Level Language Research Articles

Socio-Pragmatic Functions of Greeting Expressions in Teaching Turkish as a Foreign Language Textbooks

Greetings serve as a fundamental aspect of human communication, playing a pivotal role in establishing and maintaining social relationships. This research investigates the socio-pragmatic functions of greetings reflected in teaching Turkish as a Foreign Language (TFL) textbooks, aiming to shed light on how the intricate interplay between language, culture, and social interaction is reflected in teaching materials. With this aim, greeting exchanges from five different series of TFL textbooks were collected and analyzed. In the quantitative analyses, the frequency of each form and strategy of greetings were determined in the data. In the qualitative analyses, the classification and pragmatic functions of the greetings were investigated by analyzing different variables such as the gender of the speakers, time relations, familiarity between the speakers, formality/speaker roles, the speech context, and the photographic details accompanying greetings. The data was also analyzed according to Ebsworth et al.’s (1995) categorization of American greetings. The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) levels of the textbooks under focus were considered in the analyses. The findings showed that greeting forms have mostly been reflected in the A1 level according to the CEFR criteria and the most frequently reflected form of greeting in Turkish is merhaba (Ar. marhaba/Eng. hello) in the current data. In terms of the socio-linguistic/pragmatic and non-verbal aspects regarding greetings and the classification and the socio-pragmatic functions of greetings in TFL textbooks, various reflections of the role of greetings in shaping social interaction in Turkish culture were also displayed.

A Stylistic Analysis of William Shakespeare's Sonnet 73

This current study presents a stylistic analysis of William Shakespeare’s Sonnet 73. It is carried out by applying varied levels of language which include phonology, graphology, morphology, semantics, lexicology and syntax/grammar. As stylistics is a scientific discipline which is amply useful in furnishing both literary and linguistics knowledge and critical inspection, this study aims to find out how different stylistic and linguistic devices are employed by the poet in the poem understudy in order to interpret their meaning clearly. In addition, this analysis is useful in comprehending the essential concepts of poem, i.e., aging and death and enhancing its message which the poet communicates by dint of these diverse stylistic and linguistic tools/devices. Although, this sonnet is quite personal in tone but renders general reality as its theme is universal. The analysis reveals that Shakespeare's words give the text a particularly Shakespearean feel, bringing images to life. The repetitions and rhyme in the language give the words more depth, texture, and variety. Conjured images become vivid and sensory-appealing. The sonnet's use of archaic vocabulary gives it a sense of antiquity and infinity. These words were employed in a beautiful and formal way. It seems sense that Sonnet 73 has endured in popularity from the Middle Ages to the Present.

Desafíos de la Enseñanza Remota en Línea de los Profesores Mexicanos de Inglés durante la Pandemia COVID-19

The sudden remote teaching emergency as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic created a disruption to education forcing English Language teachers to immediately teach remotely from home. Therefore, the following mixed method research was performed through an online survey with the aim of knowing how the participants of different language levels confronted the situation. This study was conducted through an online questionnaire that had opened and closed ended questions that were applied to 34 English language teachers from the cities of Guadalajara, Guanajuato and San Luis Potosí in México. The data collection consisted of ten responses of the above-mentioned teachers with a total of 340 answers in data collection. Thus, the purpose of this article is primarily to provide insight and information on how the English teachers faced the challenges and coped with the situation of the pandemic. More in particular, this research informs how the 34 English language teachers felt, and demonstrates that despite of the numerous challenges, uncertainty, trauma, anxiety and stress that surrounded them, the majority of teachers were perseverant on teaching, and learning during the health contingency

