Labour Market Developments Research Articles

РАЗВИТИЕ КОМПЕТЕНЦИЙ ИТ-СПЕЦИАЛИСТОВ В УСЛОВИЯХ ПЕРЕХОДА К ЦИФРОВОЙ ЭКОНОМИКЕ

This article examines the importance of continuous skill renewal for IT professionals in a rapidly changing environment. The key aspects of the role of IT specialists in maintaining the competitiveness and economic growth of companies, including their ability to adapt to new conditions and solve complex problems, are discussed. The importance of constant updating of skills to increase competitiveness in the labor market and successful career development of IT specialists is emphasized.

Effects of Loans Granted Within the Framework of Regional Operational Program on Selected Aspects of Sustainable Development of Labor Market

EU funds have a positive effect on the economic development of the EU Member States. The progressive steps designed to implement decentralization of the distribution of funding offers the means for better adaptation of the support measures to the needs that arise in individual voivodeships, and thus to the sustainable development of the regions. The regional operational program of the Opolskie Voivodeship offers loans that are provided to enterprises from the SME sector, which is projected to contribute to the decrease in unemployment in the region. The relations between the investigated variables were performed by application of statistical methods: histograms, log regression and the Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM). It was noted that there is a difference between the financing prospects in terms of the dependencies between the values of the loans given to businesses and employment growth. In the 2014–2020 perspective, the regression plot is similar to a straight line, which means that statistically proportional to the increase in the value of the loan granted, the number of jobs created increases.

Extraordinary Labor Market Developments and the 2022-23 Disinflation

Extraordinary Labor Market Developments and the 2022-23 Disinflation

Эконометрический анализ безработицы и ее влияния на экономический рост Уральского федерального округа

Introduction. Labour market is one of the key areas ensuring the growth of the national economy. However, unique geographical and social economic features of various federal districts of the Russian Federation generate regions’ unequal contribution to the labour market development. This demands analysis of labour market processes and identification of key factors for labour market growth. The purpose of this article is to analyze unemployment in the Ural Federal District of the Russian Federation and reveal the key factors that have a significant impact on employment dynamics. Materials and Methods. The paper refers to the official information database of the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation. The authors developed a set of econometric models determined by correlation and regression analysis methods. Results. The study shows that the regional unemployment rate is defined by various key indicators such as wages, effective demand, and inflation. Two hypotheses were worded to support the dominant factors for the GRP growth in the Ural Federal District. To justify these hypotheses, the authors referred to a set of six relevant econometric models which give distinctive results and define the degree the analyzed indicators impact GRP and economic growth of some regions in the Ural Federal District. Conclusions. Higher wages, curbing inflation and stimulated consumer demand by higher actual incomes of population are the most efficient measures to reduce unemployment, and stimulate economic growth of the Ural Federal District. These findings should be taken into account in developing social economic projects and programmes for the Ural Federal District.

DISCIPLINARY LIABILITY IN CONNECTION WITH THE EMPLOYEE’S GUILTY ACTIONS

This research provides a detailed comparative analysis of the number of labor disputes and the evolution of Kazakhstan’s labor discipline legislation. Key observations include the correlation between stringent disciplinary norms and reduced unemployment, the influence of judicial practices on labor dis-cipline, and the necessity of balancing strict discipline with fair treatment to prevent legal disputes. The findings offer valuable insights for optimizing labor policies to support sustainable labor market develop-ment in Kazakhstan. These insights align with the goals of SDG 8, which promotes sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for all.The purpose of this paper is not only to analyze the current state of the labor market in Kazakhstan but also to propose recommendations for optimizing labor policy, taking into account both current challenges and potential opportunities for sustainable development of the labor market in the country. Based on a wide range of data, including statistical indicators range of unemployment levels, legislative changes, and analysis of judicial practice, we aim to identify correlations and cause-and-effect relation-ships between labor discipline and market indicators.

