Land Area Requirement Research Articles

Designing the vertical flow constructed wetland based on targeted limiting pollutant

The requirement of large land area limits the adoption of constructed wetlands (CWs) in urban settings with limited land availability. The area calculations for CW design are commonly carried out following Kikuth approach where the removal rate constant (K) is derived from literature. Investigation of secondary data of 82 vertical flow CWs, performed in this study, yielded wide variations (0.0003 – 0.822 md−1) in the calculated K values for different pollutants under different environmental and operational conditions indicating that it is important to incorporate the desired levels of pollutant removal to arrive at customized design of CWs. The results indicated that the relative standard deviation of K values could be narrowed by classifying the datasets based on design parameters like depth, hydraulic loading rates and substrate loading rates. These calculations can help arrive at more scientific design of CW to achieve the prevailing standards for the discharge or reuse of sewage.

Bushehr Nuclear Power Plants (BNPPs) and the perspective of sustainable energy development in Iran

Sustainable energy development (SED) relies on the comparative assessment of various electricity-generating facilities (EGFs) taking into account their activities' impacts on society, economy, and environment at local, regional, and global levels. As there is not any electricity-generating facility to move towards the sustainable development goals (SDGs) without interplay with the social, economic, and environmental aspects, thus the selection of the most efficient electricity-generating facility within the frameworks of SDGs cannot be judged alone unless compared to other alternatives such as nuclear, fossil fuels, and renewables. This research intends to study the roles of Bushehr Nuclear Power Plants (BNPPs) in achieving the SED perspective of Iran. In this connection, a comprehensive comparative assessment of various EGFs of Iran including nuclear, fossil fuels, biomass, wind, solar thermal, photovoltaic, geothermal, and hydropower are carried out and discussed. The main indicators of SED such as Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) metric, grid-level system cost, investment cost, external cost, average CO2 equivalent emission, ecosystem impact, required land area, required water, preservation of natural resources, human health, created jobs, international cooperation, social acceptance and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), lack of dangers in BNPPs, and energy-water hub are thoroughly investigated. The evaluation of BNPPs within the SED frameworks indicates BNPPs play a vital and critical role to achieve Iran's SED and minimize the socio-economic costs and environmental problems compared to the other EGFs. Moreover, Iran needs at least 160 Gigawatts Electric (GWe) until 2050, and therefore Iran is to move towards a cleaner energy mix and substitute nuclear power with more portions of the fossil fuel power to achieve the SDGs and also to be an energy hub in the Middle East. This research could help the energy policy-makers take the appropriate decisions and strategies regarding the selection of the best EGFs to attain the SDGs.

Balancing GHG mitigation and land-use conflicts: Alternative Northern European energy system scenarios

Long-term power market outlooks suggest a rapid increase in renewable energy deployment as a main solution to greenhouse gas mitigation in the Northern European energy system. However, the consequential area requirement is a non-techno-economic aspect that currently is omitted by many energy system optimization models. This study applies modeling to generate alternatives (MGA) technique to the Balmorel energy system model to address spatial conflicts related to increased renewable energy deployment. The approach searches for alternative solutions that minimize land-use conflicts while meeting the low-carbon target, by allowing a 1% to 15% increase in system costs compared to the least-cost solution. Two alternative objectives are defined to reflect various aspects of spatial impact. The results show that the least-cost solution requires 1.2%–3.6% of the land in the modeled countries in 2040 for onshore wind and solar PV installations. A 10% increase in costs can reduce the required land area by 58% by relying more on offshore wind. Nuclear energy may also be an option if both onshore and offshore areas are to be reduced, or in a less flexible system. Both offshore wind and nuclear energy technologies are associated with higher risks and pose uncertainties in terms of reaching the climate targets in time. The changes in costs and required land areas imply significantly higher annual costs ranging from 200 to 750 kEUR/km2 to avoid land use for energy infrastructure. Overall, this study confirms that the energy transition strategies prioritizing land savings from energy infrastructure are feasible, but high risks and costs of averted land are involved.

