Rice Landraces Research Articles

Screening drought tolerance of Vietnamese rice landraces in the laboratory and net house conditions

Screening drought tolerance of Vietnamese rice landraces in the laboratory and net house conditions

Label-free non-invasive classification of rice seeds using optical coherence tomography assisted with deep neural network

Identification of the seed varieties is essential in the quality control and high yield crop growth. The existing methods of varietal identification rely primarily on visual examination and DNA fingerprinting. Although the pattern of DNA fingerprinting allows precise classification of seed varieties but fraught with challenges such as low rate of polymorphism amongst closely related species, destructive method of analysis and a huge cost involved in identification of robust markers such as simple sequence repeat (SSR) and single nucleotide polymorphisms. Here, we propose a fast, non-contact and non-invasive technique, deep learning assisted optical coherence tomography (OCT) for subsurface imaging in order to distinguish different seed varieties. The volumetric dataset of, (a) four rice varieties (PUSA Basmati 1, PUSA 1509, PUSA 44 and IR 64) and, (b) seven morphologically similar seeds of rice landrace Pokkali was acquired using OCT technique. A feedforward deep neural network is implemented for deep feature extraction and to classify the OCT images into their relevant classes. The proposed method provides the classification accuracy of 89.6% for the dataset of total 158,421 OCT images and 82.5% in classifying the dataset of total 56,301 OCT images collected from Pokkali seeds. The current technique can accurately classify seed varieties irrespective of the morphological similarities and can be adopted for the removal of varietal duplication and assessment of the purity of the seeds.

Colour based nutraceutical potential of some traditional rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica) varieties of India

Consumption of unpolished grain, rather than polished grain has become a modern trend and consumers are mainly putting their thoughts and effort to consume products with more antioxidant capacity. Rice is the main staple food and apart from being considered as the main source of energy, it contains many nutraceutical properties because of its enriched secondary metabolites. This study is an effort to bring back the indigenous traditional rice landraces that almost disappeared from the farm fields after the advent of the Green Revolution in India. This article focuses on colour-based nutritional properties of six coloured and four non-coloured indigenous rice varieties based on antioxidant potential, total phenol and flavonoid content along with secondary metabolites profiling by high performance liquid chromatography. The biochemical uniqueness of these varieties has been explored that opens the gate for the conservation of more indigenous rice varieties for food security, as a cheap source of nutritional food and to construct a better niche for public health in developing country like India.

Rice Landrace Conservation Practice through Collective Memory and Toraja Foodways

Many studies on rice landrace (Oryza sativa sbsp. indica) have been conducted by biodiversity, ethnobotany, and agroecology disciplines. The importance of rice landraces as genetic resources and the basics of human civilizations. Conservation landraces in Tumbang Datu and Pongbembe nowadays are affected by the following socio-cultural constraints: a) decline numbers of local varieties after the regional government-imposed funding to local communities to substitute new-high yield varieties, b) rice rites and landrace conservation are on the brink of extinction. This research explores daily behaviors that contribute to rice landrace conservations through the sociological approach of collective memory and symbolic interaction. Today’s generations use new meanings and symbols of rice derived from collective memories and virtues. Various interviewees practice mnemonic devices (what, why, who, where, when, and how) that reflect foodways. According to Blumer, social structures are networks of interdependence among actors that place conditions on their actions. In these networks, people act and produce symbols and meanings of rice to interpret their situations and to have their own set in a localized process of social interpretation. Moreover, the Toraja language is used as a bridge in communicating the past, present, and future to strengthening collective identity. This research uses a qualitative method to explore rice landrace conservation using open-ended questions, in-depth interviews, and Focus Group Discussions. A free-listing method was followed to gather interviewees’ collective memories of rice landraces. Findings show that a combination of methods, tradition-based conservation, and current scientific-technology-based conservation become a practice for promoting, educating, and stimulating the public and researchers to engage in landraces conservation. These findings suggest that the socio-cultural ecosystem and Blumer’s social network support new networks to deliver science in agricultural innovation policy. The results showed that collective memories and foodways create ways that would benefit rice landrace conservation the most.

