Land Assets Research Articles

Legal Responsibility for The Notary in Creating The Coppie Collationee for Sale and Purchase Deals Before The Officer of Land Asset Concerning Land Registration Land with Notary Office and Government Regulation Number 24 of 1997 Concerning Land Registrati

Notary or Land Deed Making Official (PPAT) is a public official who has an important role in ensuring legal certainty, order and legal protection through authentic deeds drawn up by and before him. In practice, there is a problem, namely the existence of a dispute over the transfer of land rights, where there are two parties claiming to be the owner of the same land object. Each party claims to be the owner because they have bought from the heirs of the original owner of the land. One party bases ownership because it has proof of the Sale and Purchase Deed that has been made by PPAT, while the other party bases it on the proof of the Coppie Collationnee Sale and Purchase Deed. Based on these problems, it is necessary to conduct research regarding the legal position of the Copie Collationnee made by the Notary on the Sale and Purchase Deed which is used as proof of ownership of land rights and what is the legal responsibility for the Notary who has made the Copie Collationnee on the Sale and Purchase Deed made before PPAT. The method used is descriptive analysis with a normative juridical approach. The research stage uses library research with secondary data and field studies with primary data. This data collection is obtained by means of document study and also interviews obtained by means of field studies. Furthermore, the data were analyzed using the juridical-qualitative method. The Notary Deed in the form of a Coppie Collationnee made on the Land Sale and Purchase Deed made by PPAT is a form of negligence from the Notary in making the deed, because it is not in accordance with Article 15 paragraph 2 letter c UUJN, so the position of the deed in the agreement is limited to a copy and is degraded into an agreement. under hand. As for the legal consequences of a notary's negligence in drawing up a deed, it may be subject to sanctions in accordance with Article 16 of the UUJN, namely in the form of written warning, temporary dismissal, respectful dismissal, or dishonorable discharge.

Technical Reasoning on a Local Government Land Property as Heuristic Tool to Accommodate City Leaders Strategic Planning

One of the Land Asset Management facets in Indonesia has been so far the possession of the land as an asset for local government. The regulation allows local government to organize local land assets to support land use planning in various patterns. While at the same time, Indonesia has a rigorous rule on land use planning with Euclidean Zoning System called RTRW Plan, which lasts for 20 years. Land use patterns could not be ruled by projecting a specific order, ideology, technical stances, etc. This article would like to contextualize a dynamic in which city leader infrastructure strategic planning was being technically anticipated by filtering out the feasibility of local land asset which meet the minimum requirement of the RTRW as the principal reference for spatial land use planning. This article does not necessarily address its aim at problematizing RTRW; rather, in the first place, it discusses the vigorous of the local government technical department to bridge a so-called City Leader strategic planning with the current systems of the RTRW. Here, the article would argue that a tiny time frame of the City Leader's order leaves a narrow space for technical staff to map out a holistic technical plan. Instead, opting for a specific local land asset appeared to be the instant solution to such a plan. Furthermore, the second concern of this article specified its attention on providing the technical means so that the choice of the predetermined location was constructively and objectively justified beforehand. A specific case study of Pekalongan Regency, Central Java Indonesia, allowed delving into the empirical case. The city leader was at the last year of his terms, and it was claimed, the choice to develop hospital infrastructure was part of a political maneuver. A qualitative approach in the form of in-depth interviews and compilation of secondary documents was employed. The city technical managers needed to operate rational technocratic mechanisms to the politico-technique juxtaposition to justify the planning problem's technical rationality and the other side to provide a technical solution, pointing out land assets under the framework of the RTRW. Thus, the arguments developed in this work contested the land choice technical assessments were not necessarily neutral rather a supporting element to adjust the overwhelming leader's strategic choice fully. Further discussion materials are proposed. In this case, the political strategy created a circumstance of instantaneity and a limited time frame that could lead to the enthusiasm of strategic thinking under the realm of the urban planning system.