Combining Direct Ground Cooling with Ground-Source Heat Pumps and District Heating: Borehole Sizing and Land Area Requirements

Combining Direct Ground Cooling with Ground-Source Heat Pumps and District Heating: Borehole Sizing and Land Area Requirements

Role of solar energy in achieving net zero energy neighborhoods

This paper aims at determining and highlighting the role of solar energy in achieving net zero energy status, in various neighborhood archetypes. The neighborhoods considered in this study include small neighborhood units and combinations of these units, designed according to sustainable practices in a North American context. The role of solar energy to fulfill the thermal and electrical energy of the studied neighborhoods is compared to other renewable and alternative energy resources such as wind energy, and waste-based energy. Results show that solar energy can play very significant role in fulfilling all electrical needs, even in high density and highly mixed developments, supplying between 36%-100% of the total electrical energy consumption of individual neighborhood units. Optimal combinations of neighborhood units designed to share excess on-site energy generation, assist in achieving net zero electrical energy status of all combinations, relying on roof integrated PV, on the buildings of these neighborhood combinations. Additional landscape area is required in most of the neighborhoods, especially those with higher residential density, to integrate solar thermal collectors that can fulfill the thermal loads of the neighborhood units. The required land area for thermal collectors’ integration changes significantly among neighborhoods, becoming relatively small as compared to the total land of the neighborhood (maximum of 15%), in large neighborhoods composed of optimal combinations of individual neighborhood units.

Kriteria Prioritas Pemilihan Teknologi Pengolahan Limbah Cair Industri Tempe

The location of tempe processing adjacent to the settlement causes 
 problems. The resulting liquid waste makes people uncomfortable. This 
 is presumably because the liquid waste has not been managed properly, 
 because it is only dumped into the drainage channel. The majority of 
 tempe industrial entrepreneurs are home industries who are not aware of creating a healthy environment by paying attention to liquid waste 
 processing. There are many studies on technology for the tempe 
 industrial wastewater problem, but each technology has advantages and 
 disadvantages. It is necessary to have a system to choose the technology 
 that suits the waste conditions. This research takes a case study in 
 Karanganyar Regency. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method 
 is a method of determining priority scale that can accommodate all 
 aspects. Furthermore, a sequence of criteria can be arranged as needed. 
 The results of the analysis with AHP are: technology criteria 31.09%; 
 environment 28.65%; economic 21.74% and social 18.53%. 
 Environmental sub-criteria showed the results of the removal of 
 ammonia 40.56%; treated water quality 30.74%; the amount of mud is 
 18.91% and the emission level is 9.80%. Technology sub-criteria are 
 ease of operation 28.67%; land area requirement 28.56%; service life of 
 28.05% and the potential of technology in the midification of 14.72%.
 Economic sub-criteria with the results of operating costs 34.21%; 
 installation cost 33.28%; maintenance costs 23.78% and HR costs 
 8.73%. Social sub-criteria with the results of the need for employment of 49.10%; readiness of human resources 19.33%; implementation of 
 construction 16.74% and aesthetics 14.82%. The results of the AHP can 
 be used as input for tempe entrepreneurs, the government and the 
 community to improve the environmental quality of the tempe industrial wastewater. It is hoped that entrepreneurs will find it easier to determine the appropriate technology to treat the tempe industrial liquid waste.

Enhanced Heat Transfer Performance of a New Horizontal Buried Tube Heat Exchanger

Horizontal buried heat exchangers cost less than vertical buried heat exchangers, but they need more land area. In order to reduce the required land area of horizontal buried tube heat exchanger, a finned strengthened heat exchanger pipe was designed to enhance the heat transfer performance, and a three-dimensional research model of shallow geothermal utilization system was established in Chengdu area . In this paper, the optimal shape and arrangement of fins are investigated, and the effects of inlet velocity, soil type, ambient temperature and intermittent operation on the enhanced heat transfer performance are studied. The results show that the enhanced heat transfer performance of rectangular fins is the best in the case of horizontal arrangement. The working fluid flow rate should not exceed 0.3m/s.Soil type has a great influence on heat transfer performance. The heat transfer of rock and soil is the largest, the heat transfer of clay is the smallest, but the strengthening effect of clay is the best. The longer the system runs, the obvious the influence of ambient temperature is, and the heat transfer efficiency increases by about 4% when the ambient temperature drops by 5K.