Efficacy of Different Level of Systemic Fungicides on Management of Rice Blast at Baitadi, Nepal

Rice blast (Pyriculariaoryzae Cavara) is one of the most devastating diseases affecting the rice crop in across the world. Systemic fungicides are used for the suppression of blast diseases caused by fungal pathogens. Propiconazole and Carbendazim are commercial chemical control products available in markets for the control of the fungal pathogen. An experiment was conducted to examine the effectiveness of systemic fungicide on suppression of rice blast incidence in farmers' field during wet seasons in 2016. The treatments consisted of the use of different levels of propiconazole and Carbendazim on ‘Rato Basmati’ a landrace rice variety. The experiments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The disease was scored according to the standard scale developed by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). Disease severity and Area under Disease Progressive curve (AUDPC) was computed based on that scale score. Propiconazole and Carbendazim at different levels reduce disease development than no treatment (control). But its efficacy was not consistent. The magnitude of disease suppression by Propiconazole was high as compared to Carbendazim. The application of propiconazole at the rate of 1.5 ml effectively reduced disease severity and AUDPC at different dates. So propiconazole at the rate of 1.5 ml thrice at weekly intervals is effective to reduce the disease development

Genome-wide association study of blast resistance loci in the core germplasm of rice landraces from Guangxi

Genome-wide association study of blast resistance loci in the core germplasm of rice landraces from Guangxi

Discovery of new genetic determinants of morphological plasticity in rice roots and shoots under phosphate starvation using GWAS

Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for plants that is often in short supply. In rice (Oryza sativa L.), inorganic phosphate (Pi) deficiency leads to various physiological disorders that consequently affect plant productivity. In this study, a large-scale phenotyping experiment using 160 Vietnamese rice landraces was performed under greenhouse conditions, by employing an alpha lattice design with three replicates, to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with plant growth inhibition caused by Pi deficiency. Rice plantlets were grown for six weeks in the PVC sand column (16 cm diameter × 80 cm height) supplied with Pi-deficient medium (10 μM P) or full-Pi Yoshida medium (320 μM P). The effects of Pi deficiency on the number of crown roots, root length, shoot length, root weight, shoot weight and total weight were studied. From 36 significant markers identified using a genome-wide association study, 21 QTLs associated with plant growth inhibition under Pi starvation were defined. In total, 158 candidate genes co-located with the defined QTLs were identified. Interestingly, one QTL (qRST9.14) was associated with all three weight-traits. The co-located gene GLYCEROPHOSPHODIESTER PHOSPHODIESTERASE 13 was found to be potentially involved in Pi transport. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of Pi-starvation responses, and identifying the potential QTLs responsible for low-Pi stress tolerance, will provide valuable information for developing new varieties tolerant of low-Pi conditions.

Heritability Paterns of Some Agro-Botanical Characters Related to Yield and Drought Tolerance in Two Landraces of Rice

AbstractTwo landraces of rice, AWGUII-04 and IJ-124, were characterised and assessed for phenotypic variability, heritability, genetic advance and modes of inheritance of some primary yield and drought-tolerance traits. The target traits for yield were a percentage of filled spikelets, plant form, tillering, and for drought tolerance, leaf rolling, ratooning and maturity. This study was carried out to help both breeders and farmers make a wise choice when carrying out hybridisation and on the field. Hybridisation produced three F1 hybrids that were advanced to F2 generation. Quantitative and qualitative vegetative and reproductive data were taken from each F2 population. The results obtained showed high heritability (62–100%) in all the thirty-eight vegetative and reproductive traits. The genetic advance was high (> 20%) in all the target traits except for leaf rolling. The traits segregated in the following ratio: plant growth form – 9:6:1; the percentage of filled spikelets – 13:3; ratooning – 3:1; maturity – 15:1; the number of tillers – 15:1 and leaf rolling – 15:1. The high heritability of the above traits makes them highly dependable for rice crop improvement.

