Large Break Research Articles

AMYLOGRAPHY PROFILE AND MICROSTRUCTURE OF BENENG TARO BANTEN (Xanthosoma undipes K. Koch) STARCH

High demand of flour import for food applications was a big threaten for food security in Indonesia. The utilization of carbohydrate sources from local food plants can be an alternative to overcome this problem. Beneng taro is a local food from Pandeglang, Banten Province that potential to be used as composite flour. The application of food products, Beneng taro can be used as starch. The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of Beneng taro starch on the amylographic profile of the granules and their morphology. The extraction method used is wet extraction using distilled water. The ratio of taro and distilled water used is 1: 3. The optimum formulation (1: 3) was then tested for morphological properties using SEM instrument and amylograph profile using RVA instrument. SEM test results showed uniform starch granules and polygon-shaped granules. The amylographic profile shown a maximum viscosity of 1075cP with a temperature of 92.4 o C at 270 seconds, a set back value of 186 cP and a break down of 214 cP. Based on the amylographic profile, beneng taro starch still has many weaknesses (large set back and break down) so it needs to be modified so that it can be applied to food products.

Accident tolerant fuel thermal hydraulic behaviors evaluation during loss of coolant accident in CPR1000

Accident tolerant fuel (ATF) is characterized by enhanced thermal and mechanical performance. This paper focuses on two kinds of ATF pellet fuel (UO2+10%/20%/30%BeO and FCM) and two kinds of ATF claddings (FeCrAl and SiC). Irradiated and unirradiated SiC materials were simulated separately considering the thermal performance degradation after SiC irradiation. A CPR1000 system model loaded ATF is established using RELAP5/MOD3.4 system code, and besides thermal hydraulic characteristics during small break loss of coolant accident (SBLOCA), SBLOCA with all Safe Injection (SI) failure and large break loss of coolant accident (LBLOCA) is investigated. The study results indicate that the temperature of each “ATF pellet-cladding” differs little and is below failure temperature during SBLOCA and LBLOCA. However, during SBLOCA with all SI failure, ATF pellets can reduce MFCT but UO2+BeO pellet will melt before traditional UO2 pellet. Among them, FCM-SiC is a good combination of ATF materials in terms of thermal hydraulics.

Comparative Study on Violent Sloshing with Water Jet Flows by Using the ISPH Method

The smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method has been playing a more and more important role in violent flow simulations since it is easy to deal with the large deformation and breaking flows from its Lagrangian particle characteristics. In this paper, the incompressible SPH (ISPH) method was used to simulate the liquid sloshing in a 2D tank with water jet flows. The study compares the liquid sloshing under different water jet conditions to analyze the effects of the excitation frequency and the water jet on impact pressure. The results demonstrate that the water jet flows can significantly affect the impact pressures on the wall caused by violent sloshing. The main purpose of the paper is to test the ISPH ability for this study and some useful regulars that are obtained from different numerical cases and study the effect of their practical importance.

Deformable Registration Network Reinforced by Joint Saliency Map

Image outliers such as missing correspondences and large local deformations break the one-to-one pixelwise mapping between target image and moving image to be registered. Both traditional registration methods and deep-learning based deformable image registration methods fail to tackle this problem. This paper proposed an unsupervised globalto-local deformable registration network reinforced by joint saliency map to accurately, robustly and fast address the problem. The global-to-local network divided the overall learning of a complex mapping of image registration into a simpler global mapping learning and local residual mapping. The joint saliency map of the two images to be registered bidirectionally reinforced the whole network's forward estimation and back-propagation with uncertainty modeling and context-aware intelligence. The experimental results confirm the proposed method's performance advantages over the state-of-the-arts registration methods in the challenges image registration with missing correspondences and large local deformations.

