Language Games Research Articles

Языковая игра как способ стилизации детской речи (на примере романов “Room” Э. Донохью, “All the Lost Things” М. Сакс и “Florence and Giles” Дж. Хардинга)

This article is devoted to the speech of child narrators in novels written for an adult audience. Several studies that consider the speech of child characters note that it is stylized as a child’s with the help of various linguistic means. These include a language game. The article analyzes the use of this technique as a way of stylizing the speech of a child narrator through the example of modern English-language novels Room (Emma Donoghue, 2010), All the Lost Things (Michelle Sacks, 2019), and Florence and Giles (John Harding, 2010). These novels have been chosen because all of them have child narrators, aged 5, 7 and 12 respectively. The analysis shows that a language game can be used both as the main means of stylizing a child’s speech (Florence and Giles) and as a minor one, along with others (Room, All the Lost Things). In the novel Room, the language game manifests itself in the use of conversion, word formation with the help of the suffix -ness, word composition. In All the Lost Things, the language game is mainly represented by word composition. In the novel Florence and Giles, an intentional language game serves as the main means of stylizing a child’s speech. The narrator’s speech is full of occasional expressions formed with the help of conversion, prefixation, suffixation and word composition, reinterpretation of set expressions. An analysis of ontolinguistic studies shows that language game is present in the speech of children. It can be either unintentional, which is associated with situations of cognitive and language deficit, or intentional, which is due to the child’s desire to express themselves in speech. The correlation between the found examples of language game and the real characteristics of children’s speech allows for the conclusion that the depiction of language game is a plausible way of stylizing children’s speech.

On Quantum Causality

For Kant causality is an a priori category of the understanding, a necessary condition for the possibility of any experience. Later Wittgenstein’s philosophy rejects transcendentalism. We can only speak of causes and effects if in some basic situations, or ‘language games’, we already treat some things as causes of what happens. Since the notion of cause becomes meaningful only within a language game, it is not unambiguous. Quantum causal language games presuppose the use of quantum theory. We treat the latter as Wittgenstein’s grammar of a quantum form of life’, or rule (norm), anchored in its applications — quantum phenomena as language games. Quantum correlations are often interpreted as a manifestation of the nonlocality of quantum mechanics. This is a view of quantum phenomena from the perspective of classical physics. Our contextual point of view rejects the nonlocality of quantum theory in the sense of instantaneous causal influence at a distance. But it does not admit its locality in the sense of classical causality either. We introduce the notion of quantum causality which allows us to treat quantum correlations as local, but context-dependent. Their formal cause is an entangled wave function. Any particular quantum correlation, identifiable in a context of its observation as a result of the wave function reduction, post factum can be treated as a classical causal correlation. From the point of view of the proposed contextual quantum realism, epistemology is secondary, and ontology is sensitive to context. Quantum correlations exist (are real) before application of the theory, independently of their identification (description, measurement), but have no identity, which appears only as a result of application of the theory and their identification in the context. In other words, they are real, but not pre-determined, not autonomous.

USING LANGUAGE GAMES IN TEACHING ENGLISH TO STUDENTS OF LOCAL UNIVERSITIES

The article is based on the theory of language games and the role of language games in teaching to show the principles of using language games in teaching such as preparation before organizing games, game instruction, game conduct, player engagement, and evaluation; At the same time, propose 4 measures to use language games in teaching English to students of local universities to create a fun and engaging learning atmosphere; help students master knowledge, excitedly practice skills in using English effectively in communication.

THE ROLE OF POSITIVE COMMUNICATION IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN’S SPEECH DEVELOPMENT

The paper presents the possibilities for implementing the principles of positive psychology in encouraging speech development of preschool children. Positive communication in kindergartens has not been given much attention in previous research, thus the paper represents a contribution to the study of positive education at preschool age. Examples from teaching practice show that it is possible to integrate the principles of positive education into the project approach, fostering positive communication in preschool classes. Teacher’s verbal expression is a model that children imitate. Therefore, for the development of positive communication in children, it is necessary for the teacher to master communicative strategies, that is, to speak calmly, politely, with a smile and without negative wording. In order to improve children’s communication skills, the teacher needs to examine the level of development of their language skills. It could be done by using standardized tests. Based on the obtained research results, the teacher makes plans to work on the development of children’s communication skills. Language games have a positive effect on children’s speech development, as well as on their overall psychophysical development. In addition to being fun, language games also contribute to personal development. Teachers should encourage children to experiment with language forms. In this way, through personal achievements, children build self-confidence. The games also contribute to establishing positive relationships among children.