Extraordinary Labor Market Developments and the 2022-23 Disinflation

Extraordinary Labor Market Developments and the 2022-23 Disinflation

Аналітичні методи дослідження якості ринку праці України

In the context of diversification of characteristics and conditions of employment, qualitative parameters of labor market development are recognized by international organizations as a priority, which is reflected in numerous conceptions (for example, decent work) and methodological approaches – both scientific and institutional (research on the quality of work, quality of employment). Quality assessment is based on analytical approaches, the implementation of which in Ukraine faces a number of difficulties: lack of information support, no uniform approaches to assessment, insufficient methodical elaboration of a complex category of quality within the framework of qualiology and qualimetry. To overcome these gaps in the study, it is proposed to apply factor analysis (main components, with the rotation of solutions of factors), while using the information obtained as a result of processing microdata files of surveys on the labor force of the regions of Ukraine. The inclusion of qualitative features of the labor market development (gender parity, opportunities to combine work and family responsibilities, guarantees of formal employment, decent wages and acceptable working hours, in particular for persons with a high level of education, and others) in the factor analysis allows to identify problem processes that have the greatest impact on the formation of the quality of the labor market. The results of the calculations indicate the decisive influence of the existing deprivations on the formation of the quality of the labor market in Ukraine. The deprivations refer to compliance with decent wages and the existence of informal employment, including among people with higher education, opportunities for economic activity, as well as gender restrictions in the labor market. The problem of acceptable working hours, in particular for married women, is also significant. Such results should be taken into account when developing a policy of labor market regulation in the context of Ukraine’s post-war recovery, aimed at forming a qualitative maturity of the labor market.

Адаптационные механизмы российского рынка труда в условиях неопределенности

The relevance of the study is due to the continuous changes in the labor market under the influence of external factors and the need to increase its adaptive abilities in conditions of uncertainty. The purpose of the study is to identify the features of the adaptation of the Russian labor market to the conditions of uncertainty caused by the pandemic, and the development of new forms of employment that ensure the structural transformation of the market and changes in labor relations. The objectives of the study are to analyze new forms of work arising on the basis of transformation of models of interaction between participants in a period of uncertainty; to determine the vector of development of labor relations that ensure the balance of the labor market. Methodology . The study was carried out using methods of theoretical analysis, systematization, economic analysis, graphical method, comparative analysis method, and morphological analysis method. Results . The analysis of the dynamics of the labor market development indicators during the pandemic allowed us to conclude that it was destabilized in the conditions of uncertainty, manifested in the form of a decrease in employment indicators, an increase in unemployment, an increase in tension in the market. By 2021, many indicators of the labor market development have returned to a doc-like level. The activity of the Russian population in the global online labor market is analyzed, as well as the demand of Russian companies for labor on digital platforms. The directions of ensuring greater adaptability of the Russian labor market through the use of various mechanisms of state policy are substantiated. Conclusions . The emergence of new forms of work based on the transformation of models of interaction between participants has been established. It is concluded that accelerated digitalization during the pandemic created opportunities for online employment of the population, which contributed to the partial removal of tension in the Russian labor market.

Language training courses as a form of interaction between the university and business

Today, universities are quite actively establishing various forms of interaction with business, including in the field of establishing language training courses within the framework of education transfer. Here the author presents a unique experience of business interaction in the person of the Moscow Law firm and the Center for Innovative Educational and Language Strategies of the Department of English and Professional Communication of the Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation. This research aims to study the experience of designing and implementing online language training courses «English for lawyers» for lawyers practicing international law. As it is an on-going project, the author presents the first results of the study (May – June 2023). The development of educational tracks of the course determined the reference to the ideas of personality oriented and CLIL approaches. When verifying the content of education, the author relied on the initial language proficiency level of the students and on the author’s experience in teaching Legal English, in addition, on author’s developments, materials from authentic textbooks, legal websites and newspapers, court archives available on court websites, etc. The task set by the client – the development of communication skills in the field of Legal English – largely determined the choice of teaching methods. Here the author provides parts of classes based on: case method, business and role-playing games, elements of an inverted class, etc. The obtained primary results not only testify to the effectiveness of the work done in the course of interaction between the university and business, but also allow us to foresee promising directions in the given direction, for instance: the opening of new and promising areas of training of bachelor and master students that meet the latest trends in labour market development, etc.

Effects of Digitalization on Labor Market Development in Transport Sector in Post- Covid Environment

The development of digitalization processes in a post-pandemic environment has the potential to seriously affect the labor market in the transport sector in South- Eastern European countries, which sector is not prepared for such a transformation. An increasing number of transport companies will face the dilemma of keeping their workforce or replacing it with digital devices and robots. The consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, which led to many small and medium-sized enterprises bankruptcies in the sector, will make it even more difficult for transport companies to remain competitive both on the national and European transport market. Based on statistical and descriptive analysis, the article aims to forecast the emerging trends in the sector and to give recommendations for a smooth transition, considering the specifics of the transport sector in terms of social and technological sustainability. The study identifies the problems, related to the digitalization of the transport sector and reveals the possibilities for their overcoming in regard to road passenger carriages in intercity lines in developing countries with transition economies like Bulgaria.

