system of educational institutions was multi-stage, provided for different forms of education, which made it possible to provide the railway with the necessary personnel. Teachers played an important role in forming the education system, many of whom were awarded the Honorary Railway Worker and the honors students of public education symbols. The author considers the history of the development of educational institutions of the railway industry of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, provides information on the number of graduates for certain periods. The development of the material and technical base of educational institutions continued in the 1980s and 1990s, when new educational buildings were built and classrooms were equipped with new equipment.

Міжнародний досвід фінансування інфраструктурних проєктів

Abstract. Introduction. The article is devoted to issues of international experience in financing infrastructure projects. At the current pace of development, the load on infrastructure in most countries of the world will increase many times over the next decade, and its timely development will become the main guarantee of sustainable growth of the world economy and trade. The design, construction, and expansion of large infrastructure facilities will take years, and decisions regarding their financing mechanisms must be made quickly, which necessitates additional research into this issue. Purpose. On the basis of the conducted research, it was found that the main factors of economic growth will be the increase of humanity (+19% by 2030) to 8.3 billion people, urbanization (the urban population will increase by 40% by 2030; and its share will grow from 52% to 58%), outpacing the growth of population incomes, further development of international trade and tourism. The authors formed the structure of investments in the world for 2020 and found out that the share of state budgets and national funds, according to analysts' estimates, accounts for the main volume of investments in infrastructure - more than 65%. The tendency of the predominance of debt financing in the general structure of liabilities of infrastructure projects has been studied. The results of the OECD study, which was conducted among the largest institutional investors, were analyzed. Results. The research examines modern state proposals for new financing mechanisms, in particular, foreign experience in implementing the prospects of debt and equity financing of international projects, as well as the experience of individual countries - China, India, and Brazil. It has been proven that in the past the investment risks in this area were too high and the profitability was insignificant, which limited the range of investors. Conclusions. Investor interest in infrastructure projects is growing every year, and financing infrastructure projects requires new sources, in particular, an increase in private investment in the industry. It was noted that it is important for Ukraine to take into account and use successful world experience to finance its own infrastructure projects.

Impact of measurement error on deep neural networks for nuclear material accountancy

Continued growth in the nuclear industry is resulting in an increased burden for regulators due to the costs associated with implementing traditional safeguards. One such stakeholder, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), has published a research and development roadmap of suggested improvements that would help safeguards remain effective and efficient in the face of growing demands. These priorities include identifying, evaluating, and testing promising applications of robotics and machine learning/artificial intelligence (ML/AI) to improve safeguards. Nuclear material accountancy (NMA) is of particular interest because traditional approaches require time and resource intensive destructive assay (DA) measurements. One desirable improvement would be utilization of unattended measurements in order to reduce the burden of frequent DA measurements required at large throughput facilities, even though such unattended measurements would likely have higher uncertainty. The application of ML could improve detection of small changes, potentially due to material theft, in these higher uncertainty measurements collected at nuclear facilities to enable near real time anomaly detection. However, unique challenges arise when attempting to use deep neural networks with datasets containing errors that are characterized by models commonly associated with safeguards measurements. The purpose of this paper is to outline both traditional and ML based approaches to NMA and compare them through example. It can be shown that traditional methods for NMA often offers superior performance to the proposed ML pipeline, which consists supervised regression and unsupervised classification, when trained on datasets that contain measurement errors. ML approaches may still be competitive with traditional methods for NMA, however, special care must be taken to mitigate the impact of measurement error that disproportionately affects deep learning approaches.

Design and optimization of a quadrupedal dynamic disturbance force measurement platform using strain gauges

A novel quadrupedal dynamic disturbance force measurement platform is described for the measurement of the disturbance forces of low-frequency sources in large optical facilities on the ground. The support of four strain monopodia makes the measuring platform more rigid. The optimal structural parameters of the strain monopodia are obtained adopting response surface methodology, which allows the sensitivity and stiffness of the platform to be balanced. D optimization is adopted to obtain a more accurate calibration matrix from the redundant outputs and thus improve the measurement accuracy of the platform. Model simulation results show that the load capacity of the measurement platform is more than 1000 kg. Using the results of theoretical analysis, a prototype system was fabricated and tested. The experimental results show that the fundamental frequency of the platform is 749.5 Hz, the dynamic relative error is less than 5.6 % in the frequency range of 3–300 Hz, and the static relative error is less than 5 %. The linearity of the generalized force is within 1.5 %FS, and the repeatability is within 1.1 %FS.