Comparative study of radio-sensitivity and relative biological effectiveness of gamma rays, x-rays, electron beam and proton beam in short grain aromatic rice

Knowledge about the type of mutagen used and its optimized dose are of paramount importance to design and implement any plant mutation breeding programme. Present study was first time carried out to evaluate the comparative effectiveness, radio-sensitivity behavior and relative biological effectiveness of four physical mutagens viz., gamma rays, X-rays, electron beam and proton beam on two short grain aromatic rice landraces viz., Samundchini and Vishnubhog. The seeds of these two varieties were treated with 15 different doses of all four mutagens, ranging from 50Gy to 750Gy with an interval of 50Gy. Germination percentage and seedling growth parameters were recorded at seven and 15 days after sowing, respectively in two replications. It was observed that germination percentage, shoot and root length of the seedling gradually declined with the increase in doses of all the physical mutagens. On the basis of these observations, LD50 and GR50 doses were calculated. The present study reports the optimum range of doses for gamma ray (280 to 350 Gy); electron beam (290 to 330Gy); X-ray (200 to 250 Gy) and proton beam (150 to 200Gy). GR50 doses were observed higher than LD50 doses for all the mutagens in both landraces. However, Samundchini showed higher LD50 and GR50 doses than Vishnubhog indicating later to be more radio-sensitive. Furthermore, both the genotypes were highly radio-sensitive for proton beam and least for gamma rays. Similarly, high relative biological effectiveness was observed for proton beam followed by X-ray, electron beam and gamma rays indicating their decreasing trend of penetration capacity and lethality. Results of present study will be useful for plant breeders to use the above mutagens in an appropriate dose for mutation breeding in rice.

Landraces of temperate japonica rice have superior alleles for improving culm strength associated with lodging resistance

Lodging can reduce grain yield and quality in cereal crops including rice (Oryza sativa L.). To achieve both high biomass production and lodging resistance, the breeding of new cultivars with strong culms is a promising strategy. However, little is known about the diversity of culm strength in temperate japonica rice and underlying genetic factors. Here, we report a wide variation of culm strength among 135 temperate japonica cultivars, and some landraces having the strongest culms among these cultivars. The genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified 55 quantitative trait loci for culm strength and morphological traits, and revealed several candidate genes. The superior allele of candidate gene for culm thickness, OsRLCK191, was found in many landraces but had not inherited to the modern improved cultivars. Our results suggest that landraces of temperate japonica rice have unutilized superior alleles for contributing future improvements of culm strength and lodging resistance.

Role of Ascorbate and Ascorbate–Glutathione Cycle for Photosynthetic Protection in Selected Indigenous Rice Landraces Under Drought Stress

From precise drought tolerance screening of local rice landraces of Koraput, six rice landraces were identified as superior drought tolerant capacity in our earlier study. However, little information is available on their physiological response of redox regulation and photochemical activity under drought stress. The present work evaluates their redox regulations driven by ascorbate–glutathione cycle and photochemical activity of photosystem II under simulated drought stress by polyethylene glycol 6000. Leaf chlorophyll content, electron transport rate and effective quantum yield of PSII were significantly higher in studied indigenous rice genotypes in comparison with susceptible check variety under drought condition. Further, greater quantities of ascorbate and elevated levels of ascorbate–glutathione cycle enzyme activities were observed under drought treatment in studied indigenous rice genotypes in compared with susceptible IR64. The findings suggested that maintenance of better photochemical activity in studied rice genotypes under water-deficit condition may be due to improved redox regulation of ascorbate and efficient ascorbate regeneration pathways. This study thus shows a new light into drought stress response of indigenous rice of Koraput with global implications.

A genome-wide association study reveals the quantitative trait locus and candidate genes that regulate phosphate efficiency in a Vietnamese rice collection.

The crucial role of phosphate (Pi) for plant alongside the expected depletion of non-renewable phosphate rock have created an urgent need for phosphate-efficient rice varieties. In this study, 157 greenhouse-grown Vietnamese rice landraces were treated under Pi-deficient conditions to discover the genotypic variation among biochemical traits, including relative efficiency of phosphorus use (REP), relative root to shoot weight ratio (RRSR), relative physiological phosphate use efficiency (RPPUE), and relative phosphate uptake efficiency (RPUpE). Plants were grown in Yoshida nutrient media with either a full (320μM) or a low Pi supply (10μM) over six weeks. This genome-wide association study led to the discovery of 31 significant single nucleotide polymorphisms, 18 quantitative trait loci (QTLs), and 85 candidate genes. A common QTL named qRPUUE9.16 was found among thethree investigated traits. Some interesting candidate genes, such as PLASMA MEMBRANE PROTEIN1 (OsPM1), CALMODULIN-RELATED CALCIUM SENSOR PROTEIN 15 (OsCML15), phosphatases 2C (PP2C), STRESS-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE (OsSAPK2), and GLYCEROPHOSPHORYL DIESTER PHOSPHODIESTERASES (GDPD13), were found strongly correlated to the Pi starvation. RNA sequencing transcriptomes revealed that 45 out of 85 candidate genes were significantly regulated under Pi starvation. Furthermore, nearly two-thirds of genotypes did not possess the OsPsTOL1 gene; however, no significant difference was observed in response to Pi deficiency between genotypes with or without this gene, suggesting that other QTLs in rice may resist Pi starvation. These results provide new information on the genetics of nutrient use efficiency in rice and may potentially assist with developing more phosphate-efficient rice plants.