Интернет-мем в семиозисе комического в свете активных процессов в интернет-коммуникации

The work deals with semiotic and linguistic means of creating the comic in polycode Internet memes in modern Internet communication in Russian. The material of the study is polycode Internet memes discovered by the authors in the process of Internet monitoring of the Runet in the period from 2010 to 2023. The postulate of “two worlds exisnence”, “doubling of the reality” as the main principle of comic semiosis and its pragmatics is formulated. The paper also discusses models of interaction between verbal and non-verbal components in a comic Internet meme: non-verbal and verbal components are somehow correlated in semantic and/or emotional terms; the verbal component is logically opposed to the non-verbal one; the verbal and non-verbal components belong to logically incompatible conceptual areas. It is noted that the functioning of humorous Internet memes is based on a “language game”. As a means of creating a comic effect, such varieties of “language game” as word-formative game, semantic game, phonetic game and pragma-semantic game are analyzed. It is concluded that the Internet meme is a multi-level semiotic instrument for creating comic in the environment of modern Internet communication, actively exploiting its specific properties such as polycodeness, interactivity and intertextuality.

Objections to Davidson’s Theory of Agency and Actions

Davidson’s theory of agency aims to solve the dilemma that the same action can be both intentional and not intentional. He explains primitive actions using primarily bodily movements and argues that event-causality can be described through the “accordion effect”, but not agent-causality. And Davidson uses reasons as causes to explain the actions and responds to five objections. In this paper, I critique Davidson’s argument, pointing out that he ignores certain factors in the belief-desire model, such as emotions. And his sentence holism has a problem because individual words that express complete thoughts can explain actions in language games. As a result, Davidson’s criticism of Wittgenstein is not reasonable.

Fonološka i fonemska svesnost kao preduslovi početnog čitanja i pisanja

The paper aims to examine the frequency of application of language games and activities in the function of developing phonological and phonemic awareness in preschool children. It examined how children's stay in preschool affects the development of their speech. The opinions of forty-six educators on this issue were analyzed using a survey. The main conclusion of the research is that educators often apply language games and activities to develop phonological and phonemic awareness in preschool children.

Carnivalisation in the Vocabulary of Modern Russian and Chinese Languages

The article is devoted to carnivalization in the vocabulary of the modern Russian and Chinese languages. The study uses the extracts from the contexts of corpora and live media speech in China and Russia as the material. The paper scrutinizes the active use of Russian and Chinese buzzwords, which is viewed as carnivalization in modern vocabulary. The author examines in detail the following aspects of carnivalization in the lexicon of modern Russian and Chinese: widespread use of borrowed words (internal and external), semantic reinterpretation of literary words in new meanings and creation of numerous occasionalisms through language games. The article pays particular attention to the study of the results of carnivalization in modern Russian and Chinese. One can say, that the abuze of buzzwords can also be risky for one’s image. The results of the analysis allow us to draw some particular conclusions that may interest readers in our study: the carnivalization of vocabulary is closely related to the culture of comicality; in the modern language, buzzwords are rapidly activated, the lexical carnival surely becomes universal and manifests itself not only in Russian, but also in Chinese. On the one hand, the speakers, who use carnivalization, express themselves to a sufficient extent with buzzwords, overcoming banality and social isolation, on the other hand, they cause immense misunderstanding and create alienation between different social groups. The author’s contribution to the study is the extraction of examples for analysis from the texts of linguistic corpora and media in Russian and Chinese. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that the article analyzes carnivalization in vocabulary for the first time, taking into account the language fashion, using examples of modern Russian and Chinese languages. The article may be interesting to specialists in theoretical, applied and comparative linguistics.