Industrial heritage of a lumber company in Santa Catarina state, Brazil: considerations about industrial archaeology and the history of material culture

The current article introduces industrial landscape formation in Brazil’s southern backcountry early in the 20th century, and the implementation of a large log extraction and processing complex – the extracted lumber was well preserved in midwestern Santa Catarina State up to that time. The operation of large lumber processing facilities (including the construction of company-town), which was boosted by substantial changes in destruction of the natural environment was little affected by such ventures, at that time. A population of squatters composed of Portuguese-Brazilians and indigenous peoples lived in this area before enterprise was implemented. Subsistence in this region was based on systems that were little systems that had little impact on the environment. The present study focuses on industrial archaeology of the lumber company; thus, we herein present the basic background of both cultural heritage and archaeology studies that have been slowly developed in this area.

2010. Severity of antimicrobial-resistant non-Typhoidal Salmonella infections treated in two large facilities of a health system in Pennsylvania, 2018-2020

Abstract Background Nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) is a leading cause of foodborne illness. Characterization of clinical outcomes of salmonellosis from antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) NTS is limited. The Pennsylvania Department of Health collaborated with federal and academic partners to enhance surveillance for NTS (AMR and outcomes). Methods We evaluated 82 patients with salmonellosis whose NTS isolates were submitted to the PA Public Health Laboratory during 2018–2020 from two Pennsylvania hospitals. We used broth microdilution to test NTS isolates for susceptibility to antibiotics tracked by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System. Isolates resistant to ≥3 antimicrobial classes were considered multidrug-resistant (MDR). Electronic medical records of source patients were reviewed for medical history, diagnoses, treatment, and outcomes. Invasive infection was defined as isolation from normally sterile sites (e.g., blood). Results Seven (9%) of 82 isolates were MDR. Twelve (15%) had decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (MIC ≥0.12 µg/mL), 3 (4%) were ceftriaxone resistant, 3 (4%) were trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistant, and 1 (1%) was azithromycin resistant. The median patient age was 29 years; 31 (38%) patients were ≤18 years and 42 (51%) were female. Nearly a quarter of all patients were immunosuppressed (Figure). Outcomes included hospital admission in 38 (46%), intensive care for 5 (6%) patients, and 1 (1%) death. Ten (12%) patients had invasive infections, including 8 with bacteremia; all were hospitalized. Four (40%) of the invasive disease isolates were resistant to ≥1 antimicrobial, compared with 16 (22%) isolates from patients with the non-invasive disease. Fifty-seven (70%) patients were prescribed empiric antimicrobials for their infection. Antibiotics were changed in 45 (79%) after laboratory diagnosis. Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with nontyphoidal Salmonella treated in two facilities associated with a health system in Pennsylvania, 2018–2020. The five patients treated in intensive care units are included in the total admissions (n=38). Salmonellosis was considered invasive if the organism was isolated from the blood or other normally sterile site (excluding urine). Conclusion NTS can cause severe invasive illness in some patients; drug-resistant NTS infections may be associated with more severity as compared with susceptible NTS. Resistance to clinically consequential drugs coupled with the severity of infections suggests the need for antimicrobial stewardship and highlights the value of clinical data in enhancing surveillance for salmonellosis. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures.

