Land Area Requirement Research Articles

Kajian Kepuasan Petani Terhadap Atribut Benih Tomat di Kabupaten Bandung

An act to increase the production of tomatoes needed since the Indonesian tomatoes production is still fluctuating. One of the efforts is to increase tomatoes’ production is the usage of certified tomatoes’ seed. The research conducted to analyze the farmers’ satisfaction level on the high variety marketed tomatoes’ seed. The research conducted using descriptive analysis method, Important Performance Analysis (IPA) and analysis using Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI). The research conducted in Bandung Regency in the area of Pangalengan Subdistrict and Arjasari subdistrict. The survey included a hundred respondents in total. Sampling conducted using survey method through questioners. Sampling selected using multistage cluster random sampling. Result of the research showed that there are 12 attributes considered as important and good performance according to farmers. The attributes included varieties with high yield (X2.3); varieties with good weather tolerance (heat and rain) (X2.4); varieties with quality that corresponds to the expected quality (X3.1); high productivity (X3.2); amount according to the land area requirement (X4.1); seed delivery to farmers (X4.4); expired date (X5.1); easy to access (X6.1); seed stock availability(X6.2); affordable price (X7.2); price according to the expected quality (X7.3). Farmers’ Satisfaction Analysis Result showed that 70% of farmers satisfied by the attributes of marketed tomatoes’seed.

Novel overlapping constructed wetlands with water drops reoxygenation and lightweight fillers for decentralized wastewater treatment

Constructed wetlands (CWs), crucial for the rural decentralized wastewater treatment, have encountered limitations in nutrient removal efficiency and require extensive land area. This study has constructed a novel overlapping horizontal subsurface flow CWs (OLCWs). Remarkably, OLCWs with mixed lightweight fillers (M-OLCWs) exhibited a significant enhancement in total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency (88–91 %) in different hydraulic loading rates compared to single filler OLCWs (48–62 %). This significant enhancement can be attributed to the lightweight fillers, which have higher abundances and diversity of nitrogen related microorganisms. The treatment dynamics revealed that the second stage exhibited an excellent TN removal efficiency (73–75 %) attributed to sufficient dissolved oxygen concentration by water drops reoxygenation. The research reveals that M-OLCWs, by utilizing water drops reoxygenation and lightweight fillers, not only enhance pollutant treatment efficiency but also reduce required land area, thereby offering a sustainable solution for rural decentralized wastewater treatment.

Reactive distillation with inter-integrated vapor permeation for 1,3-Dioxolane production: Experiments, modeling, process analysis and design

To overcome the problem of difficult separation of the 1,3-dioxane (DOL)-H2O azeotrope in the production of DOL, a new high-integrated technology via reactive distillation (RD) with inter-integrated vapor permeation (VP) (abbreived as R-VP-D) was established. A series of R-VP-D experiments were conducted to find the effect of dedydration on reactant conversion and DOL content in the distillate. A two-dimensional VP module modeled by Aspen Custom Modeler (ACM) was combined with two RD modules in Aspen Plus to simulate the entire R-VP-D process, and the R-VP-D model was verified by experimental results. Then, by this model, systematic research on VP inserting position and membrane area on the reaction performance, reboiler and condenser duty, catalyst load, and TAC of the R-VP-D column was performed. The mechanism of how dehydration promotes reaction was explored. Finally, a new RD-VP-D technology for producing 99.9wt% DOL was designed and optimized. Two goals were achieved by inserting VP: obtaining a DOL-H2O mixture that crosses the azeotropic point in the distillate and improving reaction performance by removing by-product H2O. Under the optimal parameter, the energy consumption per unit product was reduced by 3.9% with less equipment, a simpler process, and less required land area compared with the RD with pressure swing distillation technology reported in the literature, and CO2 emissions were reduced by 4.0%. The reason why promotion effect is insignificant was explored, which is related to which of separation or reaction is the control step in RD process.