Корупційні ризики у сфері земельних відносин та напрями їх мінімізації

The purpose of the article is to identify corruption risks in the field of land relations, identify specific factors confirming the existence of a corruption component in agricultural land use to create a system of preventive measures and establish regulatory fuses, limit corruption influence on land transactions and protect human rights. Research methods. To achieve this goal, the following methods were used: analysis and synthesis (to determine the sources of corruption schemes in the field of land relations); correlation analysis (to establish the relationship between corruption and land use concentration); empirical (on the study of the consequences of corruption offenses in the field of land relations) and abstract-logical (to summarize the conclusions and formulate proposals). Research results. Identification of the main sources of corruption schemes in the field of agricultural land use contributes to the development of effective methods to combat these offenses. According to research by foreign scholars, the system of preventing abuse of office and obtaining illegal benefits by officials at all levels of government is built through: overcoming the monopoly, as the exclusive right of government agencies to carry out and control land transactions; clear legislative regulation of mechanisms of purchase and sale and other transactions with agricultural land; introduction of mechanisms of publicity, transparency and information openness in the land market. Disclosure of intentions to conduct land transactions, opening of operations, dissemination of information on approved agreements will reduce the interest of corrupt officials and protect legal actions. In addition to the types of corruption in the field of agricultural land use identified by the NACP, specific factors are outlined that confirm the existence of a corruption component, including: 1) conclusion of large land agreements (concentration of land use); 2) investment flows into land assets from offshore zones; 3) discretionary powers of a single body of executive power in the field of disposal of agricultural land. The establishment of regulatory safeguards on additional to generally accepted factors of corruption will limit the corrupt impact on land transactions and protect the rights of low-income people, small landholdings and other types of socio-economic exclusion. Scientific novelty сonsists in substantiating the need to single out large land agreements (concentration of land use) as transactions with significant corruption risk, when developing mechanisms to combat corruption at the national level. Practical significance. Addendum to the draft Anti-Corruption Strategy for 2021-2025 in terms of identifying key issues in the field of land relations by developing a special mechanism for concluding large agreements (land use concentration) with mandatory verification of sources of funds, verification of information on ultimate beneficial owners and verification of corporate structure permanent monitoring of the impact of concentrated land use on the observance of the rights of the local population and preservation of the environment will become an effective preventive anti-corruption measure in the field of land relations. Figs.: 3. Refs.: 27.

Forested lands dominate drinking water supply in the conterminous United States

Forests provide the most stable and highest quality water supplies among all land uses. Quantitatively evaluating the benefits of forest water supply functions is important to effectively mitigate the impacts of land development, climate change, and population growth. Here, by integrating a water balance model and national drinking water data, we determined the amount of surface water yield originating on different forest ownership types at a fine resolution (88,000 watersheds) and tracked that water through the river network to drinking water intakes and the populations they serve. We found that forested lands comprised 36% of the total land area but contributed 50% of the total surface water yield. Of the 23,983 public surface drinking water intakes depending on surface water sources, 89% (serving around 150 million people) received some (>0.01%) surface water from forested lands, and 38% (serving about 60 million people) received more than 50% of their surface drinking water supply from forested lands. Privately-owned forests were the most important water source in the eastern U.S., benefiting 16 million people, followed by federal forests (14.4% of the total water supply). In contrast, federally-owned forested lands were the dominant water source (52% of the total water supply) in the West. Privately-owned forests are the most vulnerable to future land use change and associated water supply impacts. Continuing programs that support private forest landowners with financial and technical assistance through federal and state forest management agencies and potentially developing payment for ecosystem service schemes could maximize benefits for landowners so they may retain their land assets while minimizing forest loss and associated impacts on critical ecosystem services including the provisioning a clean and reliable water supply for the American public.

Military and Control of Land Resources? Conflict TNI and Magelang City Government

The military's involvement in power and land ownership often leads to conflicts, both vertically and horizontally. According to the Agrarian Reform Consortium's records in 2020, agrarian conflicts involving military personnel during the Covid-19 pandemic were relatively stagnant. This paper aims to explore the conflict between the TNI Akmil Magelang and the Magelang City Government. The method used in this study uses a descriptive qualitative approach. Data collection techniques in this study using observation and documentation techniques and processing research data using the stages of data presentation, verification, and concluding. This study uses Pondy's (1967) theory regarding the stages of conflict as an analytical tool. The results show that the military conflict over land control with the city government has occurred since 1985. However, this conflict has not yet found common ground. The peak of the conflict occurred in mid-August 2020 when the TNI put up a sign at the mayor's office complex. The TNI gave an ultimatum to the Magelang City Government to leave or compensate for land assets. The development of the conflict is currently heading towards conflict resolution. However, it does not mean that in the end the conflict resolution can be found. This departs from the historical record where this conflict has been going on for a long time, and various parties as mediators are involved. However, the conflict continues to roll on and at any time can explode again in public.