Testing of a Multiple Criteria Assessment Tool for Healthcare Facilities Quality and Sustainability: The Case of German Hospitals

Background: Hospital facilities are an essential part of healthcare systems, making the assessment of their quality and sustainability pivotal. Most existing evaluation tools lack a holistic and validated approach, while predominantly excluding the built environment. The Italian hospital evaluation tool SustHealth v2 addresses the shortcoming of existing applications through its structured and more integrated approach; there is the need for further testing it. Methods: The study aims to test for the first time in an international case study the multicriteria assessment tool previously developed and validated. The tool assesses social, environmental, and organisational qualities in hospitals with an online survey containing 199 closed questions sent to German hospitals. A total of 14 full replies have been collected and the resulting data analysed through descriptive statistics and heat maps identifying patterns in ownership and size. Results: Within the sample, higher scores are reported in Social Quality, while lower in Environmental and Organisational Quality. Respondents performed well in the sustainability dimensions of health promotion, waste management, and patient safety. Improvements can be achieved in energy management, facility management, and technological innovation criteria. Private hospitals slightly outperform both public and non-profit clinics. The findings presented in this study suggest a non-linear relationship between sustainability and hospital size since the highest scores were obtained by either small or large facilities. Conclusion: The study highlighted strengths and limitation of SustHealth v2. Further testing and comparison are encouraged in different context.

Investigating the concentration distribution characteristics of methane in large storage facility using desorption-concentration gradient method and CFD simulation

The continuous methane emission from the coal piles is associated with many environmental problems and safety risks, in large storage facility. The methane emission parameters of coal piles and the concentration distribution characteristics of methane, which are the basis of ventilation design, are rarely reported in large storage facilities. In this study, based on the mass-transfer diffusion theory, desorption-concentration gradient method for determining methane emission parameters of coal piles in large facilities is proposed. In this method, firstly, the coal pile methane diffusion coefficient was deduced by conducting the coal particles absorption-desorption experiments and the particle-size distribution. Then, combing the diffusion coefficient and methane concentration-gradient on the coal pile surface, the coal pile methane diffusion flux was calculated. Further, when methane diffusion flux was utilized as the source item for CFD calculations, the results were consistent with the onsite measured values, which demonstrated the accuracy of this method. The CFD simulation results show that methane has diffusion characteristics that adhere upward along the slope of the coal pile and converge on the coal ridge. The methane flow reaches the dome upwards, where a higher concentration is formed. Both the coal pile volume and the methane diffusion flux will affect the concentration distribution of methane in large storage facility. For a larger diffusion flux, the explosion limit will be exceeded, and measures need to be taken to eliminate the safety risk. These findings provide principal data and analysis guide for optimized design of ventilation performance in closed industrial building.

Cooling towers influence in an urban environment: A predictive model to control and prevent Legionella risk and Legionellosis events

Cooling towers (CTs) are used to dissipate excess heat from water by evaporation, common in large facilities as hospital, companies, and hotels.The main risk attributed to CTs is represented by Legionella, a Gram-negative bacterium associated with a severe form of pneumonia known as Legionnaires' disease (LD). The infection route is by inhalation of aerosols reaching the lower respiratory tract.Despite several events associated with CTs, the knowledge in this field is still limited.The aim of this study was to develop a predictive model of bioaerosol dispersion using PM10 particles as a proxy, to generate risk maps of Legionella spread in the surrounding area in several weather and microbiological conditions.The Legionella contamination in the CT basin was 40938 ± 24523 cfu/L, with four peaks independent of the season, associated with an increase in air minimum temperature values (+1–2 °C) and a high relative humidity (66–100%) preceded by rainfall (0.2–30.6 mm/day).The model revealed that the most extensive bioaerosol spread is predicted in winter and summer, with an increase in Legionella risk at a distance of up to 1.5 km from the CT.This method represents a novel integrated approach for the prevention and management of LD risk in CTs.