Dynamic numerical modeling and performance optimization of solar and wind assisted combined heat and power system coupled with battery storage and sophisticated control framework

Incorporating distributed renewable energy sources into heating, power, and cooling systems is facilitating the drive toward intelligent building energy solutions. However, the inherent uncertainties associated with controllable renewable resources pose challenges for the thermo-economic scheduling of smart buildings. Nonetheless, the flexibility inherent in smart buildings can be leveraged through various market mechanisms. Hence, this research introduces a sustainable energy-building system driven by an autonomous solar/dish Stirling engine (SDSE) and wind turbine combined with a sophisticated control strategy and battery storage, which is designed to provide heat and power requirements. The proposed control strategy is also devised to optimize energy generation, ensuring prudent conservation and minimal waste, thereby amplifying overall efficiency and financial viability. The meticulous design of the system is accomplished through advanced MATLAB/Simulink® modeling. A thorough technical sensitivity analysis meticulously hones design parameters, revealing optimal operational thresholds. Simulation outcomes unveil a consistent Stirling engine (SE) efficiency, achieving a pinnacle of 35 %, while the SDSE attains over 28 %, respectively. The horizontal axis wind turbine, encompassing 100 kW and 500 kW modules, demonstrates power coefficients spanning from 0.18 to 0.09, with corresponding land area requirements ranging from 4.22 m2 to 21.10 m2, emphasizing the pivotal roles of module power and land area optimization. This paper also casts a spotlight on the environmental repercussions of the system, illustrating its potential to avert up to 30,000 kg of CO2 emissions per kWh/year. Moreover, the levelized cost of electricity ranges from 0.13 to 0.16 $/kWh, accompanied by an hourly cost that fluctuates between 3 $/h and 40 $/h, respectively. Conclusively, the developed modeling can be regarded as a significant stride in the realm of hybrid renewable energy systems, replacing the conventional photovoltaic/wind models with cutting-edge solar/wind configurations managed by a sophisticated control strategy and battery storage system.

Solar photovoltaic/thermal (PVT) technology collectors and free cooling in ground source heat pump systems

Ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems offer a low carbon heating and cooling solution for the decarbonization of buildings. As global temperatures rise, the cooling requirements of buildings will grow, even in regions where cooling systems have been historically uncommon due to their colder climate, such as Sweden. The combination of free cooling (FC) with GSHPs seems like a natural way to meet the increasing cooling needs, since the heat extracted from the building during the summer months can be injected into the ground to potentially regenerate the borehole field and enhance heat pump performance. However, a technology that is generally integrated with GSHP systems for borehole regeneration are photovoltaic/thermal collectors. This study investigates the performance of a ground source heat pump system with free cooling for a multi-family building in Stockholm, Sweden, and the interference on the free cooling capabilities of the system when photovoltaic/thermal collectors are present. The results demonstrate that the integration of PVT and FC not only maintains the cooling supply but also enhances heat pump performance, all the while reducing borehole length and land area requirements.

Optical and electrical performance of an agrivoltaic field with spectral beam splitting

Solar photovoltaic power generation is a mature and competitive technology, but its high land area requirements conflict with other uses of available land. Agrivoltaics (APV) allows dual use of land, with photovoltaic panels installed over agricultural crops. However, the panels block a significant portion of the solar radiation, leading in many cases to a severe reduction in growth and productivity of the agricultural crop. Here, we present a novel type of collector to resolve this competition between electricity and crop yields by spectral splitting of the incident direct radiation using simple planar components. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) is transmitted to the crop while near-infrared radiation (NIR) is directed to the PV panels. The annual optical and electrical performance of a large-scale agrivoltaic field with these spectrum-splitting collectors is investigated in detail. The study is conducted using a computational model that includes optics, heat transfer, and electrical conversion. The reliability of the model was validated using experimental data obtained from a small-scale experimental setup. Results show that the electricity production per unit land area of the spectrum-splitting collectors can be similar to that of conventional APV fields and may reach even higher value by about 20% with optimized spectral splitters. According to the simulations, the loss of PAR on the ground due to the collectors may be significantly reduced, reaching only 10% compared to 21% in a conventional APV field.