Experimental investigation on the flow and rock breaking characteristics of supercritical carbon dioxide jets

Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) jets are of increasing interest in drilling and completion engineering due to their superiority over water jets. To understand the nature of SC-CO2 jets and improve performance, the flow characteristics of SC-CO2 jets were experimentally investigated, followed by rock breaking tests. Flow images of the jet under various operating conditions were captured by a high speed CCD camera. A comparative analysis of an SC-CO2 jet flow with classical theories and other types of jet flows was performed. The results show that the submerged environment can greatly affect the characteristics of SC-CO2 jets. When injecting into a gaseous CO2 environment, the saturation curve is crossed and intense phase transition occurs in the jet flow. The jet appears as a classical single-phase gas/gas turbulent shear layer. Whereas, under an SC-CO2 submerged environment, shock waves can be found in the jet flow. The initial instability and spreading rate reduce with the increase in inlet pressure. The jet behaves as a typical compressible jet. These features are different from water jets and are most likely the reason for the better rock breaking performance of SC-CO2 jets. Further, SC-CO2 jets under a gaseous CO2 submerged environment are prone to result in large and shallow breaking pits, while the jets under an SC-CO2 environment tends to cause small and deep breaking pits.

Multidecadal shifts in fish community diversity across a dynamic biogeographic transition zone

AbstractAimA 21‐year fisheries‐independent monitoring dataset was used to explore fish community diversity across a latitudinal gradient to quantify how diversity has changed and relate those changes in diversity to changes in the abiotic environment. Additionally, this study spans a biogeographic transition zone, providing insight into future species assemblages across regions of relatively high species diversity.LocationIndian River Lagoon, FL, USA.MethodsSpatial and temporal beta diversity was quantified latitudinally with “best derived breaks” determined by using chronological cluster analyses. Multiple indices of alpha diversity were quantified, including species richness, Shannon diversity, Simpson diversity and Pielou's evenness. AIC model selection and environmental fit tests were performed to link patterns of diversity and species assemblages with the abiotic environment.ResultsEvidence of a biogeographic transition zone was supported by data spanning the entire study period; the largest break in species assemblage occurred near 28°N. Fine‐scale analyses using small and large seine catches were noisier than broad analyses but indicated a northern shift in location of the biogeographic transition zone. Beta diversity was generally dominated by species turnover/balance versus nestedness/gradient components, implying that changes were driven by species sorting associated with the physical environment. Excluding the summation of all environmental variables, temperature and dissolved oxygen best describe patterns of diversity and species composition.Main conclusionsOver years less affected by disturbances, large and small seine catch data suggest the fish community assemblage and location of the biogeographic transition zone has shifted 9 and 21 km to the north. If the trends observed in these years were to continue from 1999 until the year 2100, a 111–243‐km shift in fish communities could be expected. Variation in rates of movement based on gear type suggests novel species assemblages could ensue.

Is the magnitude of the Peccei\u2013Quinn scale set by the landscape?

The value of the Higgs boson mass plus the lack of signal at LHC13 has led to a naturalness crisis for supersymmetric models. In contrast, rather general considerations of the string theory landscape imply a mild statistical draw towards large soft SUSY breaking terms tempered by the requirement of proper electroweak symmetry breaking where SUSY contributions to the weak scale are not too far from m_{weak}sim 100 GeV. Such a picture leads to the prediction that m_hsimeq 125 GeV while most sparticles are beyond current LHC reach. Here we explore the possibility that the magnitude of the Peccei–Quinn (PQ) scale f_a is also set by string landscape considerations within the framework of a compelling SUSY axion model. First, we examine the case where the PQ symmetry arises as an accidental approximate global symmetry from a more fundamental gravity-safe mathbb {Z}_{24}^R symmetry and where the SUSY mu parameter arises from a Kim-Nilles operator. The pull towards large soft terms then also pulls the PQ scale as large as possible. Unless this is tempered by rather severe (unknown) cosmological or anthropic bounds on the density of dark matter, then we would expect a far greater abundance of dark matter than is observed. This conclusion cannot be negated by adopting a tiny axion misalignment angle theta _i because WIMPs are also overproduced at large f_a. Hence, we conclude that setting the PQ scale via anthropics is highly unlikely. Instead, requiring soft SUSY breaking terms of order the gravity-mediation scale m_{3/2}sim 10–100 TeV places the mixed axion–neutralino dark matter abundance into the intermediate scale sweet zone where f_asim 10^{11}–10^{12} GeV. We compare our analysis to the more general case of a generic SUSY DFSZ axion model with uniform selection on theta _i but leading to the measured dark matter abundance: this approach leads to a preference for f_asim 10^{12} GeV.