STRATEGIC CAREER DECISION-MAKING FOR GRADUATES: FOSTERING EMPLOYABILITY ELEMENTS TO MITIGATE UNEMPLOYMENT CHALLENGES

The selection and decision-making process in choosing a career pose the most significant challenge, akin to a gamble in both education and employment, whether the dream career becomes a reality or remains a mere fantasy. Recent societal debates have given rise to several issues addressed in this study, including 1. The Direction of Graduates After University Education. 2. Labor Market Development. 3. Graduate Employability, and 4. Realizing Fantasy Dreams into Reality. This literature-oriented study employs a meticulous reading technique, where the author systematically analyzes career-related articles selected to address the four highlighted issues. The research findings indicate that the accurate selection of a career aligned with one's qualifications, interests, and personality is crucial, not only in determining an individual's life direction but also in realizing their career aspirations. The correlation between dream careers and suitable candidates is undeniable, particularly concerning favorable labor market trends that assist graduates in achieving their coveted careers. However, maintaining a robust labor market is no easy feat for any country facing external and internal conflicts. As we are aware, graduates must not only compete among local labor but also contend with foreign labor entering the country seeking employment. Consequently, Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) have undergone educational transformations to best equip graduates in fostering employability elements to combat unemployment issues. Various solutions have been implemented to achieve the discussed goals, aiming to enhance individuals, including graduates, to elevate the quality of their qualifications and instill essential soft skills crucial in the job market. Career aspirations related to the issues individuals face in determining their careers, coupled with providing solutions to reduce unemployment rates, contribute to fostering high-quality graduates.

Labor transfer, market development, and the outsourcing of forestry production by farmers: a case study in Fujian, China

IntroductionThe outsourcing of forestry production is an important form in the development of forestry specialization and is the compromise result of economic incentives, factor optimization and risk diversification for farmers. It can facilitate the collaboration between internal and external resources to improve the efficiency of resource allocation and promote the combination of small farmers and the high-quality development of modern forestry.Theory and methodsIn this research, we have analyzed the extrusion effect, the substitution effect, and the income effect of labor transfer on the outsourcing of forestry production by farmers based on the theory of farmers’ behavior. In addition, we have constructed an influence mechanism for the development of the outsourcing services market according to the theory of division of labor. Moreover, we analyzed research data from farmers in Fujian Province using a probit model to determine the effect of labor transfer and market development on the outsourcing of forestry production by farmers.Conclusions and discussionThe conclusions showed that several factors have a significant impact on the outsourcing of forestry production. These factors include labor transfer, market development, income level in the village, smaller machinery numbers, amount of forestry subsidies, extent of forest road construction to meet production demands, and degree of forest land fragmentation. We have discussed topics of the distribution of labor value, market structure cultivation, and forestry costs on conclusion.Policy implicationsWe propose increasing farmers’ income through labor transfer, fostering the market for outsourcing services in forestry production, and promoting the new classification of forestry.

Assessing and Forecasting Current and Future Trends of ICT Employment in European Enterprises

In the current context, the labor market volatility in the information and communications technology sector (ICT), the challenges faced by companies in identifying and hiring these specialists, as well as the challenges faced by specialists in this field in terms of employment and job retention, necessitate a detailed and comprehensive analysis of the ICT labor market developments in close correlation with the current trends of digitalization of the economy. On this premise, the research presented in this article seeks to examine data about European firms that have engaged or tried to hire ICT specialists in the period 2014-2020, as well as the trends for the period 2021-2030. The purpose of the research will be to provide, on the one hand, the development of the selected variables for research during the analysis period and, on the other hand, the trends related to the ICT labor market for the categories of enterprises under study. The study aim will serve as the basis for the development of research questions and hypotheses, which will be tested using two types of methodological techniques, namely linear analysis and linear regression-based predictions.

Привабливість підприємств торгівлі на ринку праці

Students are an attractive segment on the labor market, as young people learn quickly, have the skills to work with modern information technologies, are inclined to support and develop corporate culture, etc. The aim of the article is to determine the level of attractiveness of trade enterprises from students’ opinion, taking into account modern trends in the development of the labor market. The hypo­thetical assumption is that trade enterprises do not differ significantly in terms of their attract­tiveness for students when they choose a place of work or internship. The conducted research of modern trends in the development of the Ukrainian labor market showed that significant changes took place during the war, in particular, the number of vacancies decreased by 25 times. Enterprises, for their part, tried first of all to keep the existing staff and were looking for new opportunities for successful operation. There has been a mass migration of the population to safe places, currently about 20% of the population of Ukraine is abroad. Preservation of the working population in Ukraine is an important task of the state and business. The number of vacancies in the field of trade increased by 67% in 8 months of 2023, stabilization took place in the field of trade on the labor market in August according to the R-Index. The students’ perception of the enterprises attractiveness for work and internship was studied. For this, the survey was conducted among students (1341 respondents) with and without work experience. To analyze the results of the survey, the following methods were used: mathematical expectation, root mean square deviation and coefficient of variation of the expert evaluation results. Enterprises were rated according to their attractiveness for work and internships in the field of trade. Among the 9 leading enterprises, according to the survey results, Rozetka, Fozzy Group and Comfy were identified as the most attractive. The conducted research will make it possible to identify the best practices of employer brand management, and will help enterprises to take into account the expectations of their target audience.