Optimal sizing of distributed energy resources for planning 100% renewable electric power systems

More utilities, energy providers, and governments are considering the transition to 100% renewable or carbon-free generation to satisfy electricity demand. This transition requires consideration of numerous factors including cost, resource adequacy, and geographical location, among others. Therefore, models that can explore the optimality of tradeoffs between multiple factors are crucial for planning this transition. An optimization problem formulation is proposed to analyze the amount of renewable generation and energy storage required to balance 100% of a utility's electricity demand on an hourly timescale over multiple years, while minimizing a desired cost. This formulation accounts for geographical location and accommodates regional energy trading, and it enables analysis of important metrics for planning, such as firm capacity, capacity factors, land area requirements, and amount of curtailed generation. This optimization-based approach is used to explore case studies in New Mexico, which is an area with significant potential for solar and wind generation in the United States. Considering multiple years of historical meteorological data and electricity demand data, results show that the amount of renewable generation required is an order of magnitude larger than the average demand, and that most of the generation is curtailed, which motivates a regional energy trading approach.

Techno-economic evaluation of solar-nuclear hybrid system for isolated grid

A solar-nuclear hybrid system that combines Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) and nuclear power was suggested previously to meet the electricity demands for remote microgrids. The hybrid system combines CSP, Thermal Energy Storage (TES) and a Micro Modular Reactor (MMR). A Supercritical Carbon dioxide (sCO2) power system is used for power generation system. CSP, which has relatively high efficiency, no refueling, low operation and installation costs, is suitable as an energy source for the microgrid. However, since it is challenging to meet 100% electricity demand with a standalone CSP system due to excessive energy storage system and large land area requirement, a hybrid system is proposed by adding a nuclear system to resolve this issue. The hybrid system showed a higher capacity factor than the standalone CSP system while reducing the required energy storage. However, the TES capacity was still excessive to meet 100% of the electricity demand in the previous study to overcome seasonal variation. Therefore, in this study, the hybrid system is re-designed by optimizing solar to nuclear ratio while tracing change in theLevelized Cost Of Electricity(LCOE) of the system. A sensitivity analysis is performed with respect to the five variables; nuclear to solar heat ratio, direct normal irradiation, peak-to-average electricity demand ratio, nuclear island cost, discount rate affecting LCOE. As a result of economic evaluation, it is confirmed that the hybrid system is cost competitive to the standalone CSP system. This study showed that the nuclear-CSP hybrid system can be utilized as a power source with a high potential for isolated microgrid.

Land-based implications of early climate actions without global net-negative emissions

Delaying climate mitigation action and allowing a temporary overshoot of temperature targets require large-scale carbon dioxide removal (CDR) in the second half of this century that may induce adverse side effects on land, food and ecosystems. Meanwhile, meeting climate goals without global net-negative emissions inevitably needs early and rapid emission reduction measures, which also brings challenges in the near term. Here we identify the implications for land-use and food systems of scenarios that do not depend on land-based CDR technologies. We find that early climate action has multiple benefits and trade-offs, and avoids the need for drastic (mitigation-induced) shifts in land use in the long term. Further long-term benefits are lower food prices, reduced risk of hunger and lower demand for irrigation water. Simultaneously, however, near-term mitigation pressures in the agriculture, forest and land-use sector and the required land area for energy crops increase, resulting in additional risk of food insecurity. Delaying climate mitigation requires large-scale carbon dioxide removal (CDR) in the second half of this century, with possible adverse effects. Under scenarios with no dependence on CDR technologies, this study examines the short- and long-term implications of climate mitigation for land-use and food systems.