Application Potential of Wastewater Fertigated Short Rotation Coppice Systems in a Selected Region (Aligarh, UP, India)

In many Indian regions, increased wastewater is both a threat to public health and the environment, but it also presents an opportunity as a source of water and nutrients. With less than one-third of India’s wastewater treated and an alarming water scarcity situation, efficient wastewater treatment and reuse schemes are needed to face impending water and fertiliser shortages. This study explores the application potential of wastewater fertigated Short Rotation Coppice systems (wfSRC) as a cost-efficient and promising solution for treating and reusing wastewater in a specific region (400 km2, 184 settlements) of Aligarh (UP), India. Based on real data from a local wfSRC pilot site using bamboo, willow, and poplar, we analysed the system’s treatment performance, nutrient recovery, carbon sequestration potential, land requirements, biomass production potential, and cost–benefit, under various scenarios. The results show that the pilot wfSRC system is efficiently treating 250 m3/day of domestic wastewater on 6864 m2 of land, and serving 2500 people. The land requirements for wfSRC systems vary depending on local conditions (e.g., climate, soil type, wastewater composition) and user demands (e.g., water reuse efficiency, type, and amount of biomass). The calculated areas ranged from 2.75 to 25.7 m2/PE, which equates to a required land area in the whole study region of between 108 and 1006 ha in 2036. This would produce up to 100 DM t/ha/year of valuable biomass. Early local stakeholder involvement and the monitoring of pollutants are recommended as priorities during the planning process for the large-scale implementation of wfSRC systems in India.

A series anaerobic-aerobic down-flow hanging sponge (DHS) reactor for the treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME)

Palm oil mill effluent (POME) contains very high organic compounds that must be treated before being discharged into the environment. Pond technology has been widely used for the treatment of POME; however, it requires a huge area of land. Down-flow hanging sponge (DHS) reactor has shown a high pollutant removal efficiency, less energy, and land area requirement. This study aimed to investigate the performance of a series of anaerobic (R3) and aerobic (R4) DHS reactors in treating POME. The reactor was continuously supplied with POME in three different phases for 165 days. The COD loading rate was set at 3.06, 6.12, and 12.24 kg-COD/m³·day in Phase 1, Phase 2, and Phase 3, respectively. Hydraulic retention time (HRT) was set at 47 min and 50 min, in R3 and R4, respectively. The reactors showed good performance for pollutant removal efficiency, especially COD. In Phase 1, the average COD removal rate was 2.68 and 0.27 kg-COD/m³·d in R3 and R4, respectively. In Phase 2, when the COD loading rate was increased, the average COD removal rate achieved 4.12 and 1.53 kg-COD/m³·d in R3 and R4, respectively. In Phase 3, the COD loading rate was doubled to 12.24 kg-COD/m³·day and the average COD removal rate of 5.81 and 2.90 kg-COD/m³·d was achieved in R3 and R4, respectively. During operation, the concentration of nitrate fluctuated in R4, which indicated that nitrification had occurred. Phosphate could be reduced in R3, but only a small portion could be removed in R4. Total suspended solids (TSS) could be effectively removed in R4. These results revealed that a combination of anaerobic-aerobic DHS reactors showed good performance in removing pollutants such as COD and TSS. Therefore, DHS technology can be used as a polishing treatment for treated POME.

Techno-economic and GHG mitigation assessment of concentrated solar thermal and PV systems for different climate zones

In this study, energy production by two solar energy technologies, namely concentrated solar power (CSP) and photovoltaic (PV) power, is compared from a technical, economic and environmental perspective. Initially, a 50 MW CSP plant is modeled and simulated at four selected sites in Pakistan. Then, the most feasible location of the CSP plant is compared with the solar PV plant of the same capacity. The effect of the solar thermal storage size and cooling system of the CSP system is investigated, while the photovoltaic tracking system is investigated to evaluate the technical and economic performance of the power plants. Technical performance is evaluated based on energy generation and capacity factors metrics, while economic performance is evaluated with respect to levelized cost, payback period and net present value. In addition, environmental criteria such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), saving fossil fuels, and life-cycle water consumption are evaluated. From the results, it was concluded that the CSP plant located in Quetta is technically and economically viable. The capacity factor of the CSP plant is 36.6% compared to 19.8% for the PV plant, while the solar-to-electrical efficiency of the CSP plant is 14.2% compared to 20.8% for the PV plant. The required land area is 2.77 acres/GWh for the CSP plant and 2.33 acres/GWh for the PV plant, while the net capital cost of the CSP plant is five times higher than that of the PV plant. Various design parameters are optimized to obtain the minimum levelized cost of energy (LCOE) for both CSP and PV plants. The results of CSP and PV plants indicate that the LCOE can be reduced to 11.57 cents/kWh and 4.69 cents/kWh, respectively. Thus, the CSP plant performs better from the technical point of view while the PV plant performs better from the economic perspective.