Global Biodiversity Implications of Alternative Electrification Strategies Under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways

Addressing climate mitigation while meeting global electrification goals will require major transitions from fossil-fuel dependence to large-scale renewable energy deployment. However, renewables require significant land assets per unit energy and could come at high cost to ecosystems, creating potential conflicts between global climate mitigation and biodiversity conservation. Here, we explore the potential biodiversity implications of alternative future global electrification pathways as depicted under the Shared Socioeconomic Scenarios (SSPs), i.e., alternative trends in societal development. We examined the intersection of high-resolution estimates of global energy densities for ten renewable and conventional technologies with global richness data to estimate technology-specific biodiversity footprints (species per GWh), whereas a Cumulative Biodiversity Impact (CBI) score was used to assess land and biodiversity outcomes of alternative scenarios. Downscaled electricity generation scenarios (2020−2100) were also constrained by alternative land conservation and energy development policies. Unexpectedly, variation among SSPs did not exhibit a clear tradeoff between global climate mitigation and CBI. Rather, CBIs were an outcome of total infrastructure development to meet electricity demand (from population growth and GDP) and the total magnitude of renewable energy development and storage technologies. Renewables assembled along a spectrum from land sharing to sparing. At the land sharing end, biomass-powered electricity from dedicated crops contributed the most to biodiversity impacts due to low energy density, whereas land-sparing technologies (solar) caused more-intense land degradation, but in smaller areas. Our results suggest that local land conservation practices and strategies promoting energy diversification could have greater implications for future biodiversity conflicts than global socioeconomic drivers.

The poverty impacts of improved soybean technologies in Malawi

ABSTRACT Improved soybean varieties and agronomic practices have been widely disseminated to smallholder farmers in Malawi over the last 15 years. However, there is no empirical evidence on the welfare impacts of adopting improved soybean technologies. This paper estimated the poverty impacts of adopting improved soybean technologies using data from 1,234 households in six soybean growing districts accounting for over 80% of the total soybean production in the country. The results from an endogenous switching regression model showed that 32% of the sample households adopted improved soybean varieties and agronomic practices. The adoption benefits were higher for female-headed households and increased with the household head’s education and cultivated land areas. A comparison of the observed and counterfactual incomes for adopters based on the international poverty line of US$1.90 per capita per day showed a 4.16 percentage-point reduction in poverty among the sample households, translating to over 150,000 people lifted out of poverty. The household head’s education level, household size, cultivated land area, livestock size, and asset ownership are associated with the daily per capita income. The results point to the need for scaling up of improved soybean varieties and agronomic practices for greater impacts on poverty reduction among smallholders in Malawi.

Factors affecting home-made food product marketing willingness of women: a case of Gokceada district

In this study, it is aimed to determine the factors affecting home-made food products marketing willingness of women who produce home-made food products in Gokceada district of Canakkale province. The number of farm was determined using a simple random sampling method. The data were collected from women in 155 agricultural farms. The survey was conducted from December 2018 to June 2019. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and logit model. According to the study results, the average age of women was 50.9, the education level of 51.3% them was a secondary school and above and 80.9% of them were married. The logit model results revealed that own agricultural land assets, the status of animal husbandry, continuing home-made food production and home-made food production as the main source of income had a positive effect on home-made food products marketing willingness of women; whereas age, education level, household size, and income level had a negative impact. As a result, the finding of the study is expected to make significant contributions to the production of home-made food products, district economy and rural development.