Metabolite profiling and antioxidant capacity of lettuce Lactuca sativa var. longifolia grown in aquaponic system irrigated with shrimp effluents

This paper focuses on the quality of lettuce var. longifolia grown with shrimp effluents from well water (WW), diluted seawater (DSW) and a hydroponic solution (HS). Results evidenced that WW and DSW effluents slightly decreased weight, foliage, and yield (5-9%) in plants compared to HS control. Furthermore, WW-lettuce showed a higher level of total phenolic compounds (~71%), flavonoids (~90%), and antioxidant capacity (0.7-3-folds) than HS-plants, mainly in the soluble fraction. WW-lettuce also showed a higher content of total soluble solids (~16%) and, a lower saturation of color, which correlated significantly (p <0.05) with chlorophyll a. WW-lettuce exhibited the highest concentrations of p-hydroxybenzoic, p-coumaric and ferulic acids, as well as quercetin 3-O-glucoside and quercetin 3-O-ramnoside. Whereas DSW-lettuce showed the highest levels of caffeic acid, isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside, kaempferol 3-O-glucoside, kaempferol and quercetin. HS-lettuce showed a higher proline content than the lettuces from the other treatments. These results indicate that aquaponic lettuce culture with shrimp effluent from WW could be used as an alternative culture system to reduce land area requirements, decrease or eliminate the discharge and impact of shrimp effluents, and simultaneously improve the functional properties of lettuce.

Analisis Kebutuhan Pembangunan Tempat Pemakaman Umum di Perkotaan Tuban

The land availability in public cemeteries in Tuban currently under pressure towards the land capacity which is getting limited due to the population growth and inadequate facilities. This study, using the calculation to get the estimated area and the land capacity of the public cemetery in Tuban. The data compilation steps consists of primary survey and secondary survey. The primary survey activities carried out included field surveys and community aspirations which were carried out through in-depth interviews and Focus Group Discussions (FGD). Meanwhile, the secondary survey was conducted to find data, namely basic data on laws and policies, and data on social demographic conditions. The analytical method used is the analysis of grave needs by analyzing the projection of the mortality rate, calculating the need for cemetery land area per year, calculating the remaining land area for the cemetery, calculating the remaining land capacity of the cemetery, and calculating the remaining capacity of the cemetery with a one-time overlapping system. From the results of the analysis, it is obtained that the remaining capacity of the burial ground in Tuban District will be filled in 2021 and will require an additional land area of 617,945 m2 (61 Ha) in 2030. Semanding and Merakurak Districts are projected to be full in 2025 with a land area requirement of 81,589 m2 (8.1 Ha) and 113,875 m2 (11 Ha) in 2030 Palang District will be full in 2026 and Jenu District will be full in 2028.

Design of Land Application Systems for Water Reuse

Water reuse via land application is old technology; but the water balance only design approach and practice has not worked well. There are many benefits of water reuse by irrigating crops; however, there are some risks if not designed properly. When the design approach uses a combined water-nutrient-salt balance, the most effective and sustainable, long-term system is achieved. This approach provides a design based on land area requirements, on-site water storage, and economic return from the irrigated crops. The single, most often overlooked step in the water balance is accounting for the water stored in the soil. When spread over large areas, this quantity of water results in considerably less required surface water storage, which saves capital costs. This design approach has been used successfully on multiple sites for over 30 years without failure.

