Large Amount Of New Information Research Articles

Universal and Stemness-Related Tumor Antigens: Potential Use in Cancer Immunotherapy

After a decade of cancer immunotherapy (both active and adoptive), based on the use of well-defined tumor-associated antigens (TAA), and despite the large amount of new information that has been collected both in preclinical and clinical settings, the clinical outcome of immunotherapy trials has

Architectural Alternatives for Information Filtering in Structured Overlays

Content providers are naturally distributed and produce large amounts of new information every day. Peer-to-peer information filtering is a promising approach that offers scalability, adaptivity to high dynamics, and failure resilience. The authors developed two approaches that utilize the chord distributed hash table as the routing substrate, but one stresses retrieval effectiveness, whereas the other relaxes recall guarantees to achieve lower message traffic and thus better scalability. This article highlights the two approaches' main characteristics, presents the issues and trade-offs involved in their design, and compares them in terms of scalability, efficiency, and filtering effectiveness.

Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease: Seventeen Causative Genes

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is the most common form of inherited motor and sensory neuropathy. Moreover, CMT is a genetically heterogeneous disorder of the peripheral nervous system, with many genes identified as CMT-causative. CMT has two usual classifications: type 1, the demyelinating form (CMT1); and type 2, the axonal form (CMT2). In addition, patients are classified as CMTX if they have an X-linked inheritance pattern and CMT4 if the inheritance pattern is autosomal recessive. A large amount of new information on the genetic causes of CMT has become available, and mutations causing it have been associated with more than 17 different genes and 25 chromosomal loci. Advances in our understanding of the molecular basis of CMT have revealed an enormous diversity in genetic mechanisms, despite a clinical entity that is relatively uniform in presentation. In addition, recent encouraging studies - shown in CMT1A animal models - concerning the therapeutic effects of certain chemicals have been published; these suggest potential therapies for the most common form of CMT, CMT1A. This review focuses on the inherited motor and sensory neuropathy subgroup for which there has been an explosion of new molecular genetic information over the past decade.

Contaminants in Canadian arctic biota and implications for human health: Conclusions and knowledge gaps

This paper summarizes the major findings of the special issue entitled “Contaminants in Canadian Arctic Biota and Implications for Human Health.” The individual papers and reviews in this special issue present a large amount of new information on contaminants in biota primarily from the Canadian arctic as well as from Alaska, Greenland and the European Arctic. Temporal and spatial trends are examined and potential biological effects on wildlife are assessed. The special issue also presents new and updated data on human exposure to and possible health effects of current levels of environmental contaminants in the Canadian Arctic. As part of the assessment of the human health implications, the unique structures and processes that have developed in the Canadian Arctic under the Northern Contaminants Program (NCP) of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada to build partnerships and manage and communicate the benefits and risks associated with contaminant exposure are discussed. Application of this information in international forums to reduce anthropogenic emissions of contaminants to the environment is also discussed.

Applying the mathematical theory of stochastic processes to lunar and planetary science: the ancient oceans on Mars case

The Mathematical Statistics Theory (MST) and the Mathematical Theory of Stochastic Processes (MTSP) are different branches of the more general Mathematical Probability Theory (MPT) that represents different aspects of some physical processes we can analyze using mathematics. Each model of a stochastic process according to the MTSP can provide one or more interpretations in the MST domain. The importance of MTSP is that each such interpretation can provide large amount of new information. While large body of work on the impact crater statistics according to MST has already been done, it is yet to be investigated as to how we can model a stochastic process according to MTSP; for example, bombardment of the planetary surface or something else in a Lunar and Planetary Science (LPS) domain. In order to show possible achievements, the possible existence of a Martian ocean was chosen as a query that could be addressed through computations using presumptions according to MTSP, including probability of existence as well as lateral and vertical extent and duration of time. While the presumptions for this particular case will also be addressed in certain degree, this will be done primarily to show complexities of some physical process that can be modeled, rather than to prove correctness of the concrete values computed here. While this in itself can be the objective in some future work toward the formal proof of the probability, extent, and timing of oceans on Mars, the basic idea here is to show the basic principles of MTSP, and its potential for addressing LPS-related phenomena. Here, I attempt to show how this approach can: (1) provide large amounts of previously unknown information about physical processes on the surface of the planet, (2) lead to a better understanding of the processes that have shaped the surface of the planet, and/or (3) help constrain the amount of resurfacing. Coupled with other current methodologies, MTSP can result in a better understanding of the history of Mars, as well as other lunar and planetary bodies.