Changing income portfolios and household welfare in rural Uganda

ABSTRACT This paper provides evidence on the heterogeneous welfare implications of rural income portfolios in eastern Uganda. We use household survey data from two-panel rounds, and fixed and random effects estimation and quantile regressions to estimate average and heterogeneous effects. While the literature mostly focuses on either income diversification or participation in non-farm activities, we distinguish between income diversification, using the Simpson Index, and off-farm income generation. We use ex-post income and poverty measures as well as an ex-ante vulnerability measure to analyse welfare effects. We find that income diversification and non-farm income generation improve household income, and reduce poverty and vulnerability. We find that it is most beneficial for poorer households with less land assets to diversify their income portfolio, while moving out of agriculture is equally beneficial at all income levels and most beneficial for households with more human capital. We find that income diversification reduces vulnerability most strongly at high levels of diversification and low levels of income while non-farm income generation reduces vulnerability at lower levels of non-farm income and increases vulnerability at higher levels of non-farm income. Our results lead to nuanced findings that bring additional insights in the literature on structural transformation and rural development.

Optimization of Land Asset Management in Increasing Locally Generated Revenue

Mamuju District, located in the Province of West Sulawesi, Indonesia, has a land asset of as many as 1219 fields with the value of IDR.543.600.722.211 which consists of 1216 privately managed fields and 3 cooperation party managed fields. The regional government has managed and utilized the existing asset potential, however, there are still some assets that are not optimized to increase the Locally Generated Revenue of Mamuju. In this research, the study uses a descriptive qualitative approach to describe the facts, situations, and activities from observed objects systematically. The research object is the Regional Finance and Asset Management Agency or called BPKAD in Mamuju District. The results of this research indicated that to increase locally generated revenue, attention should be given to the optimization process comprising of asset management, implementation procedures, and utilization forms. In the asset management aspect, management and control are said optimal. However, planning and organizing are not yet optimal. In the implementation, it is found well done. For utilization, attention should be given to build-operate-transfer, build-transfer-operate, and the Indonesian Trade Union Confederation. In the process of increasing the local revenue, the study also found that there are twelve supporting and resisting factors that could be occurred. Those supporting factors are numbers of lands owned by Mamuju district, ease of asset for legislation and authority, harmony relationship with the province, information technology, agency service capacity, a wide opportunity is offered by the province to optimize land management owned by the district. Further, the study found that the implementation of land asset management could impact the increase of revenue, land prices, improving asset data control, reducing land dispute, optimizing utilization for public service purposes. However, to the last point, the optimization of regional land asset management is not yet done optimally.

KEDUDUKAN GRONDKAART SEBAGAI BUKTI PENGUASAAN TANAH (Studi di PT. Kereta Api Indonesia (Persero) Kantor Devisi Regional IV Tanjung Karang)

Grondkaart or block maps are documents of evidence of ownership of assets which are assets for an institution or company that must be protected. There are several things that are still debatable regarding the position or legality of Grondkaart itself. One of the state companies that still uses Grondkaart as proof of ownership of its land assets is PT. Kereta Api Indonesia (Persero) or PT. KAI. Land assets of PT. KAI is the legacy of the Dutch railway company which was affected by nationalization, the land often causes disputes due to evidence of land ownership in the form of Grondkaart which is not regulated in Law Number 5 of 1960 and Government Regulation Number 24 of 1997. The rapid development of the current railway must be supported. with the security and management of assets as one of the main capital so that the seizure and control of assets of PT. KAI by unauthorized parties and illegally will not happen again. The problem of this research is how is the position of Grondkaart as proof of land tenure by PT. Kereta Api Indonesia (Persero) Tanjung Karang Regional Division IV Office according to Land Law in Indonesia, and What are the legal consequences of using Grondkaart as proof of land tenure by PT. Kereta Api Indonesia (Persero) Regional Division IV Tanjung Karang Office. This type of research is field research (Field Research) and is carried out descriptively, the problem approach is carried out by empirical juridical, the data used are primary and secondary data, data collection techniques are interviews, observation and documentation, data processing is done by editing, coding , Reconstructing, and Systematizing, then the data were analyzed qualitatively.Keyword:: Grondkaart, Railway, Land Law, Dispute

Strategy for Improving the Quality of Waqf Institutions Through Good Waqf Governance