3-D printing superstrong ceramics

Ceramics like your humble coffee mug are stiff, lightweight, and heat resistant. But they’re also brittle. To overcome this weakness, researchers have now used 3-D printing to create ceramics that are both strong and ductile (Matter 2019, DOI: 10.1016/j.matt.2019.09.009). Such materials could eventually be used in engineering applications, such as in airplane engine components. Traditional methods for making ceramic objects use pressure and heat to fuse inorganic powders together, but these processes tend to create tiny pores and cracks that quickly turn into larger breaks when the material is stressed. Lorenzo Valdevit at the University of California, Irvine, says 3-D printing offers a way to build ceramics without those fatal flaws. To make the new ceramics, he and his team mixed (mercaptopropyl)methylsiloxane and vinylmethoxysiloxane with a phosphine oxide reagent. Exposed to pulses of infrared laser light, this reagent forms a radical that triggers the siloxanes to polymerize, creating a solid.

Numerical investigation of shear-flow free-surface turbulence and air entrainment at large Froude and Weber numbers

We investigate two-phase free-surface turbulence (FST) associated with an underlying shear flow under the condition of strong turbulence (SFST) characterized by large Froude ($Fr$) and Weber ($We$) numbers. We perform direct numerical simulations of three-dimensional viscous flows with air and water phases. In contrast to weak FST (WFST) with small free-surface distortions and anisotropic underlying turbulence with distinct inner/outer surface layers, we find SFST to be characterized by large surface deformation and breaking accompanied by substantial air entrainment. The interface inner/outer surface layers disappear under SFST, resulting in nearly isotropic turbulence with ${\sim}k^{-5/3}$ scaling of turbulence kinetic energy near the interface (where $k$ is wavenumber). The SFST air entrainment is observed to occur over a range of scales following a power law of slope $-10/3$. We derive this using a simple energy argument. The bubble size spectrum in the volume follows this power law (and slope) initially, but deviates from this in time due to a combination of ongoing broad-scale entrainment and bubble fragmentation by turbulence. For varying $Fr$ and $We$, we find that air entrainment is suppressed below critical values $Fr_{cr}$ and $We_{cr}$. When $Fr^{2}>Fr_{cr}^{2}$ and $We>We_{cr}$, the entrainment rate scales as $Fr^{2}$ when gravity dominates surface tension in the bubble formation process, while the entrainment rate scales linearly with $We$ when surface tension dominates.

Effect of critical flow model in MARS-KS code on uncertainty quantification of large break Loss of coolant accident (LBLOCA)

Abstract The critical flow phenomenon has been studied because of its significant effect for design basis accidents in nuclear power plants. Transition points from thermal non-equilibrium to equilibrium are different according to the geometric effect on the critical flow. This study evaluates the uncertainty parameters of the critical flow model for analysis of DBA (Design Basis Accident) with the MARS-KS (Multi-dimensional Analysis for Reactor Safety-KINS Standard) code used as an independent regulatory assessment. The uncertainty of the critical flow model is represented by three parameters including the thermal non-equilibrium factor, discharge coefficient, and length to diameter (L/D) ratio, and their ranges are determined using large-scale Marviken test data. The uncertainty range of the thermal non-equilibrium factor is updated by the MCDA (Model Calibration through Data Assimilation) method. The updated uncertainty range is confirmed using an LBLOCA (Large Break Loss of Coolant Accident) experiment in the LOFT (Loss of Fluid Test) facility. The uncertainty ranges are also used to calculate an LBLOCA of the APR (Advanced Power Reactor) 1400 NPP (Nuclear Power Plants), focusing on the effect of the PCT (Peak Cladding Temperature). The results reveal that break flow is strongly dependent on the degree of the thermal non-equilibrium state in a ruptured pipe with a small L/D ratio. Moreover, this study provides the method to handle the thermal non-equilibrium factor, discharge coefficient, and length to diameter (L/D) ratio in the system code.