Sosialisasi Ilmu Budidaya Ikan Lele dalam Ember di Pekarangan Rumah Warga Gp. Beurawe, Kota Banda Aceh

The resident was increased never be separated from the need for housing in the city. The land use was obtaining to make a house so that agricultural activities a difficult to carry out. These detentions were also experienced in the general public, especially in this service, the Gp. Beurawe society. This study aims to provide socialization to Gp. Beurawe society in Banda Aceh city for a catfish farming system in buckets using the aquaponics method. This system does not need to required land area, to a cheap, and easily system to everyone. This scheme was expected to be a solution to the problem of limited land, because the community around the service location has a condition of close to each other. Therefore, this community service activity needed to provide the better solution. This society activity apart from cultivating fish in buckets were a solution added for growing vegetables such as lettuce and mustard greens hydroponics system. The service method was carried out to provide education to the community at the Keuchik Office with assistance from a series of effective methods of distribution a bucket as well as hydroponic materials. The benefit of this services was obtaining knowledge for the people in Beurawe, especially around the City, regarding the application of the ''Budikdamber aquaponics'' system, namely fish farming in buckets in front of each house

Minimizing habitat conflicts in meeting net-zero energy targets in the western United States

The scale and pace of energy infrastructure development required to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are unprecedented, yet our understanding of how to minimize its potential impacts on land and ocean use and natural resources is inadequate. Using high-resolution energy and land-use modeling, we developed spatially explicit scenarios for reaching an economy-wide net-zero GHG target in the western United States by 2050. We found that among net-zero policy cases that vary the rate of transportation and building electrification and use of fossil fuels, nuclear generation, and biomass, the "High Electrification" case, which utilizes electricity generation the most efficiently, had the lowest total land and ocean area requirements (84,000 to 105,000 km2 vs. 88,100 to 158,000 km2 across all other cases). Different levels of land and ocean use protections were applied to determine their effect on siting, environmental and social impacts, and energy costs. Meeting the net-zero target with stronger land and ocean use protections did not significantly alter the share of different energy generation technologies and only increased system costs by 3%, but decreased additional interstate transmission capacity by 20%. Yet, failure to avoid development in areas with high conservation value is likely to result in substantial habitat loss.

THE IMPACT OF LANDFILL DIVERSION ON LAND USE AND LIFESPAN: A CASE STUDY OF THE BOUGHAREB TECHNICAL LANDFILL CENTRE IN CONSTANTINE, ALGERIA

Land filling is one of the most common methods of disposing of solid waste all over the world, however, with constantly increasing waste volumes and land scarcity, waste diversion and recovery are more likely the best answer to these concerns. This research paper presents an estimation of the diversion impact on the required land area and on the lifespan of a technical landfill centre (TLC) in Constantine, Algeria. Our methodology consists in drawing up three scenarios of operation of TLC, over a period of 15 years, with each scenario, applying a different waste diversion rate, results show that: waste diversion reduces land consumption and increases the TLC's lifespan in all three scenarios but diverting for composting is the most efficient one.

Municipal wastewater treatment with corrugated PVC carrier anaerobic baffled reactor.

The anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) is a promising solution for decentralized wastewater treatment due to its low operation cost as compared to the activated sludge process, but it requires comparatively higher hydraulic retention time (HRT). This ultimately increases land requirement, capital and construction cost of treatment plant. This study investigates performance of ABR using polyvinyl chloride (PVC) corrugated pipe as carrier media to improve biomass retention capacity and treatment performance of reactor with the aim to reduce HRT. Comparative performance of two ABRs with and without carrier media was analyzed under mesophilic conditions (35 ± 1 °C) for organics and total suspended solids (TSS) removal at HRTs of 24, 18, 12, 8, 6 and 4 h. Results showed that at HRTs of 24-08 h, the organics removal performance of the carrier anaerobic baffled reactor (CABR) was better than ABR and was in the range of 77-81% for CABR as compared to 64-70% for ABR. However, on further decrease in HRT to 6 h, CABR sustained the treatment with organics removal of 80%, while ABR performance reduced to 58%, creating a performance difference of 38%. Average total suspended solids (TSS) removal was in the range of 76-83% at all HRTs for both reactors. Therefore, this study identified CABR with PVC carrier media as an effective low-HRT reactor for organics and SS removal with less land area requirement.