Labor market in agriculture: regional features of functioning

The goal is to study the mechanism of functioning of the labor market in rural areas. Methods – abstract-logical, systemic, comparative, statistical analysis, observation. Results - internal and external factors influencing the formation and development of rural labor market in the Pavlodar region were analyzed, and measures were proposed to reduce tension in the agricultural labor market. The employment market in the villages of this region and its importance for agriculture and rural areas are considered. Based on statistical data from 2014-2022. The main indicators of the labor market at the district level are presented. The structure of the population employed in production of goods and services is shown, which makes it possible to identify economically underdeveloped settlements. A reduction in the number of able-bodied citizens in rural settlements has been revealed as a consequence of the migration movement of able-bodied people, the aging of rural residents, and unemployment problems: dispersal of the labor force, low degree of territorial accessibility, limited non-agricultural types of employment. The directions for improving the social infrastructure of rural areas, increasing awareness of the support measures taken, popularizing entrepreneurship, cooperation, including private farming, commercial private plots are substantiated. Conclusions - one of the reasons for the imbalance in agricultural labor market is the low quality of jobs in rural territorial units, due to unsatisfactory conditions of professional activity, lack of opportunities for advanced training and career growth. Large-scale diversification of the rural economy, support for farmers and alternative forms of employment and self-employment make it possible to smooth out negative trends and generate additional income. Measures have been proposed to stabilize this market segment.

Analysis of Migrational Trends in the Context of Formation of Georgian Labor Market and Economic Development

Georgia's participation in global migration processes has increased substantially in recent years. The significance of migration in the socioeconomic, cultural, political, and demographic aspects of the nation is growing. Effective migration management is one of the prerequisites for assuring the security and long-term stability of the nation. It is also an essential tool for reapprochement with the European Union and contributes to the country's socioeconomic development by maximizing the potential of migration. For this reason, proper planning of migration policy and continuous development of its management effectiveness is one of the Government of Georgia's top priorities, and its study is even more pertinent at the present time. The purpose of the study is to analyze migrational trends within the context of the formation of Georgian labor market and the growth of the economy, as well as to determine future prospects. Based on the purpose of the research, the main research objectives and hypotheses can be formulated as follows: 1. Analysis of migrational trends; 2. Characterization of the causes of migration; 3 Assessment of the impact of migration on the formation of the Georgian labor market and the development of the economy. The methodological foundation of the work is economic science research; Georgian and foreign language scientific articles, papers, and studies are used; and the research material is founded on National Statistics Service data. In the research, qualitative and statistical methodologies are employed. This research focuses primarily on data acquisition, comparison, evaluation, and analysis. Finally, the results and conclusions of the research can be used in higher education institutions as a guide material, and it will significantly help various institutions in working out the adequate issues of defining and realizing the country's economic development course. Key words: Modern migrational trends, Migrational challenges, Exporting-importing countries, Migration factors, Migration policy.

ІНФРАСТРУКТУРНА ПІДТРИМКА УКРАЇНСЬКОГО РИНКУ ПРАЦІ

The article is devoted to the study of the elements of the Ukrainian labor market infrastructure and their role in the context of modern challenges. The relevance of the study is stipulated by the need to understand and support the effective functioning of the labor market in the face of change and instability. The purpose of the article is to develop recommendations aimed at infrastructural support of the labor market as an important condition for adapting to modern challenges, ensuring effective interaction between employers and employees, and developing the Ukrainian labor market in a complex socio-economic context. To achieve this goal, the study solved a number of tasks: defined the concept of "labor market infrastructure", elements of labor market infrastructure and their role in the functioning of the labor market; analyzed the current state of the Ukrainian labor market and negative trends in it; developed recommendations for infrastructure support of the labor market aimed at overcoming them. The study used general scientific methods of cognition: induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, association and analogy. The study found that a number of negative trends have emerged in the modern labor market, including a shortage of qualified personnel, a mismatch between the geographical location of jobs and labor, the spread of informal employment, and the inappropriate replacement of men by women in certain industries. Overcoming these challenges requires comprehensive infrastructure support for the labor market. This support should include improving vocational education, continuing the reform of employment services, cooperation between employers, government agencies and educational institutions, adapting legislation to labor market dynamics, and integrating innovations into various sectors of the economy to create new employment opportunities. Encouraging flexible forms of employment, such as remote work and freelancing, is crucial. In addition, creating equal conditions for all workers, regardless of gender, age or social status, is imperative to promote the development of a modern labor market. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of using its results to develop and implement effective labor market management strategies.