2-D modeling to understand the design configuration and flow dynamics of Pond-In-Pond (PIP) wastewater treatment system for reuse

Water reuse for irrigation is increasingly recognized as an essential and economical strategy in areas with water scarcity. A simple, low cost, low-maintenance, and highly efficient Pond-In-Pond (PIP) treatment system can be used for wastewater reuse. PIP is a treatment technology in which two types of ponds -- anaerobic and aerobic -- are combined into a single pond and consists of a deeper inner section entirely submerged within the outer pond. Previous studies on PIPs and PIP-like systems have reinforced the potential for reuse through promising performance results with BOD removal over 80 % and a reduction in land area requirements by approximately 40 %. Yet, no prior efforts have been made to understand the performance mechanism of such systems. This study makes use of two, 2-D modeling tools in developing a fundamental understanding of PIP flow dynamics and the expected performance. The modeling results showed that the PIP configuration offers improved flow-diversion along with reduced flow velocity. Additionally, the PIP retained approximately 17 % more (p < 0.05) particles than the traditional pond with most of the particles concentrated within the inner pond. Lower velocity and the higher solids retention in the PIP thus allowed for better treatment performance compared to traditional ponds. The findings from this study can be used as preliminary data for future in-depth investigations of the PIP system leading toward effective and optimal designs. This will help address the major societal concern of water scarcity with low-cost and effective wastewater treatment.

Spatially-Explicit Prediction of Capacity Density Advances Geographic Characterization of Wind Power Technical Potential

Mounting interest in ambitious clean energy goals is exposing critical gaps in our understanding of onshore wind power potential. Conventional approaches to evaluating wind power technical potential at the national scale rely on coarse geographic representations of land area requirements for wind power. These methods overlook sizable spatial variation in real-world capacity densities (i.e., nameplate power capacity per unit area) and assume that potential installation densities are uniform across space. Here, we propose a data-driven approach to overcome persistent challenges in characterizing localized deployment potentials over broad extents. We use machine learning to develop predictive relationships between observed capacity densities and geospatial variables. The model is validated against a comprehensive data set of United States (U.S.) wind facilities and subjected to interrogation techniques to reveal that key explanatory features behind geographic variation of capacity density are related to wind resource as well as urban accessibility and forest cover. We demonstrate application of the model by producing a high-resolution (2 km × 2 km) national map of capacity density for use in technical potential assessments for the United States. Our findings illustrate that this methodology offers meaningful improvements in the characterization of spatial aspects of technical potential, which are increasingly critical to draw reliable and actionable planning and research insights from renewable energy scenarios.

Kebutuhan Area Penimbunan di Tempat Pengolahan Akhir Sampah Domestik di Kota Probolinggo Provinsi Jawa Timur

The domestic Final Disposal Site (FDS) in Probolinggo City with 2 landfill areas is almost full, so it is necessary to develop a new landfill area as soon as possible. In the domestic FDS Bestari, there is still a large area for development, but some parts have been utilized by the management and the community. The aim of the study is to calculate the landfill area requirement over the next 10 years and development plan on limited land. The estimation of the amount of domestic solid waste in this study is based on a linear regression of the increasing of population, which is corrected by the amount of waste that can be transported to the FDS. However, the activities in Probolinggo City are still dominated by settlements. With a reduction rate of 4 to 8%, the amount of waste that can be transported to the FDS in 2029 will reach 90 tons per day. With a heap height of up to 20 meters, the required land area for the new landfill area is ± 45000 m2. Taking into account the used area, 3 new small landfill areas and an extension of one existing landfill area proposed. This development area of landfill will be followed by new installation for leachate treatment.

Photo-sequencing batch reactor with Klebsormidium nitens: a promising microalgal biotechnology for sustainable phosphorus management in wastewater treatment plants.

This study aims at improving the existing algal-based wastewater treatment technologies by overcoming some of the major drawbacks of these systems such as large required land area, culture contamination, and energy-intensive algal harvesting. The experiments were carried out in an open photo-sequencing batch reactor at a laboratory-scale for nearly 2 months. A specific strain ACUS00207 of the aeroterrestrial green microalga Klebsormidium nitens (Kützing) Lokhorst was used. The strain is native to Bulgaria and belongs to a species that has never been used before in suspended growth systems for wastewater treatment for phosphorus removal. The culture of K. nitens showed promising results: phosphorus removal rates ranging from 0.4 to 1 mg total phosphorus L-1 d-1, efficient settling properties, and resistance to culture contamination with native microalgae. On the basis of the observed phosphorus removal mechanism of biologically mediated chemical precipitation/phosphorus precipitation, an innovative working mode of the sequencing batch reactor is suggested for reducing the hydraulic retention time and the required land area.