The sustainability of the benefits of waqf is possible because of the implementation of productive waqf can support various social and religious activities. Even so, good and innovative management is still needed in order to achieve professional waqf management, namely good waqf governance. This paper aims to examine the concept of good governance, the potential of waqf in Indonesia, and the institutional problems and solutions of waqf in Indonesia. This is a library research using a qualitative method and descriptive analytic study. Data were collected using the documentary method, which comes from books, journals, internet, and papers. The results of this study indicate that the donated land assets in Indonesia are 52.245,41 hectares spread over 385.898 locations. Most of the use of the waqf land is still in the form of direct waqf (consumptive), dominated by the construction of mosques by 44,26% and musholla (a prayer room) by 28,43%. Meanwhile, the potential for cash waqf in Indonesia reaches 3 trillion per year with an estimated number of generous Muslims of 10 million and an average monthly income of IDR 500.000 to IDR 10.000.000. Regarding problems in the development of waqf related to waqf management, including the management that is not optimal, even many are mismanaged which results in many waqf assets being neglected, some even missing. The solution lies in the existence of nadzir and a solid team work to maximize the expected results of waqf where waqf management requires good governance which can be used as a benchmark for whether performance in the organization is based on five principles, namely transparency, accountability, responsibility, independence and fairness or not.

Toward regional hazard risk assessment: a method to geospatially inventory critical coastal infrastructure applied to the Caribbean

Hurricanes and sea level rise pose significant threats to infrastructure and critical services (e.g., air and sea travel, water treatment), and can hinder sustainable development of major economic sectors (e.g., tourism, agriculture, and international commerce). Planning for a disaster-resilient future requires high-resolution, standardized data. However, few standardized approaches exist for identifying, inventorying, and quantifying infrastructure lands at risk from natural hazards. This research presents a cost effective, standardized and replicable method to geospatially inventory critical coastal infrastructure land use and components, for use in risk assessments or other regional analyses. While traditional approaches to geospatial inventorying rely on remote sensing or techniques, such as object-based image analysis (OBIA) to estimate land use, the current approach utilizes widely available satellite imagery and a “standard operating procedure” that guides individual mappers through the process, ensuring replicability and confidence. As a pilot study to develop an approach that can be replicated for other regions, this manuscript focuses on the Caribbean. Small islands rely heavily on a small number of critical coastal infrastructure (airports, seaports, power plants, water and wastewater treatment facilities) and climate related hazards threaten sustainable development and economic growth. The Caribbean is a large and diverse area, and gaps exist between countries in the resources required for planning but much of the region lacks a comprehensive inventory of the land, infrastructure, and assets at risk. Identifying and prioritizing infrastructure at risk is the first step towards preserving the region’s economy and planning for a disaster resilient future. This manuscript uses high resolution satellite imagery to identify and geo-spatially classify critical infrastructure land area and assets, such as structures, equipment, and impervious surfaces. We identified 386 critical coastal infrastructure facilities across 28 Caribbean nations/territories, with over 19,000 ha of coastal land dedicated to critical infrastructure. The approach establishes a new standard for the creation of geospatial data to assess land use change, risk, and other research questions suitable for the regional scale, but with sufficient resolution such that individual facilities can utilize the data for local-scale analysis.

Strategi Penataan Lahan BUMDes Puntukrejo Ngargoyoso Karanganyar, Sebuah Penerapan Konsep Agrowisata

<p><em>This paper discusses a land management strategy that applies agritourism in BUMDes land in Puntukrejo Village, Karanganyar Regency. An appropriate planning strategy is necessary to manage the village's agricultural potencies supported by topographic beauty, cool microclimate, and various well-known products. This village also has BUMDes relatively wide land assets but is not utilized properly. The agritourism applied in land assets usage is expected to increase rural tourism visits by exposing agricultural activities. The case study method is used in this process because it has suitability, especially in researching a strategy to obtain answers to the question "how" and its argument "why." The analysis process is done descriptively qualitatively. </em><em>The study identifies community activities and village potencies for determining various tourism activities and resolves land-use allocation. The result is applying agritourism that utilizes the attractiveness of agriculture by displaying the potential of fertility and natural beauty and supporting leading agricultural commodities, facilities, and harmony by equipping supporting facilities for the convenience of visitors supporting infrastructure by providing unique icons.</em><em></em></p>

