Laboratory Installation Research Articles

Ортогональные ветроэнергоустановки для нефтегазопромысловых объектов на суше и на море

Wind and solar power plants for autonomous power supply of small oil and gas facilities with a capacity of no more than 20 kW, wind power plants in their composition – 10 kW with a power factor (energy efficiency) of no more than 0.35–0.45 are considered. An improved design of an orbital wind power plant based on a combined H-Darye-Savonius rotor has been developed. Experiments on the laboratory installation showed that the maximum values of the power factor reached 0.60, which is much higher than that of the rotors of known types of wind turbines. The values of the CRDS power factor are calculated for various geometric dimensions of the N-Darye and Savonius rotors included in its composition. With an increase in wind speed to the nominal value of 9.0 m/s for small and medium power wind turbines and a rotor diameter of 15.0 m, the combined rotor power reaches almost 60 kW. The proposed orthogonal wind power plants with a nominal capacity of up to 60 kW will be able to be used together with other power plants for autonomous power supply at oil and gas field facilities on land and at sea, and in the future at intelligent fields.

Comparison of Variant Index Score (VIS) of Homemade and Commercial Lyophilized Serum

Many laboratory installations have not implemented quality assurance periodically due to the high cost of purchasing control materials. This study aims to determine the difference in Variant Index Score value of homemade lyophilized serum with commercial parameters of SGOT, SGPT, creatinine, BUN, glucose, uric acid, triglycerides, and cholesterol. The research was conducted in January–May 2023 at the Surabaya Health Center laboratory, the reference laboratory, and the Ubaya Technobiology Faculty using descriptive comparative research with a quantitative approach. The test material used was homemade lyophilized serum, with the research variable being the VIS value of lyophilized serum. The results of the analysis showed a comparison of the VIS value of homemade and commercial serum based on the participant's target values of SGOT, SGPT, creatinine, BUN, glucose, triglycerides, and cholesterol parameters obtained a significance value of 00,759; 0,983; 0,160; 0,994; 0,413; 0,797; 0,318; and 0,262, and based on the true value target values of SGOT, SGPT, creatinine, BUN, glucose, uric acid, triglycerides, and cholesterol parameters obtained a significance value of 0,70; 0,973; It is concluded that there is no significant difference in VIS value between homemade and commercial lyophilized serum, so homemade lyophilized serum can be used as an option for control material to replace commercial serum for laboratory quality assurance.

JUSTIFICATION OF THE DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF THE ROTOR MIXER OF PERIODIC ACTION COMBINED FEED

The last stage of preparation of fodder mixtures is mixing of components with the help of special devices - mixers of continuous or periodic action. From the point of view of zootechnics, it is important not only to include in the fodder mixture the components provided for by the diet in the required ratio, but also to ensure an even distribution of all components throughout the volume of the mixture. The homogeneity of the mixture ensures the same nutritional value of the feed in all parts of its volume. Currently, when creating a new generation of mixers for dry fodder mixtures, preference is given to rotating mixers. The advantages of mixers of this type compared to stationary intermittent mixers of any type are: a reduction in feed unloading time, a fully automated chamber cleaning cycle, the absence of stagnant zones and rubbing parts. The purpose of the research is to determine the rational structural and technological parameters of the intermittent rotary mixer and to study the change in the homogeneity of the mixture when varying their values. Research was conducted in two stages: numerical modeling and experimental research. Numerical simulation was implemented in the Simcenter Star-CCM+ software package. As research factors, we accept the following parameters: angle of inclination of the blade α (0 °, 45 °, 90 °), mass of material m (0.1 kg, 0.2 kg, 0.3 kg), rotation frequency n (30 rpm min, 60 rpm, 90 rpm), mixing duration t (1 min, 3 min, 5 min). Experimental studies were carried out on a laboratory installation of a periodic rotary mixer. As a result of numerical modeling and experimental studies of the mixing process in a rotary mixer of batch feed, the dependences of the change in the homogeneity coefficient of the mixture in the mixer h on the angle of inclination of the blade α, the mass of the material m, the rotation frequency n, and the duration of mixing t were established. By fulfilling the condition of maximizing the homogeneity of the mixture in the Wolfram Cloud software package, the rational parameters of the rotary compound feed mixer of periodic action were obtained: α = 50.5 °, t = 4.415 min., m = 0.11 kg, n = 43.9 rpm. At the same time, the homogeneity coefficient is h = 0.98.