Lingua-Cultural Identity in Translation: 'We' vs 'I' Cultures

Introduction: The influence of culture on translation has been a prominent feature of translation studies in recent decades. The place of cultural knowledge in the formation and development of a translator’s cultural competence, however, remains debatable. This paper argues that, in addition to general knowledge of a target culture (history, geography, literature, traditions, artefacts, etc.), it is crucial to be aware of the most important components of its deep culture, i.e., its social organization and worldview, which in turn have a major impact on identity. The study further develops the notion of I-culture vs We-culture and their respective identities. We suggest that an awareness of such cultural factors should form part of translators’ essential knowledge about language and their professional training.
 Purpose: The study aims to reveal linguistic and discursive manifestations of lingua-cultural identity in translating a Russian text into English. We explore nuances in the use of the pronouns we, our vs. I, my as well as some other markers of we-identity vs I-identity in the original Russian text of Vladimir Putin’s speech at the Valday discussion club meeting (2021), and how these were translated into English in the translation text.
 Method: Selection of a text containing sufficient examples; close reading to identify lexico-grammatical features; comparison of source text and translation; analysis of examples; drawing conclusions. The texts were subjected to contrastive lexico-grammatical, pragmatic, and discourse analysis. Sociolinguistic and cultural studies were used to interpret the results.
 Results: The findings suggest that a Russian text could express a more collective mindset than its English translation, which shows traces of what may appear a more personal/subjective focus. The study highlights the role of deep culture in discursive practices and demonstrates the relevance and effectiveness of an interdisciplinary approach to translation studies.
 Conclusion: The study confirms the fact that manifestation of lingua-cultural identity can be observed at all levels of language, as well as in communicative strategies, and discursive practices. The task of how to accurately render these nuances in translation is a taxing one that requires a comprehensive understanding of the role of deep culture in discursive practices.

Рекламний текст у сфері освітніх послуг: лінгвопрагматичний аспект (на матеріалі української та китайської мов)

The article discusses the linguistic features and pragmatic potential of advertising texts in the field of educational services. The most important factors that shape educational advertising have been identified, in particular, the specific object of advertising, an expressive target audience,the polycode character of the text and the types of advertising for strategic purposes. The features of the structure of advertisements for language courses as well as the semantic load of language units in terms of semantics and belonging to parts of speech in accordance with the elements ofthe repeating model of the advertising text are analyzed in detail. Language means also described. To expand upon the idea of this type of advertising text, Ukrainian and Chinese advertisements of language courses have been studied, with partiular reseach interest paid to the differences in theimplementation of pragmatic potential at different language levels.

Моделювання інноваційних програм розвитку комунікативної компетентности публічних службовців

The study highlights the issue of the development of the communicative competence of civil servants, heads of local state administrations, their first deputies and assistants, officials of local self-government, and local council deputies.
 The study focuses on the dynamics of advanced training programs offered for the continuous personal and professional development of persons authorized to perform the functions of the state and local self-government in the professional training system, the priority directions (topics) of which are: ways to improve the mastery level of the Ukrainian business language, communication and interaction, strategic communications, etc. The analysis is carried out on the case study materials of the Volyn Regional Center for Professional Development (formerly the Volyn Regional Center for Retraining and Professional Development of employees of state and local self-government bodies, state enterprises, institutions, and organizations). The author has considerable experience in cooperation with the Center from 2008 to 2023, in particular in the field of development and implementation of general and special short-term advanced professional training programs. Emphasis is laid on the need for more active implementation of distance learning technologies in the organization of the educational process, which is not limited to telecommunication. The study elucidates the specifics and content dominants of training programs for professional development in the context of the main aspects of language and communication activities of public servants at the beginning of the 21st century: work with documents (in particular, in the electronic document management system), the ability to conduct interpersonal and social dialogue (especially with the use of media), taking into account the principles of barrier-free communication, and the ability to speak in public.
 The study findings made it possible to design innovative programs/projects for the development of the communicative competence of public servants, which were developed following the principle of the practical orientation of training, taking into account military-political, social, and economic factors, as well as the individual needs of training participants (according to questionnaires), in particular, in conditions of martial law and post-war period.