Dynamics Behind a Record-Breaking Trough over Mexico and Internal Atmospheric Variability during El Niño

AbstractA major winter storm took place over Mexico during 7 to 11 March 2016, impacting 28 states and leaving four million families without power. Extensive agricultural damage and livestock deaths were also reported with widespread snow across central and northern Mexico. North of the border, this system resulted in record-breaking flooding and severe weather in Texas and Louisiana. The event was due to a trough that deepened and cut off over central Mexico with 500-hPa heights that were nine standard deviations below normal, well beyond previous records! Motivated by the societal impacts of this event, this study investigates factors that contributed to the extreme trough and influenced its predictability in forecast models. A strong El Niño provided the antecedent conditions, with enhanced tropical convection over the central Pacific, a strengthened subtropical anticyclone, and poleward Rossby wave dispersion. However, unlike past strong El Niños, the North Pacific preceding this event was characterized by significant synoptic-scale Rossby wave activity on the midlatitude jet stream including multiple wave packets tracking around the globe during February and March. The interaction of one of these packets with the subtropical anticyclone aloft resulted in a large anticyclonic wave break over the east Pacific, leading to the amplification of the downstream trough over Mexico. The ability of numerical weather prediction to capture this extreme trough is directly related to the predictability of the Rossby wave packet. These results are also discussed within the context of the relationship between El Niño, Rossby wave activity, and extreme events in western North America.

The technological challenge for current generation nuclear reactors

The present paper deals with the proposal of an additional safety barrier for the class of large (1000 MWe or more) Light Water Reactors (LWR) now in operation, in construction, or under design. Emphasis is given to the motivations or the needs for the barrier. Two main parts of the paper can be distinguished. The following topics are discussed in the former part (section 2): (a) the weakness of the barrier constituted by the current design of nuclear fuel; (b) the continuously increasing complexity of the system, with main reference to the Instrumentation and Control (I&C); (c) the role that the Large Break Loss of Coolant Accident (LBLOCA) had for arriving at the current layout of the Reactor Coolant System (RCS). Furthermore avoiding the severe accidents in 1979, 1987 and 2011, is at the basis of the proposal. In the latter part (sections 3 and 4), the elements of the proposed technological safety barrier are discussed: the As-Low-As-Reasonably-Achievable (ALARA) principle, the Best Estimate Plus Uncertainty (BEPU) approach, the Extended Safety Margin Detection (E-SMD) hardware, the Emergency Rescue Team (ERT) strategy (or a virtual entity for the reactor) and the Independent Assessment (IA) concept. The additional safety barrier, although not demonstrated in the paper, is expected to reduce for a factor in the range 10–1000 the probability of core melt and to have a cost in the order of 1% the cost of a nuclear reactor unit.

Development and Application of a 10 kV Mechanical DC Circuit Breaker

A DC circuit breaker is piece of core equipment for DC grid construction and can achieve fast isolation of DC faults in the grid. In this paper, based on the fault characteristics and protection requirements of an AC/DC hybrid distribution network, the technical parameters and topology structure of an inductance and capacitance (LC) resonant commutation-type mechanical DC breaker are proposed. Furthermore, an engineering prototype of the mechanical DC circuit breaker is developed, then a small current breaking test and a large current breaking test are carried out. The test results show that a 10 kA fault current can be interrupted within 10 ms by the engineering prototype. Finally, the engineering prototype of the mechanical DC circuit breaker is installed in the AC/DC hybrid distribution network project, and a current breaking test is carried out. The test results show that the mechanical DC circuit breaker has good running conditions, and the function and performance meet the engineering design and operation requirements.

Naturalness versus stringy naturalness with implications for collider and dark matter searches

The notion of stringy naturalness-- that an observable O_2 is more natural than O_1 if more (phenomenologically acceptable) vacua solutions lead to O_2 rather than O_1-- is examined within the context of the Standard Model (SM) and various SUSY extensions: CMSSM/mSUGRA, high-scale SUSY and radiatively-driven natural SUSY (RNS). Rather general arguments from string theory suggest a (possibly mild) statistical draw towards vacua with large soft SUSY breaking terms. These vacua must be tempered by an anthropic veto of non-standard vacua or vacua with too large a value of the weak scale m(weak). We argue that the SM, the CMSSM and the various high-scale SUSY models are all expected to be relatively rare occurances within the string theory landscape of vacua. In contrast, models with TeV-scale soft terms but with m(weak)~100 GeV and consequent light higgsinos (SUSY with radiatively-driven naturalness) should be much more common on the landscape. These latter models have a statistical preference for m_h~ 125 GeV and strongly interacting sparticles beyond current LHC reach. Thus, while conventional naturalness favors sparticles close to the weak scale, stringy naturalness favors sparticles so heavy that electroweak symmetry is barely broken and one is living dangerously close to vacua with charge-or-color breaking minima, no electroweak breaking or pocket universe weak scale values too far from our measured value. Expectations for how landscape SUSY would manifest itself at collider and dark matter search experiments are then modified compared to usual notions.