Pengaruh inventarisasi aset, penggunaan aset, pengamanan dan pemeliharaan aset terhadap optimalisasi aset tetap tanah pada pemerintah Kabupaten Malang

In the era of national transformation and regional autonomy, there have been many breakthroughs in the management of land fixed assets, but many financial problems and land assets have not been implemented optimally, effectively and efficiently in their management. This study was used to analyze the effect of asset management on the optimization of fixed land assets in Malang Regency Government. The independent variables used in this study were asset inventory, asset use, asset security, and maintenance, while the dependent variable used asset utilization and asset optimization with a sample of 62 respondents. This type of research is quantitative using multiple regression analysis and path analysis method. The results showed that there was an indirect effect of asset inventory, asset use, and asset security and maintenance on asset optimization through asset utilization where security and asset maintenance had a significant and positive effect, while asset inventory and asset use had no effect on asset optimization. The direct effect of asset inventory, asset use, asset security, and maintenance on asset optimization shows that asset inventory and asset security have a significant and positive effect on asset optimization, while asset use has no effect on asset optimization. In addition, asset utilization has a significant and positive effect on asset optimization.

Affordable Housing for Low-Income Communities: Between Residental and Investment

The problem of meeting housing needs for low-income communities is the inaccessibility of prices on the housing market. The Salatiga government has made efforts to meet this need by building low-cost houses for civil servants that utilize Government Land, thus keeping prices far below standard. As time went on, these cheap houses that belong to civil servants were not used as residential for the owners, but most of them became long-term investments. Based on these problems, the study aims to examine the impact of the low-cost house construction, namely KORPRI Housing in Prajamukti, Salatiga City of residential and investment functions. The method used is quantitative, primary data collected through field observations and interviews with residents and housing provider stakeholders. Meanwhile, secondary data obtained through government agencies and websites. The analysis technique uses a quantitative descriptive method and map overlay. The results showed that the function of houses is 60% for investment by rent out the housing to others, 30% as residential functions for civil servants, and 10% sold to other people. This condition is due to the status of the house is not the owner’s first home, strategic housing location, and triggered by an increase in land value. The contribution of this research is that previous researchers discussed a lot about the construction of cheap houses that received subsidies from the government, whereas in this study, the price reduction was the result of taking land assets belonging to the government in the form of Government Land.

Tsamdro (Rangeland) as a Source of Livelihood to the People of Bhutan

Tsamdro plays an essential role in providing resources for the survival of yaks, cattles and horses as these animals provide continuous support to herders in Naro, Merak and Logchina gewogs. There has been numerous change in land tenure system of ownership in tsamdro since 1960s of the ownership of tsamdro. However, in Land Act 2007; it was stated that tsamdro will be nationalized and policy will be implemented by 2017, yet the policy has not been implemented and herders still use the tsamdro as used earlier, where the owners had to obtain written permits from the Dzongkhag authorities to graze one’s livestock on one’s own grazing land by paying an annual grazing permit fee. This study aimed at determining whether tsamdro is a source of livelihood for the herders in Naro, Merak and Logchina gewogs. It was carried out in Naro, Logchina and Merak subdistricts (gewogs) of Bhutan. It employed a quantitative method by distributing questionnaire survey. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and the data was collected from a convenience sampling method of (N=75) herders through moderation analysis. The moderation analysis showed that tsamdro is a source of livelihood (land asset 571.526*** and livestock 37.670***) to herders. Further research is limited to study area and findings are likely to hold good for similar area only. Further research to find other sources of livelihood and their socio-economic impact on herders is recommended.

Legal Review Concerning Summary of Office of Notary & Land Asset Officers Who Are Not Uniting Area of Work

Notary is a promising legal profession. Of course there are some special competencies that must be met to become a notary. In other words, it is impossible for a notary to practice without having sufficient skills. Legal education background is a must. Postgraduate education in notary law must be preceded by taking a bachelor's degree in law. Notary is a public official who has the authority to make an authentic deed. This has been regulated in the provisions of Article 1 of the Law on the Position of Notary Public (hereinafter abbreviated as UUJN).