Antixenosis, tolerance and genetic analysis of some rice landraces for resistance to Nilaparvata lugens (Stål.)

• Six rice landraces of West Bengal exhibited a high level of resistance to BPH. • Phenotypic reactions of the resistant landraces were equivalent to Ptb33. • Genetic diversity was observed within the landraces with similar phenotypic expression. • Resistant landraces can be used in resistance breeding programme to develop BPH resistant varieties. Twenty-six rice landraces from West Bengal, India were evaluated for antixenosis and tolerance against brown planthopper (BPH) biotype 4 at the Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya (BCKV), West Bengal. High levels of resistance were observed in six landraces, namely Badshabhog, Gamra, Haldichuri, Janglijata, Kalabhat and Khara. These phenotypically resistant rice landraces including Ptb33 exhibited lowest feeding rate, fecundity, nymphal and adult preference, survival, plant dry weight loss per mg of BPH dry weight produced (PDWL), and higher functional plant loss index (FPLI), more days to wilt and unhatched eggs compared with the susceptible check Swarna. All the landraces were classified into four major clusters at 10 unit distance by the scale of similarity during genetic diversity analysis through 21 gene-linked SSR markers of BPH resistance. Some phenotypically resistant landraces were gathered under the major cluster I indicating their analogous genetic history, while some were grouped with susceptible landraces exhibiting their genetic variation. The resistant landraces can be used as potential donors in the breeding programme for the development of rice varieties with resistance to BPH.

Genome-wide association mapping revealed numerous novel genomic loci for grain nutritional and yield-related traits in rice (Oryza sativa L.) landraces.

A core set of 190 rice landraces were used to decipher the genetic structure and to discover the chromosomal regions containing QTLs, affecting the grain micro-nutrients, fatty acids, and yield-related traits by using 148 molecular markers in this study. Landraces were categorized into three sub-groups based on population stratification study and followed by neighbor-joining tree and principal component analysis. Analysis of variance revealed abundant variations among the landraces for studied traits with less influence of environmental factors. Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) revealed 22 significant and consistent QTLs through marker trait association (MTAs) for 12 traits based on 2years and pooled analysis. Out of 22 QTLs, three have been reported earlier while 19 QTLs are novel. Interestingly, 13 QTLs out of 22 were explained more than 10% phenotypic variance. Association of RM1148 and RM205 with Days to 50% flowering was comparable with flowering control genes Ghd8/qDTH8 and qDTH9, respectively. Similarly, Zn content was associated with RM44, which is situated within the QTL qZn8-1. Moreover, significant association of RM25 with oleic acid content was closely positioned with QTL qOle8. Association of RM7434 with grain yield/plant; RM184 with spikelet fertility %; R3M10, R9M42 with hundred seed weight; RM536, RM17467, RM484, RM26063 with Fe content; RM44, RM6839 with Zn content are the major outcomes of this study. In addition, association of R11M23 with days to 50% flowering, panicle length and total spikelets per panicle are explained the possible occurrence of pleiotropism among these traits. Prominent rice landraces viz., Anjani (early maturity); Sihar (extra dwarf); Gangabaru (highest grain yield/plant); Karhani (highest iron content); Byalo-2 (highest zinc content) and Kadamphool (highest oleic acid) were identified through this study. The present study will open many avenues towards utilization of these QTLs and superior landraces in rice breeding for developing nutrition-rich high yielding varieties.