Результаты исследований высших гармоник при эксплуатации судовых частотно-регулируемых асинхронных электроприводов

One of the directions of scientific and technological progress at sea-based facilities is the use of electrical technologies based on nonlinear elements. It is revealed that the use of such technologies leads to a deterioration in the quality of electricity, mainly due to higher harmonic. The results of theoretical and experimental studies of the higher harmonic components of voltage and current occurring during the operation of ship frequency-controlled asynchronous electric drives are presented. During operation of a frequency-controlled electric drive high current harmonics of mainly 5, 7, 11, 13 orders are emitted into the power supply network, which is due to the presence of a six-phase rectifier. This leads to distortion of the sinusoid of the supply voltage, since the higher harmonic components of the current, propagating through the electrical network, create corresponding voltage drops on its elements. Along with the main harmonic of the voltage of a given frequency, the higher harmonic components of the voltage flow from the autonomous voltage inverter to the stator winding of the asynchronous electric motor, which causes the higher current harmonics and torques of the forward and reverse current sequences in the stator and rotor windings. As a result additional heating of the stator and rotor windings occurs and vibrations of the asynchronous motor shaft at frequencies of 300 and 600 Hz occur. A method for measuring the vibration of a frequency-controlled asynchronous electric drive from the interaction of the moments of the reverse and forward sequences has been developed and experimentally confirmed. A method for calculating the intrinsic frequency of oscillations of the asynchronous motor-load machine system is proposed, confirmed by the example of a laboratory installation. To accurately calculate the natural frequency of the oscillatory system, it is necessary to experimentally measure the moments of inertia of the rotor of an asynchronous motor and the armature of a DC motor.

Study of the influence of alphoning on the structure and properties of the alloy BT6

The paper considers the influence of two technologies of alfing (oxidation) on the structure and properties of the deformable titanium alloy BT6, which is used, in particular, in the aviation and space industries. The application of oxide coating by methods of chemical-thermal treatment (CTO) allows to compensate for the main drawback of the alloy – low wear resistance of the surface. The initial set of properties increases. The objects of research are titanium alloy BT6 and its oxide coatings. Two samples of the part with oxide coatings obtained by different technologies were compared. The first technology is alfing in fine-grained graphite, the second is alfafing in a vacuum. The aim of the work is to find out the influence of two technologies of alfing on the structure and properties of the BT6 alloy. Alfalfing was carried out: 1) in fine-grained graphite at a temperature of 800 ± 10 ° C with exposure for 8 hours; 2) in an electric furnace at a temperature of 760–780 ° C in a vacuum of 10-1 – 10-3 mm Hg. art. for 1.5–2 hours. A study of the microstructure (light and electron microscopy) was performed. We used a microscope type Carl Zeiss Axio Observer A1m using a digital camera, adapter devices for converting an optical signal, a computer. Statistical processing was carried out according to the SIAMS700 program. Electron microscopic studies were performed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) EVO 50 with an energy-dispersive microanalyzer INCA Energ 350. X-ray phase analysis was carried out using an X-ray diffractometer Shimadzu XRD7000, Japan (CuKa radiation, monochromator), in the following mode: range from 5 to 70 ° on a scale of 2θ, increments of 0.03°, scanning speed of 1.5 ° / min. Powders obtained from two types of coatings were investigated. The microhardness of the samples was measured on the DM8 microhardometer according to GOST 9450–76. The wear resistance of the alloy was assessed at a special laboratory installation. The phase composition and structure of the BT6 alloy after alphoning were clarified. In the diffusion layer, the following were detected: after alphonation in graphite – TiO2 phases; Ti3O; TiN. After carbonation in vacuum – TiO2; Ti6O11. In the alphad layer, after processing in graphite, grains of α – solid solution, intermetallics Ti–Al-V, Ti–V and Ti–Al were detected; the alphied layer contains more titanium after treatment in vacuum, and areas with 100% (at.) titanium have also been identified; the region of solid solution (α) and the intermetallics Ti–Al-V, Ti–V and Ti–Al are visible. The thickness of the oxidized layer is on average 103.6 μm (graphite), and in a vacuum - 66.8 μm. The average grain size in the layer is 17.2 μm (graphite); 6.0 μm (vacuum). It has been established that chemical-thermal treatment (alfing) contributes to a significant increase in microhardness in the diffusion layer. The hardness of HV580 (vacuum) and HV724 (graphite) was obtained on the surface. Alfalfing in graphite and in vacuum ensures the wear resistance of the product, but the best result is obtained after alfafing in a vacuum. Both technologies improve the properties, but it is more profitable to carry out alfing in a vacuum, since in this case the process is carried out within 2 hours instead of 8 hours in graphite. Alfing (oxidation) provides wear resistance of the BT6 alloy, which contributes to the reliable operation of the product during operation.

Study of the spring suspension mechanism of the coulter of the sod seeder

One of the promising technologies for restoring degraded forage lands that meets the requirements of organic farming is direct strip sowing of grass seeds into the sod with mechanical cultivation of strips of soil, the width of which ensures the successful development of seedlings without the use of herbicides. To improve the quality of seeding of sod seeders, a modernized design of the coulter group has been proposed with a shoe opener mounted on a parallelogram suspension mechanism in the form of torsion springs, characterized by their vertical placement on the seeder frame (RF patent No. 2772128). To study the influence of the design and technological parameters of the coulter group based on the spring suspension mechanism on the time the mechanical system returns to the condition of dynamic balance, a laboratory installation was developed. It includes a set of measuring and recording equipment based on the multifunctional sensor WitMotion WT901WIFI MPU9250. In the process of the research, a second-order Box-Benkin experiment plan for three factors was implemented, which made it possible to determine the dependence of the damping time of oscillations of the suspension mechanism of the coulter group on the following system parameters: depth of furrow formation, length of the leashes of the suspension mechanism and mass of the shoe opener. For the selected geometrical parameters of the experimental sample of the coulter group and the established equivalent stiffness of the torsion springs, equal to 240 N‧m/rad, the range of minimum values of the transition period time is within 0.212…0.218 s and corresponds to the furrow formation depth 41.3…50.0 mm, the length of the leashes 0.13 m, the weight of the coulter 1.7...1.8 kg. The trajectory of the shoe opener during the transition process in most experiments corresponds to a damped oscillatory motion, in some cases represents an extremely aperiodic motion.