The Notion of “Fascination” and “Fascinativity” in Linguistic Poetics Discourse

The study of phenomena that have the potential for verbal persuasive influence on the recipient as well as the identification and development of ways to counteract this influence are the challenges of modern linguistics. Poetry is considered to be one of the most ancient forms of verbal communication. The analysis of the nature of poetic text units provides the key not only to a deeper interpretation of the idea of a particular work but also to the explanation of general linguistic phenomena. The poetic discourse as a linguistic and creative environment regularly activates expressive and figurative potential of language units at different levels. Describing the processes of the grammatical level of poetic language, the terms “fascination” and “fascinativity” are often used. In this paper, the authors refer to the theoretical contributions of representatives of the Kharkiv School of Philology and scholars of other linguistic branches whose works are related to the issues of perception and apperception, and fascinativity of texts. Fascination is considered as an aspect of social communication complementary to information, and fascinativity as an ontological feature of a poetic text that is closely connected with the realisation of the author's supertask. Fascinativity is a basic notion, considered as a specific quality of the text – the ability to “enchant” the reader. Fascinativity is created by the author with the help of linguistic and discursive (in this case, poetic) means and affects the perception of poetry by the recipient. The research findings emphasise that the degree of fascinativity is strongly affected by all the immanent elements of a particular poetic text, the existing discursive practice, and tradition. The study of fascinativity features in a poetic text and fascination as an important aspect of social communication becomes convincing when scholars draw on recent research findings of modern linguists in the field of linguistic poetics. Combination of the communicative and linguistic poetics approaches allows to explain how the mechanism of fascination works in terms of communication and how the fascinativity of a poetic text and discourse is formed.

The Importance of Ethical Values in Explicit Music in English from a Parental Perspective

Given the significant influence of the English language in most Spanish educational centres in Spain as well as on main top popular music charts in this country, and considering the current crisis of ethical values on a global level, the aim of this study was to primarily assess the level of parental concern related to explicit language in songs in the English language and relate its connection with own ethical values. The instrument used to collect data was a Likert-scale based questionnaire (with 5 response-options) following the hypotheses of this study (Behaviour and emotions of minors; Level of English and understanding of the language, explicit music broadcasted globally and modification of ethical values if in a foreign language), which were defined through the structural equation model (SEM-PLS), a method recommended for studies in social sciences. A total of 160 responses were collected from parents/tutors claiming they had a lower-intermediate level of the English language and with children/students who were enrolled in different bilingual schools in Extremadura (Spain). Results actually revealed a relaxed attitude towards ethical values compromised by explicit language, should these be in a foreign language, therefore evidencing a different personal ranking of values in a foreign language.

INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION: BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES

A broad range of teamwork styles and practices characterizes the present state of science. Working together across organizational and cultural boundaries widens the horizons of scientific discovery. Collaborative research initiatives that span international borders frequently yield results that surpass the accomplishments of individual teams working alone. Collaboration among scientists is an essential aspect of the advancement of all scientific disciplines, particularly in the field of clinical medicine. Cultural and international diversity involvement in projects can be advantageous for scientific progress. However, it also brings specific difficulties, potential hazards, and drawbacks. Some of the significant difficulties identified are related to the physical distance between people and the variations in culture, language, and career level. This review analyzes the benefits and challenges associated with international scientific collaboration and strategies for effective collaboration.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RECEPTIVE AND EXPRESSIVE LANGUAGE INDICATORS IN PRIMARY SCHOOLCHILDREN WITH SEPTAL CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS

Highlights In recent years, congenital heart defects (CHD) have remained the most prevalent diseases in young children. Opinions on the health of children who have undergone cardiac surgery vary: for example, there are data in the literature indicating that speech disorders following cardiac surgery are present in 56% of cases, whereas cognitive disorders are present in 21% of cases. Aim. To study the level of development of receptive and expressive language in primary schoolchildren with septal congenital heart defects before surgical correction. Methods. The prospective study of children (n = 90) with septal congenital heart defects (atrium septal defect, n = 75; ventricle septal defect n = 15) before surgical correction was conducted at the Scientific Research Institute of Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases (Kemerovo). The anamnesis, clinical symptoms, hemodynamics and the level of speech development (receptive and expressive language) were studied.Results. In children with septal heart defects, speech disorders were noted in 82% of cases: 56% of children had common speech disorders, 26% had delayed speech development. Expressive language skills of these children can be often characterized by delayed development, which manifests in the form of articulation disorder, difficulties with grammar syntax and morphology, and pronunciation disorders. There were no statistically significant differences between the level of expressive language and the type of CHD (p = 0.125).Conclusion. Even in the absence of intracardiac hemodynamic disorders in children with septal CHD, detected neurodevelopmental delays at the preoperative period necessitates the implementation of the interdisciplinary approach in the management of children with such pathology.