Spatial energy density of large-scale electricity generation from power sources worldwide

This paper introduces the annual energy density concept for electric power generation, which is proposed as an informative metric to capture the impacts on the environmental footprint. Our investigation covers a wide range of sources classified by rated power and compares different regions to establish typical spatial flows of energy and evaluate the corresponding scalability to meet future net-zero emission (NZE) goals. Our analysis is conducted based on publicly available information pertaining to different regions and remote satellite image data. The results of our systematic analysis indicate that the spatial extent of electric power generation toward 2050 will increase approximately sixfold, from approximately 0.5% to nearly 3.0% of the world's land area, based on International Energy Agency (IEA) NZE 2050 targets. We investigate the worldwide energy density for ten types of power generation facilities, two involving nonrenewable sources (i.e., nuclear power and natural gas) and eight involving renewable sources (i.e., hydropower, concentrated solar power (CSP), solar photovoltaic (PV) power, onshore wind power, geothermal power, offshore wind power, tidal power, and wave power). In total, our study covers 870 electric power plants worldwide, where not only the energy density but also the resulting land or sea area requirements to power the world are estimated. Based on the provided meta-analysis results, this paper challenges the common notion that solar power is the most energy-dense renewable fuel source by demonstrating that hydropower supersedes solar power in terms of land use in certain regions of the world, depending on the topography.

ANALISIS KEBUTUHAN PARKIR UNTUK INDUSTRI PAKAIAN JADI PT. MOD INDO - PRINGAPUS

PT. MOD Indo Pringapus is one of the garment industry players located in Pringapus District, their business activity is the manufacture of apparel with a market share of 100% exports to America. PT. MOD Indo is located on Jalan Raya Pringapus Candirejo in the Bumi Wahyu Warehousing Complex, Kali Kuning neighborhood, Pringapus Village, Pringapus District, Semarang Regency. PT. MOD Indo has an area of 21,117 m2, a total building area of 15,296 m2, and a total area of 5,821, m2 of open land. With number of employees reaching 1250 employees, the need for parking spaces for employees, raw material vehicles, and production transportation vehicles needs to be provided with a suitable place & adequate. The current condition based on the author's observations, there are still many parking arrangements that are not in place due to the very limited condition of the land and parking buildings. Seeing these conditions, it is necessary to plan for the provision of parking facilities. From the results of the survey on the availability of parking at the location, the parking capacity that is owned can accommodate 25 car parking lots and 800 motorbike parking lots. The parking area used is approximately 1500 m2. The parking requirements that need to be provided are 50 SRP for Cars, 192 SRP for Motorcycles and 10 SRP for Trucks, while the required land area includes circulation of 1,674.4 m2. Based on the results of the analysis above and the description of the next few years where the rate of vehicle development is estimated at around 10% per year, the authors can conclude that the performance of parking spaces for current conditions does not meet the needs of existing users so that there needs to be improvements in parking space arrangements including the addition of new parking spaces.

Techno-economic analysis on the production of domestic water using solar-driven membrane seawater desalination device in the Philippines

This study investigates the technical design and economic assessment of an industrial plant that produces 160 m3/day of domestic water using solar-driven membrane seawater desalination technology. The proposed desalination plant in Barangay Nalus, Kiamba, Sarangani Province, Philippines, has three main processing areas. These areas include the pre-treatment for particle removal, desalination of seawater, and post-treatment to comply with domestic water standards in the country. The economic assessment revealed a total capital expenditure of $2,364,317.00 with a unit product cost of $9.75/m3 or a selling price of $12.68/m3 with a 30% markup. The high capital and product costs are due to the low production rate, the novelty of the technology, expensive membrane cost, and extensive land area requirement. Profitability analysis for a selling price of $12.68/m3 revealed a more than 14-year payback period, a loss of $235,000.00, and a high 41% chance of being unprofitable. Reducing the product price to a market price of $1.17/m3 also reveals no profit at all: a loss of $4.6 million and a 100% chance of being unprofitable. Thus, it is highly recommended to delay construction of the proposed plant until the technology becomes matured and fully developed to produce a competitive price-wise membrane-based desalinated seawater.