Development of the Labor Market in the Context of Kazakhstan's Digital Economy and the Concept of Sustainable Development

Relevance: In an era of rapid digital transformation, the labor market in Kazakhstan faces new challenges and opportunities. This research explores the development of the labor market in the context of Kazakhstan's digital economy, with a focus on sustainable development principles. Background: The authors have identified nine scientific schools that can be applied to investigate the development of the labor market in Kazakhstan's digital economy within the framework of sustainable development. Digital transformation is a key focus in this context, as it impacts the economy, society, and the labor market. Methods: The study draws on the principles and approaches of these nine scientific schools to analyze the development of the labor market in Kazakhstan. This includes examining initiatives such as Digital Kazakhstan and various international digital transformation efforts. Results: The authors find that digital transformation initiatives in different countries share common goals, such as enhancing the competitiveness, innovation, and productivity of the manufacturing sector while addressing workforce development and creating new job opportunities. The Digital Kazakhstan initiative also follows these goals, aiming to improve the country's economic competitiveness through digital transformation. Conclusion: By considering the nine scientific schools and their applications, a deeper understanding of the labor market's development in Kazakhstan can be achieved in the context of digital transformation and sustainable development. The authors recommend that Kazakhstan focuses on key areas such as education, workforce development, innovation, entrepreneurship, digital infrastructure, industry-academia collaboration, targeted strategies for key industries, public-private partnerships, supportive regulatory frameworks, social inclusion, sustainability, and international cooperation to successfully develop its labor market and ensure sustainable growth.

Government assistance programs for internally displaced persons: assessing the impact on economic growth and labour market

In this paper, we analyse the economic influence of expenditures on social protection of internally displaced persons (IDPs) trying to find a response to the research question: if social expenditures can be used in public administration as an effective tool for fostering economic growth and labour market development, or their only purpose is social support within the social responsibility of the government. Thus, we conduct our research using the case of Ukraine with its unprecedented scope of internal displacement caused by the war. To analyse the dependencies between social expenditures and economic growth we use the multiplier calculations. As a result, we found out that the expenditures on social protection of IDPs cause the growth of GDP with a ratio of at least 1:1,23. Besides, due to the indirect economic influence of social expenditures on consumer spending, it was possible to support no less than 13,7 thousand workplaces annually. To substantiate this impact, we used the authors’ method based on the evaluation of marginal propensity to consume and average cost to support workplaces (found as a dependency between consumer spending and employment). The proposed methodology can be useful for scientific analysis and justification of policy measures aimed at different social groups needing financial assistance from the government.

TRENDS IN EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES IN THE LABOR MARKET OF KAZAKHSTAN

Purpose of the research – To determine trends in employment and wages in the labor market of Kazakhstan, depending on the level of qualification.Methodology – The study was carried out by the desk method and consisted of two stages. At the first stage of the study, general indicators of employment and wages were analyzed, at the second - depending on the level of qualification. The source base was the statistical data of the Bureau of National Statistics of the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan. A limitation of the study was the lack of data on employment by age and region, as well as the studied statistical data for a certain period of time. The main research methods were comparison, economic and statistical analysis, horizontal and vertical analysis.Originality / value of the research – The study of employment and wages is especially relevant in the post-pandemic period, since the pandemic and the acceleration of digital transformation associated with it had a noticeable impact on the labor market development. This study is aimed at filling a research gap in the study of employment and wages in Kazakhstan’s labor market, depending on the level of qualification.Findings - The following trends can be distinguished in the labor market of Kazakhstan: an increase in employment in the tertiary sector of the economy, an increase in employment in the sectors of highly qualified services, an increase in the share of highly qualified and highly educated employees in the total number of employees, an increase in employment among women, a decrease in employment in professions and specialties related to routine physical work and repetitive learning tasks, rapid wage growth for skilled workers, gender segregation, wage inequality, including gender.