The IUE Spectra of Three Optically Narrow‐Line O vi Planetary Nebulae: NGC 1501, IC 1747, and IC 1297

The IUE spectra of NGC 1501, IC 1747, and IC 1297 have been analyzed with the Final Archive NEWSIPS processing and contain a large amount of new information. The UV spectra of the first two objects have received very little attention up to now, although they belong to the astrophysically rare but important group of planetary nebulae that exhibit O VI, O VII, and O VIII emission lines. Terminal wind velocities in the range -2500 < V∞ < -3880 km s-1 were derived for the three objects from P Cygni profiles of the O V λ1371 and C IV λ1549 lines and are thought to be the first detection of stellar winds for these planetaries. Electron densities for IC 1297 have been redetermined, and more than 60 emission lines were identified.

Concise dictionary of biomedicine and molecular biology

Rapid advances in science, medicine, and molecular biology have created a large amount of new information on biomedicine and molecular biology. Keeping up with the latest information can become a cumbersome task for professionals and students working in these fields. Updated to include new terminology and accurate characterizations of previously ex

Parents' perceptions of decision making for children.

Futile treatment. Do not resuscitate (DNR). These terms and the thoughts they evoke may be unfamiliar to families with ill children. Similarly, laws, such as the Americans with Disabilities Act or the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act, are probably unfamiliar. Yet these terms and laws, and, more important, their implications, are part of a new world of health care into which more families are thrust—the world of wrenching and complicated decisions.Although the number of these situations is increasing and even predictable, the infrastructure of support services for families dealing with these medical decisions for seriously ill children has not been adequately addressed or developed. Parents know that some children are born with or develop serious illnesses and die. Amid absorbing large amounts of new information and interpreting the parameters and implications of what they are learning about their child's condition, families are forced by circumstances to assess—and to act on—their most critical, and perhaps previously unexamined, values.

Biological role of lactoferrin.

Lactoferrin is an iron-binding protein closely related in structure to the serum iron transport protein transferrin. Unlike transferrin, only traces are normally present in serum, and it is instead found mainly in milk and other external secretions, and in the secondary granules of neutrophils. Although lactoferrin was first isolated 30 years ago, its biological role remains unclear. Some aspects of its function were discussed about 12 years ago in this journal,' and this review will attempt to reassess the function of lactoferrin in the light of the large amount of new information that has accrued since then. Knowledge of the structure of lactoferrin has been advanced by recent x ray crystallographic studies, and the structure and iron binding properties of lactoferrin are reviewed in detail elsewhere.2 Briefly lactoferrin, like transferrin, reversibly binds two ferric ions, for which synergistic binding of an anion, usually bicarbonate or carbonate, is necessary. However, its affinity constant for iron is 300 times greater than that of transferrin, and even in the presence of a competing iron chelator such as citrate it can retain iron down to pH 3 or less while transferrin loses it at pH 5. Unlike transferrin, lactoferrin is strongly basic. Human lactoferrin has been cloned and sequenced4 and the recombinant protein expressed in baby hamster kidney cells.5 bearing in mind when considering its possible biological function. Human milk contains 3-6-12-5 ,umol/l of iron, and of this only 60-70% is in the whey fraction, the remainder being in the lipid fraction (11-20%) or bound to casein (2-14%). As a consequence, milk lactoferrin is only 6-8% saturated with iron, presumably because of the difficulty in gaining access to iron in the lipid fraction or casein micelles.

The postantibiotic effect

A large amount of new information about the PAE has been generated over the past 15 yr. We know how the presence or absence of a PAE varies for different antibiotics and micro-organisms. We also know how its duration is altered by concentration, exposure time, and environmental conditions. Studies in animals demonstrate clearly that the PAE can be an important determinant of the optimal dosing frequency for different antibiotics. However, application of these findings to the treatment of infections in humans has been slow. The clinical success of once-daily dosing of amino-glycosides in initial trials suggests that the PAE does have clinical importance. Whether its presence will allow other antimicrobial agents to be dosed less frequently in the future can only be demonstrated in further clinical trials.