Aesthetics of Poetic Language in the Dewan of "Nawhi"

This research, entitled "Aesthetics of Poetic Language in the Dewan of Nawhi", is an attempt to highlight the aesthetics of poetic language in general and the aesthetics of poetic language in particular in the poems of a little-known poet of Kurdish literature It is grammatically defined in the structure of Noah's poetic language, which includes both lexical and syntactic levels. Through examples of his poetic texts, the aesthetic aspects and levels of the poet's poetic language, ability and poetic experience have been identified and presented. To conduct this research, the method (analytical description) has been used to reveal the purpose and content of poetic texts and analyze them grammatically. To achieve the goal, the research is divided into an introduction and two topics, which theoretically discusses the concept and definition of poetic language and in practice covers the structure of Noah's poetic language in terms of grammar. Finally, the results are summarized in several points.

Using Dialogues to Support Critical Thinking: Implementing Collaborative Classrooms in Libya

University level students in Libya are not exposed to independent reading materials from other resources as parts of their university level. In reading courses, Libyan English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners are expected to develop reading habits that enable them to absorb information. To do so, they are required to develop adequate language level to comprehend texts. Critical reading that demands questioning to process the meaning of texts is not prioritized in Libyan tertiary classrooms. For these reasons building Libyan English language learners’ ability to read critically is really challenging. Directing reading courses to focus on critical reading have been a demanded part of English language programs for university students in Libya.
 The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the effectiveness of implementing reading activities that can be implemented in Libyan university reading classes to encourage Libyan teachers and learners to go beyond the basic reading skill that include decoding the basic meaning of texts and incorporate critical thinking while reading. The activities involved reading literary materials to encourage Libyan EFL learners to discuss their reading by working collaboratively with their peers. To provide background of the approach, the first part of the paper presents common problems found in the Libyan EFL tertiary classroom. Then the second part focuses on the innovative activities into Libyan EFL literary reading classes. The suggested activities are considered innovative because they have not been implemented in most Libyan language learning settings. Additionally, Libyan EFL learners responded positively towards the activities. The paper concludes by discussing the implications of the approach that can be applied to similar contexts of English language learning.

THE USE OF ENGAGE, STUDY, ACTIVATE (ESA) METHOD TO ENHANCE THE STUDENTS’ ABILITY IN WRITING DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

This research aimed at enriching the students’ writing ability particularly content and organization in writing descriptive text by using Engage, Study, Activate (ESA) Method. A pre-experimental design was employed with one group pre-test and post-test design. The sample was only one class consisting of 30 students that was selected by using purposive sampling technique. The data were obtained through writing test. Findings showed that the students’ mean score in pre-test was 4.23 and it was improved to be 7.2 in post-test. Therefore, the statistical computation described that Engage, Study, activate (ESA) Method was effective in improving the students’ writing ability in descriptive text. It is supported by the value of t-test that is bigger than the value of t-table (18.5>2.045). Therefore, the Alternative Hypothesis was accepted and the Null hypothesis was rejected. Designing the learning purpose appropriately which considers students’ needs and language level may ease teachers to use the Engage, Study, activate (ESA) Method in improving students’ writing descriptive text. The teachers may try to take advantage of Engage, Study, activate (ESA) Method to be utilized in their class room activities to conduct an effective and interesting learning atmosphere in the classroom.