Analysis of Shutdown System Effectiveness in the Canadian Super Critical Water Reactor Using Coupled Thermal Hydraulics and Three-Dimensional Neutron Kinetics

Abstract The Canadian supercritical water-cooled reactor concept features a re-entrant fuel channel wherein coolant first travels down a center flow tube and then up around the fuel elements. Previous work demonstrated that in cases of sudden coolant flow reduction or reversal (such as that which would result from a large pipe break near the core inlet), the coolant density reduction around the fuel has a positive reactivity effect that results in a power excursion. Such a transient is inherently self-terminating since the inevitable density reduction in the center flow tube has a very large negative reactivity effect. Nevertheless, a brief power pulse would ensue. In this work, the possibility of mitigating the power pulse with a fast-acting shutdown system was explored. The shutdown system model, consisting of bottom-inserted neutron absorbing blades and realistic estimates of insertion rates and trip conditions, was added to a full-core coupled spatial neutron kinetics and thermal-hydraulics model. It was demonstrated that such a system can effectively mitigate both the peak magnitude of the power excursion and its duration.

Numerical Investigation of Run-ups on Cylinder in Steep Regular Wave

The run-up on offshore structures induced by the steep regular wave is a highly nonlinear flow with a free surface. This article focuses on the investigation of the steep regular wave run-up on a single vertical cylinder by solving the Navier-Stokes equations. A numerical wave tank is established based on the open-source package to simulate the wave scattering induced by a vertical cylinder. The VOF method is applied to capture the large deformation and breaking of the free surface. The numerical model is validated by experimental results. The relative wave run-ups on the front face and the back face along the centerline of a cylinder are analyzed. The changes of the relative run-ups with the wave steepness, the relative diameter and the relative depth are studied. It is found that the relative run-ups on the front face and the back face of the cylinder depend mainly on the wave steepness and the relative diameter, while the dependence on the relative depth is weak. The empirical formulae are proposed to calculate the relative run-ups in terms of the wave steepness of incident regular waves and the relative diameter of a cylinder.

Strategies for Urban Residual Areas as a Planning Tool: Towards Achieving Sustainable Built Environment by Connecting Neighbourhoods

In large parts of the Gulf countries, neighbourhoods’ mono-functional structures with their low density and their lack of social functions, lively public spaces, public transportation and climate responsive design features have catered for an environmentally unfriendly development pattern. Borders between neighbourhoods are mostly socially repulsive as they usually host large residual and underutilized spaces such as oversized main roads and other infrastructure elements. Consequently, these residual areas constitute large breaks in the neighbourhoods’ building pattern and physical barriers for the inhabitants. Since we see a great potential in these residual areas, we have elaborated a planning tool which is generally applicable for sustainable development of transitional spaces between neighbourhoods. This study demonstrates different strategies on how these urban thresholds between neighbourhoods can be transformed into central active mixed-use public spaces that will be reachable for all residents by walking. Accordingly, they can promote for social interaction between different neighbourhoods and thus social sustainability. Within this paper, at first, the thresholds between different residential neighbourhoods’ structures are examined to better understand their qualities and deficits. Secondly, various sustainable development options for the threshold areas are demonstrated. An exemplary site in the Capital Area of Muscat, Oman serves as a case study. The third part consists of an evaluation of the elaborated proposals according to their ecological, social and economical efficiency in order to create adequate implementation strategies. Finally, we propose that the ecological solutions for residual areas as developed in this paper for the GCC region can be expanded to other hot-climate countries as a planning tool to achieve sustainable built environments by connecting different neighbourhoods.