A Study on the Usage of the Board Race Game; as a Grammar Retention Strategy for English as a Second Language (ESL) Learners

Language games are often recognized as one of the important components when teaching and learning English, in a Second Language classroom. Conversely, in the traditional classroom setting, playing games is believed to be highly unproductive. Given that, this study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of language games as a grammar retention strategy for ESL learners. The study was conducted at All Saints’ College, Sri Lanka using a mixed methods research approach where the sample groups were experimented and observed in two settings: the traditional classroom and the game-based approach. For data collection, all three classes of grade six, with 30 students in each, were classified randomly as the experimental group and the two control groups. While the experimental group was exposed to the game, “The Board Race” when teaching irregular past tense, the control groups were taught the same without the game. According to the results which were achieved from the t-test, through a comparison of the mean scores of the pre-test and two post-tests, the experimental group exceeded the two control groups with higher mean values, during the immediate retention stage and the delayed retention stages, proving that the two teaching methods have different influences on grammar retention. The above results were further confirmed by the positive responses of the experimental group in terms of behavioral, cognitive, and emotional engagement. Thus, this study suggests the need to incorporate games with text-based instructions in the ESL classroom, which is helpful for the students to retain grammar, in the long term.

Nazwy stacji rowerów miejskich i systemów wypożyczania rowerów w Polsce

The article is devoted to the names of urban bike stations and bicycle-sharing systems in Poland. The main naming types of urban bike stations are discussed using selected examples from across the country. The aim of the analysis was an attempt to show the similarities and differences in relation to other urban names, namely to the names of public transport stops). It was concluded that the same naming models were used in both types of onyms. The onomastic analysis of the names of bicycle-sharing systems aimed to indicate the main functions of these onyms. It has been shown that individual elements of the names of bicycle-sharing systems have a persuasive and identifying function, and language games were used to create the names.

Wittgenstein on Truth: Some Remarks on Paragraphs 134-137 of Philosophical Investigations

The main aim of this text is to explicate what paragraphs 134-137 of Philosophical Investigations say about truth. Nevertheless, I start with a discussion of the remarks on truth contained in the Tractatus because the thoughts expressed in the latter should be read in the context of the thoughts expressed in the former. According to my interpretation of paragraphs 134-137 of the Investigations, Wittgenstein aims to show that the relationship between the concept of truth and the concept of a proposition may consist in the fact that truth and falsity, in certain language games, are constitutive elements of what a proposition is, but it must be added that these concepts cannot be comprehended independently from each other. I also come to the conclusion that in his opinion the concept of truth is expressed in various ways in our language, it being conveyed by such expressions as “… is true” and “this is how things are: …”, and that this shows that while asserting that something is true one can emphasize, on the one hand, that it is a proposition that says that things are a certain way, and on the other, just the fact that things are thus and so.

LANGUAGE GAME AND MODAL GAME: CORRELATION OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS

LANGUAGE GAME AND MODAL GAME: CORRELATION OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS

"NEMIS TILI DARSLARIDA TIL O'YINLARI YORDAMIDA SUHBATLASHISH QOBILIYATLARINI RIVOJLANTIRISHNI O'RGANISH"

"NEMIS TILI DARSLARIDA TIL O'YINLARI YORDAMIDA SUHBATLASHISH QOBILIYATLARINI RIVOJLANTIRISHNI O'RGANISH"

Ways of transformation of phraseological units in the modern press

One of the ways of intellectualization of modern media is a language game, the manifestation of which can be attributed to the transformation of the form and meaning of phraseological units. The purpose of this article is to study the functioning of transformed phraseological units in modern press. The research is carried out on the material of phraseological units that have undergone structural and semantic transformations. The material was extracted from the modern press. The research is based on the use of introspective, interpretive and contextual methods of analysis, as well as the reception of quantitative processing of the material. The analysis has shown that in the modern press, the main methods of phraseological transformation are literalization, double actualization and contamination of meanings, replacement, addition or elimination of a component. Among them, the most common is double actualization. Through this technique, the journalist places the phraseologies in the context in which the direct and metaphorical meaning of its components are realized simultaneously. The journalist’s tendency to transform phraseological units to solve stylistic problems is due to his creative thinking and is explained by the desire for a language game with the addressee. As a rule, this phenomenon is observed in analytical articles. Creatively transformed phraseological units are most often found in the heading complex as a strong position of the text. The stylistic affiliation of transformed phraseological units is determined by the characteristics of the press. In newspapers published for a mass audience, phraseological units that are characteristic of colloquial speech and vernacular are often used. In publications for the intellectual addressee, phraseological units peculiar to book speech are regularly found. The transformation of stable expressions is an active, but still insufficiently studied, speech phenomenon.