Contrastive approach in teaching Ukrainian as a foreign language

The article continues a series of studies dedicated to teaching the Ukrainian language to foreign students who either know or have experience in studying Russian. This group comprises foreigners from post-Soviet countries, as well as foreign master’s and postgraduate students who previously studied in Ukrainian higher education institutions in Russian. In compliance with the Law on Education, they are now studying Ukrainian or learning it as the state language of their current country of study. The mastery of a new foreign language, as is commonly known, is built upon existing speaking experience, which determines the methodological necessity of comparing the systems of the known language with the language being studied. Such a comparative analysis allows the identification of common features in both languages and facilitates the application of previously acquired knowledge and skills in learning a new foreign language. Interference, understood as the interaction of different language systems, directly impacts the acquisition of a new language system. The foundation for studying and regulating interference processes lies in the contrastive approach. Contrastive linguistics aims to identify differences and similarities between modern languages, aiding in determining the directions of interference and explaining the cause of typical errors. In our previous articles, we explored interference effects when Russian-speaking foreigners studied the Ukrainian language, focusing on phonetics, grammar, and syntax. These studies involved a comparative analysis of the functional-communicative organization of sentences, exemplified by the examination of ways to express subject-predicate relations in Ukrainian and Russian. Functional-communicative grammar emphasizes the pivotal role of syntax as a system that organizes all other language levels. It views a sentence from a communicative organizational perspective as an utterance formed according to a specifically defined structural scheme, with the structural core being the predicate. The predicate designates specific positions for the participants in the situation described by the proposition (subject names or actants) and their quantity. The proposed article investigates various types of extenders for the predicative centre of sentences, considers primary methods of expressing object, meaning, and circumstantial relations in both simple and complex sentences, and highlights key differences in expressing these relations between Ukrainian and Russian. These differences merit the attention of Russian-speaking learners to prevent interference errors. The methodical recommendations provided herein may prove beneficial to teachers and methodologists in developing training programs, crafting textbooks, and designing teaching materials for Ukrainian language instruction tailored to specific groups of foreign learners. They also serve as valuable resources for novice teachers in preparing for practical classes.

Analiza statystyczna polsko-ukraińskiego interjęzyka – najtrudniejsze miejsca polskiej fleksji dla osób ukraińskojęzycznych

This paper presents part of a statistical analysis (SPSS) of the Polish-Ukrainian interlanguage which is currently being conducted. The presented part of the research pertains to the most difficult forms from the morphological level of the Polish language for speakers of Ukrainian who learn Polish as a foreign language, regardless of their declared level of language proficiency (A1+ ‒ B2+). The analyses presented in the article are of a qualitative nature. The questionnaire for the research into the interlanguage contained both correct and wrong forms (i.e. interferential forms extracted from the previous author’s corpus-based error analyses) – the respondent had to decide which form was correct. Therefore, the study concerns language intuition. The results of the research are convergent with the analyses of actual errors made by Ukrainians in their written assignments, which constitutes a motivation for further statistical analyses of the interlanguage with the use of the same research tool.

STEREOTYPES AS DISTORTING MIRROR OF REALITY

The purpose of the study is to analyze the mechanisms and causes of social stereotypes formation in modern world. The problem of stability and variability of ethnic stereotypes, as well as heterostereotypes (external stereotypes formed by representatives of one culture about another) and autostereotypes (myths about themselves that exist within the framework of the given culture) are considered. Modern society is characterized by stereotypical mindset. There are various stereotypes that exist at language level and may interfere in the process of intercultural communication. Intercultural perception is a key point in interaction of the representatives of different cultures, and ethnic stereotypes are an important component of intercultural perception. The mechanisms of forming stereotypes are connected with the peculiarities of human mindset and psyche. Mechanisms of stereotyping also include a person’s tendency to draw conclusions based on one’s own cultural experience. Once formed, stereotypes acquire а high degree of stability. They are difficult to modify and become a “distorting mirror”, in which the representatives of different groups are reflected in a blurred or distorted form. Language plays a leading role in creating stereotypes. Constant repetition of the same phrases, which acquire stability on the level of language within a course of time, leads to the fact that their meaning settles in the subcortex of the brain, and their perception takes place automatically, without the participation of higher consciousness. Language carries in itself a huge influencing power. Modeling the worldview of native speakers, it defines their actions and behavior not only on the interpersonal, but also on the social levels.

Мифопоэтика и фольклор в романе Э. Веркина «снарк снарк» в контексте новейшей отечественной литературы

One of the main trends of modern Russian literature (V. Pelevin, V. Sorokin, A. Rubanov, A. Starobinets, A. Ivanov, E. Nekrasova, etc.) — is constant appeal to myth and folklore as inexhaustible sources of plots, eternal images, ethical conflicts and aesthetic treasures. However, unlike classical forms of aesthetic development of myth and folklore, modern authors complicate the forms of dialogue with tradition as much as possible, presenting in modern prose such texts in which the mythological principle does not manifest itself in individual authorial neo-mythologism or at the level of language and character system, which, it would seem, is expected and sanctified by the serious history of a number of genres, for example a literary fairy tale or fantasy. Myth (including literary) and folklore can be woven into the fabric of a completely “realistic” artistic narrative, without being embodied in specific images that have a distinctly folkloric origin, without structuring the plot or even forming a genre-stylistic affiliation of the text. In such a case, various author’s strategies of mythopoetic or quasi-mythopoetic writing arise, generating works of a syncretic nature, one of which is E. Verkin’s latest novel “snark snark”, considered in the article.