A comparison of the coverage of clinical medicine provided by BIOSIS Previews and Medline

A comparison of the coverage provided by BIOSIS Previews (BP) and Medline databases was carried out by VOGIN, a group of professional searchers based in The Netherlands. The area chosen was clinical medicine, and the group looked at problems requiring diagnosis and treatment. The data provided by this study show that while it is more economical to use Medline, BP provides a greater degree of completeness and often provides an unexpectedly large amount of new information. A strong point of BP is its coverage of abstracts of books and meetings, which are either not provided or difficult to find in Medline.

Postnatal construction of neural circuitry in the mouse olfactory bulb

We have undertaken a quantitative analysis of the mouse olfactory bulb to address several major questions concerning the development of neural circuitry in the postnatal mammalian brain. These are: (1) To what degree are new elements and circuits added during maturation? (2) How long do such processes go on? and (3) Does postnatal development involve a net addition of circuits and their constituent elements, or is there elimination of some portion of an initial surfeit? Using male mice of known age, weight, and length, we measured the overall size of the bulb, the numbers of processing units (glomeruli) within the bulb, the extent and complexity of postsynaptic dendrites within the glomeruli, and the number of synapses in different regions of the bulb. Between birth and the time mice reach sexual maturity at 6-7 weeks of age, the bulb increases in size by a factor of 8, the number of glomeruli by a factor of 4-5, the length of mitral cell dendritic branches by a factor of 11, and the number of glomerular and extraglomerular synapses by factors of 90 and 170, respectively. Each of these parameters increases steadily from birth, in concert with the enlargement of the olfactory mucosa, the overall growth of the brain, and indeed, of the entire animal. We found no evidence of an initial surfeit of processing units, dendritic branches, or synapses. Further elaboration of neural circuitry by each of these measures is also apparent from the time of sexual maturity until the animals reach their full adult size at about 10-12 weeks of age. The developmental strategy in this part of the mouse brain evidently involves prolonged construction that persists until the growth of the body is complete. This ongoing elaboration of neural circuitry in the postnatal mammalian brain may be relevant to understanding a number of unexplained developmental phenomena, including critical periods, the ability of the juvenile brain to recover from injuries that would cause severe and permanent deficits in older animals, and the special ability of the maturing brain to encode large amounts of new information.

Carbonaceous materials as components of cometary dust

Recent exploration of comet Halley by space missions and ground-based observations have allowed to acquire a large amount of new information on cometary materials. In particular, IR spectroscopy has evidenced two pronounced and structured emission features at around 3.28 and 3.37 μm. Different kinds of gaseous molecules and/or solid grains including CH-X bonds have been proposed as possible carriers of the bands. In the past years, laboratory experiments have allowed to characterize the physical and optical properties of different classes of carbonaceous materials. The absorption properties measured for some of them are here used to fit the cometary features and to identify - if possible - the most probable carriers of these bands.

Regulation and organization of connective tissues.

It is difficult to study the regulation and interactions of the connective tissue macromolecules in vivo. However, studies of genetically determined diseases of the connective tissues have yielded a large amount of new information in these areas. Specific molecular defects can then be correlated with the functional and pathological changes in the tissues. We have concentrated on this approach which takes advantage of the large number of families with genetic diseases who come to our Hospital from all parts of Australasia and also takes advantage of developments in molecular biology in our Unit which were initiated with a RACS John Mitchell Crouch Fellowship. In addition to these studies on naturally occurring mutations we are also studying specific mutations that we are able to produce in specific regions of the collagen molecule. Another approach takes advantage of a unique model culture system developed in our Unit. These studies will be supplemented by various collaborative projects such as current ones involving smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis, bone cells metabolism and myelofibrosis in leukaemia.