An Investigation on the Possible Radioactive Contamination of Environment during a Steam-Line Break Accident in a VVER-1200 Nuclear Power Plant

In this work, the possibility of contamination of environment by radioactive elements due to a steam-line break accident has been investigated for a VVER-1200 type nuclear power plant. Personal Computer Transient Analyzer (PCTRAN) has been used to generate the response data of the plant safety systems numerically for an accidental condition like such. A break of 1000 cm2 in the A-loop of the steam line has been considered. A break of the size is considered a “Large Break”, which is believed to be responsible for multiple serious accidents in the past. Also, it has also been assumed that off-site AC power supply is unavailable. Simulations were run for time duration of 300 seconds since most of the safety features of the plant should respond within 50 seconds from the initiation of the accident. Results show that SCRAM is initiated within 22.5 seconds from the emergence of the break, which limited the peak core thermal power to around 105% of the nominal value. The peak temperatures of fuel elements and fuel cladding are recorded to be around 1850oC and 620oC respectively, which are both within the safety limits. The pressure inside reactor pressure vessel has not undergone any significant changes, showing no sign of failure. Again, the pressure inside the reactor containment building is kept within 2.5 bar by the safety systems, indicating that there is no possibility of containment failure due to over-pressure. Finally, the readings from radiation monitor show that there is no noticeable release of radioactive elements to the environment during the accident. Therefore, it may be concluded that the release of radioactive elements in the surrounding environment during a steam-line break accident is very unlikely provided that the plant safety systems are fully functional.

Reprint of “The role of nuclear thermal-hydraulics in the licensing of Atucha-II: The LBLOCA”

The paper deals with the safety evaluation and the embedded licensing process of the Atucha-II 800 Mwe Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR) in Argentina. Atucha-II was designed by Kraftwerk Union (KWU) during the 60’s, the related construction was started/stopped in the 90’s and restarted on 2006, and was connected to the electrical grid in 2014. Because of market policies, the KWU designer could not be directly involved in the licensing process during the first decade of the 2000 millennium: a licensing suited safety evaluation was performed by the Nucleoeléctrica Argentina (NA-SA), utility owner of the Atucha-II, with support of external experts group. A designer-independent assessment was performed having access to the installed systems and components other than the relevant design documents. Large core size (related to Pressurized Water Reactor – PWR – producing the same thermal power), presence in the core of natural uranium and heavy water fluids, i.e. the coolant and the moderator driven by two circulation loops with different average temperatures, characterize the system design. In those conditions, during the early phase of a depressurization transient, the ‘hot’ coolant vaporizes and the colder moderator remains in the liquid phase: a positive void coefficient is created. The relevance of the Large Break Loss of Coolant Accident (LBLOCA) in safety assessment is discussed with emphasis given to the system design features, the approach pursued in the analysis and the key results. Break opening time and time of occurrence of the safety boron injection affect, during the early period of the transient, the propagation of (negative) pressure wave, the fluid flashing, the heat transfer and the neutron flux: a fission power excursion is expected to occur. The analysis of a complex three-dimensional situation, considering the unavoidable uncertainties associated with the computation, demonstrates that safety limits are preserved.

Research on Time-Dependent Failure Modeling Method of Integrating Discrete Dynamic Event Tree With Fault Tree

Classical PRA methods such as Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) and Event Tree Analysis (ETA) are characterized as static methods due to predetermined event sequences and success criteria of frontline systems. Unlike classical PRA, Dynamic PRA (DPRA) couples the stochastic random process such as random failure of system with deterministic analysis（by simulation）to determine the risk level of complex systems. It considers the safety significance of the timing and order of events on accident progression and consequences. However, it is time-consuming to establish a complicated system simulation model with all safety systems, equipment in an accident. Meanwhile, thousands of accident scenarios are generated due to various state transitions and parameter uncertainty. In fact, most of accident scenarios in nuclear power plants have been modeled for risk analysis using classical PRA models (such as ET). Some of the components to be analyzed could be modeled by a ETs and FTs, instead of establishing a computationally expensive simulation model. However, it is still challenging to combine the classical PRA method with the dynamic PRA method. For dynamic PRA, timing of events is explicitly modeled while the classical PRA model defines Boolean logic variables (such as True, False, Normal). Therefore, the method requires that these models must be able to handle Boolean logic variables and the timing of specific events. So in this paper, an integration model is illustrated about how to couple the time-dependent simulation model with the probabilistic analysis. Then possible dependencies and configuration consistency issue accounted for Discrete Event Tree (DET) branch probabilities are discussed. After that, a detailed method of integration FT into DET is introduced which emphasizes method of computing the conditional branch probability with FTs online, as well as developing the DET model in case of temporal relations of failure. Finally, a simple case of Low Pressure Injection System in Large Break Loss-of-Coolant Accident (LBLOCA) scenario is provided as a demonstration.