Privacy, Dobbs v. Jackson, and the Constitutional Politics of Reproduction

The Supreme Court’s reversal of the right to abortion has significantly changed reproductive rights in the United States, and adversely affected the lives of potentially pregnant persons. The political fragility of the privacy right to abortion also raises questions about the practice and epistemic rules of American constitutionalism itself. In this essay, I situate the history of privacy under the Fourteenth Amendment’s due process clause in the tradition of legal reasoning. With Ludwig Wittgenstein’s On Certainty, I argue that the majority in Dobbs v. Jackson (2022) departs from this tradition. The upshot of this departure is that we now have a new interpretive language game battling a long established language game of interpretation–battling, that is, a constitutional tradition–in a contest to redefine how disagreement is transacted among justices and between the people and their government.

OCCASIONALISMS IN PIXAR STUDIO CARTOONS: LINGUISTIC FEATURES AND WAYS OF TRANSLATION

The relevance of the research topic is determined, on the one hand, by the active development and spread of the cartoon genre in the world and the need for high-quality Ukrainian translation of English-language animation products, on the other hand, by the need for the correct interpretation of unique linguistic units that are currently actively used in cartoons, which contributes to the quality of the translation of such products. The aim of the research is to determine the linguistic features and ways of translating occasionalisms used in English-language cartoons of the Pixar studio into Ukrainian. In the course of the research, both general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, comparison, contrasting) and the methodological apparatus of linguistics (methods of contextual, semantic, component, structural analysis), comparative linguistics (comparative method) and translation studies (transformational analysis) were applied. The conducted research demonstrates that occasionalisms are authorial, individual stylistic neologisms created to give imagery to an artistic text. In Pixar Studio cartoons, occasionalisms serve as a means of naming locations, groups of characters and individual characters, as well as phenomena that do not exist in the real world but exist in the world of Pixar. The main strategies for creating occasionalisms in Pixar cartoons are metamorphology (language games, puns) and paramorphology (onomastic formations, echo words, back-formation). Translational analysis allows to conclude that, when rendering occasionalisms in Pixar cartoons in the Ukrainian translation, it is possible to involve different levels of translation transformations, and the need to take into account the structure and semantics of the occasional word, as well as both plot and visual contexts of its use, which indicate to the translator the need to choose one or another way of translation.

«Дорогому БорФеду»: новонайденные инскрипты Ю.М. Лотмана из библиотеки Б.Ф. Егорова

The publication is a reproduction of twenty book inscripts by Yu.M. Lotman from the library of B.F. Egorov. These inscriptions on books, magazines and reprints of articles form a kind of dialogical form, definitely reminiscent of epistolary communication. The published inscripts are valuable evidence of comradely and collegiate communication between two remarkable scientists, who were connected by decades of productive cooperation. The first inscript is dated 1952, and the last one discovered is 1992. For the first time, the article presents the reproduction of Lotman’s drawing, which depicts the entire family of the scientist. The inscriptions are often built on a language game, they are playful and spontaneous, but still the basis of dedicatory inscriptions are those in which the enduring importance of friendship, collegiality and morality is emphasized. The scripts are printed from autographs kept in B.F. Egorov’s home library in St. Petersburg.

РАЗВИТИЕ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНЫХ СПОСОБНОСТЕЙ БУДУЩИХ ПЕДИАТРОВ ПОСРЕДСТВОМ ИНОЯЗЫЧНЫХ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНЫХ ИГР

Nowadays there is an increasing demand in society for specialists functioning at a high intellectual level, capable of producing new intellectual results not only in their native language, but also in foreign languages. This is especially important in the profession of a pediatrician, as the pediatrician is required to be ready for positive verbal interaction with the child. He or she must be able to establish contacts with his or her parents, as well as be able to consciously and independently choose means of treatment depending on the diagnosis of the patient. The article presents an analysis of the concepts of “abilities”, “intellectual abilities”, and a classification of their types. The authors present a series of intellectual games in a foreign language. The authors define the key concept of “intellectual ability” as a kind of individual’s abilities to create unique mental results of his cognitive actions and mental operations and apply them in various situations of professional communication in different languages. Special attention should be paid to the development of intellectual abilities in Russian universities, including foreign languages classes. It is necessary to activate the cognitive processes of students-pediatricians, to stimulate their thinking. To achieve this goal, the teacher is offered to create various problem-based situations and to present the students with problem-based tasks. The authors conclude that the use of intellectual games in foreign languages can significantly enhance the development of intellectual abilities of future pediatricians. The authors also propose criteria for diagnosing the intellectual abilities of future pediatricians in a medical university within the framework of a series of intellectual games.