Vertical farming: A trade-off between land area need for crops and for renewable energy production

Indoor vertical farming (VF) may play an important role in tackling future food insecurity as it can reduce the land use requirements for crop land and is not affected by environmental conditions. However, its energy-intensive operation and the associated environmental impacts can be a cause for concern. To alleviate these issues, it is desirable to operate VF with renewable energy. Our aim was to investigate the land use requirements for generating renewable energy for VF and whether the land area saved by growing crops in multiple layers is sufficient for energy production. The land area requirements for wind and solar (photovoltaic, PV) energy were assessed for lettuce, tomato, potato and wheat production in VF systems in Spain and Sweden. In addition to current-technology scenarios, future scenarios for technological advancement in VF systems and renewable energy generation were included. The results showed that with current technologies, the saved land area was sufficient to produce enough energy only in the case of using PV for lettuce production. However, with improved technologies, the saved land area was sufficient to produce electricity with PV for all crops except tomatoes in Sweden. In contrast, wind energy only satisfies lettuce production, even with future technologies. This study serves as a guideline for determining the feasibility of VF operated with renewable energy in relation to land area, electricity requirements and renewable electricity generation potential in various regions of Europe.

Combining direct ground cooling with ground-source heat pumps and district heating: Borehole sizing and land area requirements

This article studies the potential combination of direct ground cooling (DGC) with district heating (DH) and ground source heat pumps (GSHP) to compare the required borehole depths and needed drilling areas. It also examines two different borehole sizing approaches to optimize investment costs and drilling areas. The results show that the required borehole depths in most cases are shorter for the DGC and DH combination than for the DGC and GSHP combination. It is also demonstrated that the optimal range of borehole outlet temperatures could be chosen based on the trade-off between borehole installation and terminal units’ costs.

Experimental study on the inclined solar still with single-axis solar tracking: thermo-economic approach

ABSTRACT The solar-energy sector is growing fast and expected to continue. Inclined solar still (ISS) is one of the promising techniques used in the solar desalination field. Adding a single-axis solar tracking system to the ISS will increase its yield and efficiency. Consequently, the total device cost will be increased. Does it worth? To answer this question, an experimental investigation of the ISS without and with a single-axis solar tracking system was conducted and evaluated. Thermo-economic analysis was developed and evaluated. Results showed that adding a single-axis solar tracking to the inclined solar still increased its productivity and efficiency by 26% and 25.4%, respectively, with an increase in the system total cost by 39.2%. The payback period of the extra cost due to adding the solar tracking system is estimated in the range between 0.9 and 1.1 years. Thus, using a solar tracking for inclined solar still is thermally and economically beneficial due to the increase of the device performance and the reduction of the required land area by almost 26% to produce the same freshwater amount which means a lot of money-saving.

Dynamic land use implications of rapidly expanding and evolving wind power deployment

The expansion of wind power poses distinct and varied geographic challenges to a sustainable energy transition. However, current knowledge of its land use impacts and synergies is limited by reliance on static characterizations that overlook the role of turbine technology and plant design in mediating interactions with the environment. Here, we investigate how wind technology development and innovation have shaped landscape interactions with social and ecological systems within the United States and contribute to evolving land area requirements. This work assesses trends in key land use facets of wind power using a holistic set of metrics to establish an evidence base that researchers, technology designers, land use managers, and policymakers can use in envisioning how future wind-intensive energy systems may be jointly optimized for clean energy, social, and environmental objectives. Since 2000, we find dynamic land occupancy patterns and regional trends that are driven by advancing technology and geographic factors. Though most historical U.S. wind deployment has been confined to the temperate grassland biome in the nation’s interior, regional expansion has implicated diverse land use and cover types. A large percentage of the typical wind plant footprint (∼96% to 99%) is not directly impacted by permanent physical infrastructure, allowing for multiple uses in the spaces between turbines. Surprisingly, turbines are commonly close to built structures. Moreover, rangeland and cropland have supported 93.4% of deployment, highlighting potential synergies with agricultural lands. Despite broadly decreasing capacity densities, offsetting technology improvements have stabilized power densities. Land use intensity, defined as the ratio of direct land usage to lifetime power generation of wind facilities, has also trended downwards. Although continued deployment on disturbed lands, and in close proximity to existing wind facilities and other infrastructure, could minimize the extent of impacts, ambitious decarbonization trajectories may predispose particular biomes to cumulative effects and risks from regional wind power saturation. Increased land-use and sustainability feedback in technology and plant design will be critical to sustainable management of wind power.