Penerapan Logika Fuzzy Metode Mamdani dalam Menyelesaikan Masalah Produksi Garam Nasional

Indonesia merupakan negara maritim. Negara yang memiliki garis pantai nomor dua terpanjang di dunia. Dengan garis pantai yang panjang, Indonesia dapat menghasilkan sumber daya alam laut yang berlimpah contohnya garam. Garam adalah komoditi strategis, dikatakan strategis karena garam dibutuhkan untuk konsumsi, industri, farmasi dan pengeboran minyak. Merujuk pada neraca garam nasional yang dikeluarkan Kementrian Kelautan dan Perikanan (KKP) pada tahun 2014 dinyatakan percepatan kenaikan rata-rata konsumsi garam berbanding terbalik dengan jumlah produksi garam nasional yang dihasilkan tiap tahunnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memprediksi jumlah produksi garam nasional menggunakan logika fuzzy metode mamdani. Hasil prediksi yang diperoleh adalah 1.400.000 ton per-tahunnya. Jumlah produksi yang akan diprediksi memiliki variabel - variabel independen yaitu curah hujan, luas lahan dan kebutuhan garam. Dengan mempelajari faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi jumlah produksi garam tersebut maka dianalisa bahwa variabel independen dapat menjelaskan variasi jumlah produksi garam sebesar 53% sedangkan sisanya diterangkan oleh variabel lain. Oleh karena itu ketiga variabel tersebut harus dioptimalkan melalui cara intensifikasi dan ekstensifikasi yang pastinya harus didukung dengan kebijakan – kebijakan yang diterbitkan oleh pemerintah.

Life-Cycle Land-Use Requirement for PV in Vietnam

Over the last 15 years, photovoltaics (PV) in Vietnam has experienced development. The increased installed capacity of PV requires more land for installation sites as well as for manufacturing the plants’ component and waste treatment during the plants’ decommissioning. As a developing country, in which more than 80% of the population’s livelihood depends on agriculture, there are concerns about the competition of land for agriculture and solar development. This paper estimates the life-cycle land-use requirement for PV development in Vietnam, to provide the scientific-based evidence for policy makers on the quantity of land required, so that the land budget can be suitably allocated. The direct land-use requirement for PV ranges from 3.7 to 6.7 m2 MWh−1 year, and the total fenced area is 7.18 to 8.16 m2 MWh−1 year. Regarding the life-cycle land use, the land occupation is 241.85 m2a and land transformation is 16.17 m2 per MWh. Most of the required land area is for the installation of the PV infrastructure, while the indirect land use of the background process is inconsiderable.

Dynamic Land Use Implications from an Expanding Wind Energy Portfolio Reveal Geographic Challenges for a Low Carbon Energy Transition

The geographic dimension of wind power is an important facet of energy transition. We conduct a national-scale spatial analysis of onshore wind deployment, quantifying its cumulative footprint (46,915 km2) and uncovering dynamic land requirements and occupancy patterns with implications for emerging electricity systems that rely on high wind penetrations. We reveal that national declines (68%) in capacity density are driven by evolution of turbine technology and regional deployment patterns. However, counter to a prevailing perception that land area requirements are increasing, we show that concurrent performance gains have stabilized energy production on a per-footprint basis. Surprisingly, turbines are commonly embedded within the built environment, with 90% located within 2 km of a structure. Moreover, evidence of regional clustering of wind plants highlight additional growth risks. Continued development on disturbed land, such as cropland — which have supported a 50.5% of historical deployment — could facilitate multiple uses while potentially alleviating ecological concerns.