Promotional Language (Hype) in Abstracts of Publications of National Institutes of Health–Funded Research, 1985-2020

Investigators applying for National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding increasingly use promotional language (or hype) that has the potential to undermine objective evaluation. Whether or not the same investigators use hype in subsequent research reports has yet to be investigated. To assess changes in the use of hype in journal abstracts reporting research funded by the NIH and to compare those trends with previously reported trends in the associated NIH funding applications. This cross-sectional study assessed trends (from 1985 to 2020) in the use of promotional adjectives in abstracts of journal articles reporting NIH-funded research, and then compared those trends with previously reported trends for the associated NIH funding applications. Articles included in analyses had abstracts available in PubMed. Absolute change for the 139 adjective forms that have previously been identified as representing hype in NIH funding applications was measured as the difference in frequency between 1985 and 2020. Relative change was measured as the percentage change in frequency in 2020 relative to 1985, or the first year of occurrence. Consistency of change was measured by the rank order correlation (Kendall τ). Concordance between longitudinal trends in the journal abstracts and NIH funding applications was measured by the rank-order cross-correlation. In a total of 2 394 480 journal abstracts, all 139 adjective forms were identified in 2 793 592 total occurrences. Among these adjectives, 133 increased in absolute frequency by 5335 words per million (wpm), with a mean (SD) relative increase of 1404% (2371%). The largest absolute increases were for novel (524 wpm), important (414 wpm), and key (378 wpm). The largest relative increases were for scalable (22 wpm [19 964%]), unmet (23 wpm [12 126%]), and tailored (40 wpm [8169%]). The mean (SD) correlation for all adjectives was 0.70 (0.30) with 95 adjectives showing a strong positive correlation (τ > 0.7; P < .001), 24 a moderate positive correlation (0.5 < τ < 0.7; P < .001), and 3 a moderate negative correlation (-0.5 < τ < -0.7; P < .001). The mean (SD) cross-correlation was 0.64 (0.19) with 61 of the 139 adjectives showing a strong positive cross-correlations (τ > 0.7; P < .001), 53 a moderate positive cross-correlations (0.5 < τ < 0.7; P < .001), and 3 a moderate negative cross-correlation (-0.7 < τ < -0.5; P < .001). In this analysis of journal abstracts reporting NIH-funded research from 1985 to 2020, levels of promotional language were found to be increasing and trends were closely associated with previously reported trends in the related NIH funding applications. This suggests that increasing levels of salesmanship may in part be a downstream effect of salesmanship infused during earlier stages of the research cascade.