Preserving cultural heritage through the valorization of Cordillera heirloom rice in the Philippines

For centuries, heirloom rice varieties have been grown on the terraces of the Cordillera Mountains of Luzon, Philippines, terroirs known for their significant historical, cultural, and aesthetic values. However, heritage heirloom rice farming is gradually being abandoned, mainly because of its lower productivity and the struggle of the sector to create a sustainable niche market for heirloom rice by branding its cultural, social, and nutritional values. We propose several demand-side intervention strategies for the valorization of heirloom rice. To support the development of a segmented marketing strategy for heritage farming, we provide evidence on urban consumers’ willingness to purchase heirloom rice. We interviewed 500 urban consumers from Metro Manila in July–August 2015, who placed a purchasing bid on a kilogram of heirloom rice. Consumers’ bids averaged PHP 72.61 kg−1 (USD 1.60 kg−1), which is less than half its current market price. This explains why heirloom rice struggles to gain market share in urban markets in the Philippines. Given this bid price, we estimate a potential market size of PHP 20.3 billion (USD 443 million) that could be created for heirloom rice and tapped into by heritage farmers. Findings further indicate that women, business owners, and consumers who buy packaged rice and eat pigmented rice are willing to pay more for heirloom rice. Finally, our evidence suggests that proper information framing will be necessary to create demand and support the valorization of heirloom rice to preserve cultural heritage and in situ biodiversity of rice landraces in the Philippines.

Multivariate Analysis of Phenotypic Diversity of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Landraces from Lamjung and Tanahun Districts, Nepal

The magnitude and nature of genetic divergence play a vital role in the selection of the desirable landraces for its utilization in the breeding program. A study was carried out with 30 rice landraces at the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Lamjung Campus, during June–November 2018 to determine relation among individuals, estimate the relative contribution of various traits of rice using principal component analysis, and identify the potential parents for hybridization using Mahalanobis distance (D2). The principal component analysis revealed that five among the thirteen principal components were significant (eigenvalue >1) and contributed to 29.96%, 20.26%, 13.56%, 11.68%, and 9.22% of the total variance, respectively. PC1 included the traits that were related mostly to the yield, yield attributing, and grain characteristics. Landraces from Anadi group, Jetho Budo, Jarneli, and Rato Masino performed well in PC1 while landraces such as Mansara, Pakhe Sali, and Aanga performed well in PC2. The landraces were grouped into six clusters where 12 landraces were grouped into cluster I. Cluster analysis showed maximum and minimum intracluster distance in cluster VI (D2 = 35.77) and cluster I (D2 = 18.59), respectively. The maximum intercluster distance was obtained between clusters V and VI (D2 = 40.18) followed by clusters III and VI (D2 = 36.17) and clusters IV and VI (D2 = 35.74). Cluster III showed the highest mean value for grain width, flag leaf breadth, yield, and minimum mean value for plant height while mean values of total grain per panicle, filled grain percentage, and thousand-grain weight were maximum in cluster IV. Mean values of effective tiller and kernel width were found maximum in clusters V and VI, respectively. Landraces from clusters V and VI or clusters III and VI or clusters IV and VI can be used in the hybridization program to develop the superior hybrids by exploiting heterosis in segregating generation.

Screening of Salt-Tolerant Rice Landraces by Seedling Stage Phenotyping and Dissecting Biochemical Determinants of Tolerance Mechanism

Genetic diversity is a useful resource for crop improvement. In this study, a total of 28 rice genotypes were screened to isolate potential salt-tolerant genotypes at the seedling stage using hydroponic system. Different morpho-physiological indicators were used to classify tolerant and susceptible genotypes and biochemical determinants were dissected to clarify the underlying tolerance mechanism. Rice seedling were treated with two salinity levels (EC-1.1 dSm‒1 (control) and EC-7 dSm‒1) for 18 days. Salt stress resulted in significant decrease of growth and physiological traits in all genotypes; however, the lowest reduction was observed in some salt-tolerant genotypes namely Ghunsi, Nonabokra, Hogla, Holdegotal, Vusieri, and Kanchon. Cluster analysis considering percent reduction of growth parameters categorized the genotypes into four main sub-clusters and importantly, the salt-tolerant landraces were placed in the same cluster (cluster-II) with salt-tolerant check genotypes. The results of principle component analyses also demonstrated highly salt-tolerant genotypes were Vusieri > Nonabokra > Ghunsi > Hogla > Holdegotal > Kanchon. To explore the potential biochemical basis of salt stress tolerance, three tolerant genotypes were further characterized along with a salt-sensitive genotype. The higher K+/Na+ ratios noted for all salt-tolerant landraces thus indicating that the K+/Na+ ratio serves as a reliable indicator of salt tolerance in rice. The higher increment of proline content, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase activities, and comparatively lower accumulation of H2O2 and MDA were reported in salt-tolerant landraces as compared with salt-sensitive genotype. Therefore, these landraces could be utilized as promising genotypes as a source of salt-tolerant parents in the hybridization program for the development of high-yielding salt-tolerant rice variety as well as in isolating salt-tolerant genes.