Overview of artificial intelligence model watermarking

以神经网络为代表的人工智能技术在计算机视觉、模式识别和自然语言处理等诸多应用领域取得了巨大的成功，包括谷歌、微软在内的许多科技公司都将人工智能模型部署在商业产品中，以提升服务质量和经济效益。然而，构建性能优异的人工智能模型需要消耗大量的数据、计算资源和专家知识，并且人工智能模型易于被未经授权的用户窃取、篡改和贩卖。在人工智能技术迅速发展的同时，如何保护人工智能模型的知识产权具有显著学术意义和产业需求。在此背景下，本文主要介绍基于数字水印的人工智能模型产权保护技术。通过与传统多媒体水印技术进行对比，首先概述了人工模型水印的研究意义、基础概念和评价指标；然后，依据水印提取者是否需要掌握目标模型的内容细节以及是否需要和目标模型进行交互，从“白盒”模型水印、“黑盒”模型水印、“无盒”模型水印3个不同的角度分别梳理了国内外研究现状并总结了不同方法的差异，与此同时，对脆弱模型水印也进行了分析和讨论；最后，通过对比不同方法的特点、优势和不足，总结了不同场景下模型水印的共性技术问题，并对发展趋势进行了展望。;The deep neural networks(DNNs) -relevant artificial intelligence(AI) technique has been developing intensively in the context of such domains like computer vision, pattern analysis, natural language processing, bioinformatics, and games. Especially, AI models have been widely deployed in the cloud by technology companies to provide smart and personalized services. However, creating state-of-the-art AI models requires a lot of high-quality data, powerful computing resources and expert knowledge of the architecture design. Furthermore, AI models are threatened to be copied, tampered and redistributed in an unauthorized manner. It indicates that it is necessary to protect the AI models against intellectual property infringement, which yields researchers to concern about the intellectual property protection. Current techniques are concerned of digital watermarking for intellectual property protection of AI models, which is referred to AI model watermarking. The core of AI model watermarking is to embed a secret watermark revealing the ownership of the AI model to be protected into the AI model through an imperceptible way. However, unlike many multimedia watermarking methods that treat media data as a static signal, AI model watermarking is required to embed information into an AI model with a specific task. We cannot directly apply conventional multimedia watermarking methods to AI models since simply modifying a given AI model may significantly impair the performance of the AI model on its original task. It motivates people to design watermarking methods specifically for AI models. For embedding a watermark, the performance of the watermarked AI model on its original task should not be degraded significantly and the embedded watermark concealed in the watermarked AI model should be able to be extracted to identify the ownership of the AI model when disputes arise. Considering whether the watermark extractor should know the internal details of the target AI model or not, we can divide existing methods into two categories, i. e., white-box AI model watermarking and black-box AI model watermarking. For white-box AI model watermarking, the watermark extractor should know the internal details of the target watermarked AI model so that he can extract the embedded watermark from model parameters or model structures. For black-box AI model watermarking, the watermark extractor does not know the internal details of the target watermarked AI model, but he has the ability to query the prediction results of the target model in correspondence to a set of trigger samples. The trigger samples are carefully crafted. By checking whether the prediction results are consistent with the pre-specific labels of the trigger samples, the watermark extractor is capable of determining the ownership of the target watermarked AI model. A special case of black-box AI model watermarking is box-free AI model watermarking, in which the watermark extractor has no access to the target model. It means that the watermark extractor cannot know the internal details of the model and interact with the model. However, the watermark extractor can extract the watermark from any sample generated by the target model. The ownership can be verified via extracting the watermark from the output. In addition, fragile AI model watermarking has also been investigated recently. Unlike many methods that focus on robust verification, fragile model watermarking enables us to detect whether the target model was modified or not, thereby achieving integrity verification of the target model. To review the latest developments and trends, advanced methodologies in AI model watermarking are analyzed as mentioned below:1) the aims and objectives, basic concepts, evaluation metrics and technical classification of AI model watermarking are introduced. 2) Current development status of AI model watermarking is summarized and analyzed. 3) Such pros and cons are compared and analyzed as well. 4) The prospects for the development trend of AI model watermarking and the potentials of AI model watermarking in relevance to AI security are provided.

Language and other games of John Adams

Language and other games of John Adams