გრამატიკალიზებული ადგა ფორმის ფუნქციურ-სემანტიკური ანალიზი

Language as a system of signs is a complex phenomenon. Full analysis of language means, on the one hand, studying the linguistic system and, on the other hand, studying the mechanisms of its functioning, i.e., analysing the interaction between deep and surface structures. At the same time, language is a constantly changing system. Changes occur on each level of language: in its phonological setup, its morphological system and its syntactic structures. Changes also apply to the field of semantics and pragmatics.The primary function of language – its use in communication – builds upon the linguistic inventory, which consists of lexical units and functional elements. The inventory of a language can be divided into different paradigmatic classes. Due to changes, a sign can be transposed from one paradigmatic class to another in natural languages. This type of change in a given language system is called grammaticalisation. Grammaticalisation is a well-known phenomenon in typology. During the process of grammaticalisation, a lexical unit looses its historically developed semantics and after its desemanticisation acquires some specific grammatical function; consequently, it becomes a functional element. In general, the change of lexical units into grammatical/functional elements is quite common in natural languages and it is characteristic for both nouns and verbs; however, the research methodology concerning them is different. In typological terms, grammaticalisation is particularly specific in the transformation of verb forms into functional elements. The process of grammaticalisation involves a change of the paradigmatic class of a linguistic sign. A change of this type does not occur at once, it is gradual, as a grammaticalisation process as Hopper says: “a change is only incompletely achieved at any given stage of language” (Hopper 2005:25). The present paper refers to the process of grammaticalisation, the functional and semantic analysis of grammaticalised items, and the ways to tackle the problems that arise in computer linguistics due to grammaticalised elements of verbal origin. The goal of the paper is to demonstrate the grammaticalised function of the verbal form a-dg-a (PR-stand-AOR.S3.SG) ‘stood up’ vs. ‘abruptly stopped an action and began a new one’ and the semantic and functional aspects of this form. The investigation uses both corpus-based and corpus-oriented methods and is carried out on the basis of the Georgian National Corpus (GNC; www.gnc.gov.ge). The empirical data are collected from the Old, Middle and Modern Georgian corpora, as well as the subcorpora of juridical and political texts. In order to search the functional and semantic characteristics of the grammaticalised form a-dg-a, we applied the methods of lexical substitution and elimination, and to describe the functions of the form, we used a language competency test. The results of the test are illustrated by charts. Functional elements create special difficulties in computational language processing, i.e. in computational linguistics. Today no one argues about the establishment of digital bases of spoken and written language and the importance of its processing with digital methods: in the 21st century, scientists’ efforts are rather aimed at creating and improving methods of artificial intelligence. The creation of systems for automatic recognition and analysis is one of the main tasks. This requires a thorough analysis of the linguistic system on phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic levels. Since the Georgian language material is not yet functionally processed in all its facets, the Georgian National Corpus does not possess an algorithm to distinguish functional elements from homonymous elements belonging to another paradigmatic class, which is an unsettled problem of disambiguation. The present paper describes the homonymy that is caused by the grammaticalisation of the form a-dg-a and the ways of removing the ambiguity in the GNC. On the basis of the collected data, it suggests rules which are illustrated by charts. We hope that the suggested rules will be a basis for an improvement of the corpus-internal mechanism of morphological analyis.

ON THE SEARCH OF NEW AESTHETICS IN CONTEMPORARY UKRAINIAN LITERATURE (BASED ON THE NOVELS OF MAKSYM DUPESHKO)

Modern Ukrainian literature reacts to the collapse of the postmodern project and the emergence of a new cultural logic - metamodernism. This article is an attempt to prove it on the example of an analysis of the work of a modern Ukrainian writer. Maksym Dupeshko’s novels «The Story Worth an Entire Apple Orchard» [Istoriia varta tsiloho yablunevoho sadu] (2017) and «Near the Carriage under a Dead Fox» [Bilia karety pid mertvym lysom] (2021) served as the artistic material for the study. A scrupulous analysis of the novels testifies to the writer’s sensitivity to tectonic shifts in modern aesthetics. Both novels work with the phenomenon of the influence of historical memory on the present. And the strategies used by the author fully illustrate the theses of metamodernism theorists: oscillation between pre-modern, modern, and post-modern practices; fragmented «I» and attempts to integrate it into newmeaningful configurations; finding the multiplicity of human subjectivity; transition from parataxis to metaxy; a movement from melancholy to hope. Maksym Dupeshko’s texts testify listening to a new sensuality. The writer is not afraid to search for the truth, to be simple (both at the level of language and at the level of transmitted ideas), he consciously uses banality, he is deliberately pathetic, oscillates from irony to seriousness, from naivety to sincerity, always, however, without approaching cynicism. «The Story Worth an Entire Apple Orchard» is a novel-reflex on the modern Russian-Ukrainian war. The credit of the novel is that in its area there is a very important for our literature a change of modes in the artistic interpretation of reality — a transition from the obvious to the significant, after that we will no longer be ashamed to be heroes, to be from the provinces, to seek God and places of strength, we willstop confusing naivety and sincerity. «Near the Carriage under the Dead Fox» is a novel-anamorphosis - a construction that seems absurd to us if we look at it directly, but when we change the angle of view, it acquires clear and recognizable outlines. This novel engages the reader in the quest, it demonstrates a way to look into our modern existence - an endless chaos of things, events, ideas, aesthetics, fragments of sleeps, fragments of destinies, parts of dreams, hallucinations and fantasies.