Community perception of flood relocation efforts in pacitan subdistrict, pacitan regency

The flood disaster that hit Pacitan Subdistrict, Pacitan Regency has caused casualties and damage in the housing, infrastructure, and educational facilities. This disaster brought several consequences in the form of settling relocation policy. This study aims to analyze community perceptions of relocation efforts and factors that influence people’s perceptions of settlement relocation efforts. Data collection techniques through interviews, observation, and documentation of respondents in Pacitan District. Data analysis using qualitative descriptive. The results showed that some people 1) refused the existence of relocation and preferred repairs to embankments, and agreed with government efforts provided they were carefully prepared, (2) Factors influencing perceptions were physical and environmental factors in the form of embankment conditions, economic factors in the form of loss of land assets and livelihood, organizational factors in the form of delivering aspirations through various activities, and socio-cultural factors in the form of education, social relations and health.

Stolen Lands and Stolen Opportunities

Stolen Lands and Stolen Opportunities Randall Akee (bio) the land-grab universities (lgu) research project, conducted by Robert Lee and Tristan Ahtone in 2020, has established that the Morrill Act of 1862 effectively alienated 11 million acres of land from Indigenous peoples, communities, and individuals for the benefit of fifty-two U.S. universities throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. I am excited by this work, as it serves as a foundation for further research on assessing the adverse effects that the stealing of Indigenous peoples' lands may have had on the development, growth, and well-being of Indigenous peoples in the United States. While there has been some assessment of other U.S. government programs such as the General Allotment Act (or Dawes Act), the role of U.S. treatymaking, and forced annexation or relocation in the dispossession of lands from Indigenous peoples, very little was known about the role of the Morrill Act (Meriam et al. 1928; Carlson 1981, 1983). Through their work, Lee and Ahtone have documented the entire scope of Indigenous lands that were stolen or compensated at far below the true value and then granted to dozens of fledgling universities in the United States. The data that they have compiled are unique in their completeness; tracing the original ownership (or caretakers) of the parcels, the size of the landholdings, and the valuation are valuable contributions to future researchers (Lee 2020). Lee and Ahtone's research complements recent findings that several prominent U.S. universities were endowed at their founding and in their early years with slaves from wealthy donors (Swarns 2016). The establishment of higher institutions of learning such as Georgetown and Cornell University with land assets stolen from Indigenous peoples and/or the enslavement and commodification of other humans is an important story that requires more attention. In particular, the success of these U.S. educational institutions must be evaluated in light of these newly uncovered facts. These institutions were founded on the theft of land and enslaved labor resources of others; there has been no accounting or thorough restitution made. The Role of Landownership in Well-Being The theft of land has immediate consequences for individuals and communities; it can mean eviction and removal from the land and homes. This [End Page 123] alone can be quite disruptive and wreak havoc in communities and families. However, I want to focus on the long-term intergenerational impact of the land theft on Indigenous families and communities. Land serves multiple purposes: it is a cultural and historical connection for Indigenous peoples; it provides food and vital resources such as timber for housing; it can also be a commodity for trading and selling; and it is a place for people to live and raise their families. Theft precludes all of these uses for the former owners or caretakers of the land. Recent research has identified how the deprivation of land and housing in the African American community has affected intergenerational well-being. Specifically, African Americans were denied homeownership and landownership due to decades of discriminatory laws and regulations that made it nearly impossible to buy, own, and bequeath home or properties. As a result, few African Americans were able to buy homes and to maintain them for their descendants; when they were allowed to buy homes, they were often charged exorbitant mortgage rates and/or property taxes (Logan and Parman 2017; Rothstein 2017). The U.S. tax system provides significant advantages to homeowners in the form of the home mortgage tax deduction, which is not available to renters. As a result, the median net wealth of African American households is $11,200, while it was thirteen times greater ($144,200) for white households in 2013 (Bialik and Cilluffo 2017). The lack of savings subsequently impacts the ability of families to send their children to college, invest in new businesses, pay for necessary healthcare, or improve their homes. Deprivation accumulates over generations. These disparities in wealth persist into 2020—a full generation after the creation of the Fair Housing Act and Civil Rights Act. While the methods of deprivation have been different for Indigenous peoples in the United States, the outcomes are very similar to those for...