Genetic Evaluation of Starch Synthesis-Related Genes and Starch Quality Traits in Special Rice Resources

The genetic diversity of 36 rice landraces and 43 breeding materials in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in China was studied by intragenic molecular markers of 26 starch synthesis-related loci. And research on quality traits such as the amylose content (AC), gel consistency (GC) and alkali spreading value (ASV) to analyze genetic differences in quality traits. The results showed that the number of alleles, average gene diversity and polymorphism information content values of landraces were higher than those of breeding materials. The genetic similarity coefficient (GS) of 79 rice materials ranged from 0.392 to 1, with an average of 0.757.There were significant variations in the quality traits of rice landraces and breeding materials, and the high-quality compliance rates were low, only 6.3% of the varieties have an amylose content that reached grade 1. The results of cluster analysis and population structure analysis are generally consistent; that is, the two resource types are closely related and cannot be clustered independently. This study can provide a basis for genetic improvement of rice starch quality. Make full use of the quality genetic diversity of landraces in modern breeding work, further broaden the genetic base of rice and improve rice quality.

Investigation on frequency distribution of traditional rice landraces for drought tolerance at seedling stage

Drought is the major constraint, adversely affecting the rice productivity in India. Emerging climate change scenario demands potential donors to develop climate resilient genotypes in order to increase the productivity of rice. In the present study, 85 traditional rice landraces and 15 improved cultivars were screened for drought tolerance potential under hydroponics, along with IR 64 and IR 64 Drt 1 as drought susceptible and tolerant checks respectively. Moisture stress was induced using PEG 6000 over a range of osmotic potentialsviz.,(-) 1.0 Mpa, (-) 1.25 Mpa and (-)1.5 Mpafor a period of 30 days. Fifty two landraces survived under maximum osmotic potential of (-) 1.5 Mpa. Based on the phenotypic scores, six genotypes viz., Kuliyadichan, Rajalakshmi, Sahabhagidhan, Nootripathu, Chandaikar and Mallikar were identified to have higher degree of drought tolerance .. The investigation concluded that these six genotypes can serve as potential donors for developing drought resilient rice cultivars.

Genetic variability of panicle architecture in indigenous rice landraces of Koraput region of Eastern Ghats of India for crop improvement.

Panicle architecture is an important character that influence reproductive success and contributes directly to grain yield. In the present study, we evaluated diversity of panicle traits in 77 indigenous rice landraces from Koraput and compared with three popularity cultivated hybrid varieties of the locality for possibility of using in crop improvement program. Significant morphological variations of panicle traits such as panicle number, panicle angle, panicle weight, panicle length, grain number and grain weight were recorded in studied rice landraces. Based on the principal component analysis, first two axis of principal component captures 56.34% of the total variation and indicated significant variability of panicle traits among the genotypes. Panicle length, panicle weight, grain number and flag leaf area are the major determinants of phenotypic diversity. Multiple correlation between traits indicated that panicle weight in studied rice landraces were positively correlated with panicle number, grain number and leaf area and negatively associated with panicle length, panicle angle and chaff number. The genetic advance as percentage of mean (GAM) ranged from 22.19% for panicle length to 147.02% for panicle angle. High GAM along with heritability was observed for panicle number, panicle weight, grain number and chaff number and are important traits for selection during crop improvement. Some of the landraces such as Matidhan, Bhatagurumukhi, Chiklakoli and Kamuntana remarkably showed superior panicle weight along with higher grain number and length of panicle, which can be used in the future rice breeding program.