Prevalence and correlates of induced abortion: results of a facility-based cross-sectional survey of parturient women living with HIV in South Africa

BackgroundThere is a paucity of studies examining the prevalence and correlates of induced abortion among women living with HIV. Our study fills this gap by examining the prevalence and correlates of induced abortion among parturient women living with HIV in Eastern Cape, South Africa.MethodsWe analysed cross-sectional survey data of the East London Prospective Cohort Study, which took place between September 2015 and May 2016 in three large maternity facilities in the Buffalo/Amathole districts of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. A total of 1709 parturient women living with HIV who gave birth over the study period were recruited. We carried out descriptive and inferential statistics.ResultsThe prevalence of induced abortion was 19% (95% CI: 17.2–20.9%), but varied by women’s socio-demographic characteristics. Induced abortion prevalence was higher among women aged 25 years and over (21.4%), than among women aged less than 25 years (11.0%). Those ever married or cohabiting (26.8%) reported a higher level of induced abortion than those never-married women (15.6%). Those already diagnosed HIV positive before their index pregnancy (20.2%) had a higher prevalence of induced abortion than those diagnosed during their index pregnancy (14.1%). In the adjusted logistic regression, women were more likely to have ever induced abortion if they were ever married or cohabiting (aOR; 1.86 95% CI; 1.43–2.41), ever smoked (aOR: 1.51; 95% CI: 1.01–2.28) and diagnosed with HIV before their index pregnancy (aOR:1.44; 95% CI: 1.02–2.05) but less likely if younger than 25 years (aOR; 0.51 95% CI:0.35–0.73).ConclusionAbout one in five women living with HIV had ever induced abortion in the study settings, indicating that abortion service is one of the main reproductive health services needed by women living with HIV in South Africa. This is an indication that the need for abortion is somewhat high in this group of women. The finding, therefore, highlights the need for concerted efforts from all stakeholders to address the unmet need for contraception among women living with HIV to prevent unintended pregnancy.

Electronic waste in Brazil: Generation, collection, recycling and the covid pandemic

Brazil is one of the main producers of e-waste in the world, but its waste management system does not encourage a circular economy. The country lacks reliable data on important metrics such as rates of collection and recycling and the destination of resources. There has been a slow regulatory progress, but it is not possible to measure its effectiveness without the aforementioned data. We obtained primary data to bridge this information gap by mapping and interviewing e-waste recyclers in Brazil. The mapping identified 140 recyclers, of which 82 were confirmed. Their geographical distribution closely matches the demographics. The COVID-19 pandemic did not have a severe impact on the country’s e-waste recycling chain. We have been able to estimate that Brazil recycles about 1.6 kt of e-waste per month (77 kt per year), based on the amount of waste processed, which is only 3.6 % of the total e-waste generated. There is an uneven size distribution among e-waste recyclers; most (51.4 %) are small facilities processing ≤ 10 t per month. Large facilities (processing ≥100 t per month) are in the minority (11.4 %), yet they are responsible for processing 70.5 %. These large facilities have the most advanced and automated processes, while the small facilities rely mainly on manual tools to dismantle the incoming e-waste. Despite observing an increase in more advanced processes, there has also been an increase in the number of facilities that export material (mainly to the USA and Europe). Therefore, Brazil is still unable to recover valuable end-materials from the recycling chain (e.g., gold, silver, rare earth elements), but seems to be supplying a more valuable product to international buyers who will, in turn, recover these end-materials.

The Geographical Patterns of the Warehouse Property Market in the Moscow Urban Agglomeration

This article analyzes the current state and development trends of the warehouse property market in Moscow and Moscow oblast, the geography of large warehouse facilities, and the density of their distribution within the Moscow urban agglomeration. It is found that the most popular logistics directions are the northwest (Zelenograd and Radumlya), south (Domodedovo and Belye Stolby) and east (Balashikha and Noginsk) with the largest freight traffic flows and free areas for construction, as well as the Central Ring Road (Belyi Rast, Sever-4) due to the increased speed and time of freight delivery. High demand for warehouse property is also observed for the southwest (Vorsino) and northeast (Sofrino and Pushkino) sectors. In the west (Istra) and north (Dmitrov) directions, new warehousing facilities appear mostly between the Moscow Ring Road and the Central Ring Road due to relatively low transit cargo flows in these directions and the prevalence of water and forested land in the land use structure. The logistical influence of the Moscow urban agglomeration extends beyond the borders of Moscow oblast in the southwestern (Obninsk), northeastern (Pereslavl-Zalessky), and western (Gagarin) directions. These conclusions are based on statistical information and mathematical calculations.