A new and original practical method for detecting the spectral properties of monolayers of molecular material on homogeneous inhomogeneous substrates

A theoretical method is described of using power reflection spectroscopy to detect the spectral properties of layers of molecular material on homogeneous or inhomogeneous solid substrates. Results are presented for non-reflective, partially reflecting and highly reflecting substrates at various angles of incidence in σ and π polarisation. At angles near the Brewster angle of the substrate the nature of the spectrum in pi polarisation is such that a spectral feature due to a surface layer only 1.0 Å thick is visible in the form of a small “blip” on a constant background. For non-metallic and metallic substrates the spectrum is extremely sensitive to the thickness of the liquid layer, polarisation, and angle of incidence, so much so that this method provides a large amount of new information per experiment, much more so than conventional absorption spectroscopy.

Time variations in the Earth's gravity field detectable with geopotential research mission intersatellite tracking

The Geopotential Research Mission (GRM) is a proposed system of two artificial satellites in tandem, drag‐free polar orbits of low altitude (∼160 km) designed for a detailed global mapping of the earth's gravitational and magnetic fields. The mission should provide a large amount of new information about the gravity field, particularly over continents, resolving spatial variations in the gravity field as short as 100 km (half wavelength). However, GRM should also perform a much more difficult task, the detection of time variations in the gravity field. Among the effects which produce changes in the field that are large enough to be detected by the intersatellite millimeter wavelength (∼ 1 μ/s precision) GRM sensor are the following: (1) rebound from ancient deglaciation, (2) very large dip‐slip earthquakes, (3) detailed ocean tides, and (4) the seasonal growth and decline of continental glacial fields. In particular, many nonzonal as well as zonal components affected by postglacial rebound should be detected in a 6‐month GRM mission. Repeat passes over the fault zones of earthquakes similar to Alaska (1964), Chile (1960), or Sumbawa (1977) should reveal signal changes due to their earth movements. The effect of ocean tides on the GRM signal should be readily detectable over a broad band of frequencies even if all but 10% of the tides are correctly modeled. Continued geophysical interest in these now largely unobserved phenomena warrants extension of the GRM mission to somewhat higher altitudes.

Recent advances in knowledge about beta-adrenergic receptors: Application to clinical cardiology

The properties of beta-adrenergic receptors in the cardiovascular system have been studied in the past by two experimental approaches, which can be termed pharmacologic and biochemical. In the pharmacologic approach, the nature of a drug interaction with receptors is deduced from alterations in the physiologic properties of the tissue caused by administration of various concentrations of the drug. Many important concepts about beta-adrenergic receptors have come from such indirect pharmacologic studies. The biochemical approach directly assesses the interaction of drugs with beta-adrenergic receptors by studying the binding of radiolabeled antagonists and agonists with the receptor. This relatively new approach has provided a large amount of new information regarding the intrinsic properties of beta-adrenergic receptors and modification of these properties by physiologic stresses, administration of drugs and disease states. The biochemical approach has also been applied recently to the study of beta-adrenergic receptors in human beings. In the future, substantial clinically relevant new information regarding the nature of beta-adrenergic receptors in physiologic and pathologic conditions should result from application of a combination of the biochemical and physiologic approaches to studies in human beings.

Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 175

The 1965 version of Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 175 has been revised on the basis of experimental data received prior to April 1975. Experimental data, arguments for J π-assignments, and detailed level schemes are presented. A large amount of new information is given for the 175Yb, 175Lu, and 175Hf level schemes. Very little is known about the decays of 175W and the more neutron-deficient isobars in this A-chain. Unless stated otherwise, all energies in this compilation are given in keV.

Nuclear data sheets for A= 70

The 1966 version of the Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 70 has been revised on the basis of experimental data received before June 1, 1972. Experimental data, arguments for J π assignments, and detailed level schemes are presented. A large amount of new information is given for the 70Zn, 70Ga and 70Ge level schemes, while essentially no new information is available for the level schemes of 70Cu and 70As.

Postoperative pain: Research and treatment

An attempt has been made to collect the large amount of new information which has become available in the past ten years concerning postoperative pain, its characteristics, its use for research, and its treatment. With a better understanding of the postoperative patient, it is hoped that an improved treatment of this common and neglected painful state will result. Part of this improvement awaits the discovery of an ideal analgesic drug, and this challenge remains. The rest of the improvement awaits the intelligent use of available drugs, good nursing care, and a consideration of the psychologic needs of the patients.