CONFIGURATIONS OF ULTRASONIC EMITTER RESONANCE MODES FOR UNILATERAL ACCESS TO AN OBJECT

Link for citation: Azin A.V., Bogdanov E.P., Vasilyev A.V., Ponomarev S.A., Ponomarev S.V., Rikkonen S.V. Configurations of ultrasonic emitter resonance modes for unilateral access to an object. Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2023, vol. 334, no. 10, рр. 199-209. In Rus. Relevance. To prepare high-viscosity oil for transport, a number of methods are used in practice: thermal, chemical and the method of physical influences. Ultrasonic exposure of hydrocarbon raw materials is one of the physical methods. It is necessary to develop an effective method for tuning an ultrasonic emitter for maximum energy transfer into a multilayer technological medium. Aim: to study resonant operating modes of an ultrasonic emitter in a multilayer system with unilateral access to the object with simplified design of a resonance type ultrasonic emitter. Objects: oscillating system of an ultrasonic resonant type emitter, multilayer system, physical model of a system «ultrasonic emitter – multilayer system». Methods: mathematical modeling of linear oscillating system to determine the properties of oscillating system influence and technological factors on the form of vibration oscillations and on the amplitude-frequency characteristics of the system; experimental research on the basis of the physical model «ultrasonic emitter – multilayer system». Results. The authors have revealed a physical feature of the oscillatory system operation, which consists in the fact that at resonance the form of oscillations of the force signals of a multilayer piezoactor and vibration acceleration signals are purely harmonic in nature. This effect extends to operation of a resonant-type ultrasonic emitter in a short-circuit mode on a multilayer system. It was found that force and vibration acceleration amplitude-frequency characteristics of a multilayer piezoactor are similar to each other. Based on the analysis of theoretical and experimental data, the authors developed the method for adjusting the resonant operating modes of an ultrasonic emitter with unilateral access to an object. This allows simplification and reduction in the emitter design cost. The method for setting up oscillatory systems is applicable for laboratory and industrial installations. Conclusion. The research results show that in practice, harmonic shape of acceleration and force signals, as well as force amplitude of a multilayer piezoactor can be used as criteria for determining and adjusting the resonance of an oscillatory system. The oscillatory system of a resonant-type ultrasonic emitter can be tuned to resonance according to the shape and amplitude of the signal from the force sensor of the multilayer piezoactor. The force sensor is located in series with the multilayer piezoactor and does not require additional structural elements for its fastening. The ultrasonic emitter design is greatly simplified due to the absence of a vibration acceleration sensor. The method of adjusting the resonance of an oscillatory system using only a force sensor is also applied when operating a resonant-type ultrasonic emitter to a multilayer mechanical system. The developed design and technique for tuning the oscillatory system of a resonant-type ultrasonic emitter can be conveniently used when influencing process fluids through the walls of tanks and storage tanks.

Influence of drilling mud pulsations on well cleanout efficiency

Purpose. Determination of the influence of the non-stationary flow regime of the drilling mud on the efficiency of cleaning the wellbore in the annulus from drill cuttings. Methodology. The study on the carrying capacity of the drilling mud in a laboratory installation is carried out by simulating the process of its pulsations at different frequencies. The choice of the studied frequencies was made on the basis of previous studies. The evaluation of the influence of factors on the efficiency of rock removal was carried out using Latin experimental plans, which allowed us to evaluate the influence of the selected factors with a minimum number of experiments without losing the quality of the result. Findings. The influence of factors (mud flow rates, eccentric placement of the drill string, plastic viscosity of the drilling mud, pulsation frequency, rotation of the drill string) on the efficiency of cuttings removal along the annular space of the wellbore is analyzed. Three factors with the best interaction were found, which made it possible to build dependencies of their influence on the efficiency of rock removal on the surface. The effect of changing the frequency of pulsations of the drilling mud has been studied, and graphical dependences of their influence on the decrease in the volume of rock particles in the annular space have been obtained. Originality. Based on the results of experimental studies, the effectiveness of the impact of drilling mud pulsations on cleaning the well from rock particles has been proven. Practical value. The effectiveness of the use of drilling mud pulsations for hydrotransportation of cuttings along the horizontal section of the wellbore has been confirmed.

Research on an eco-safe filtration plant for wastewater treatment made of natural raw materials

Purpose. To develop a new eco-safe filtration plant for wastewater treatment based on natural and secondary raw materials, which will allow rational use of natural resources with further mathematical modeling of hydrodynamics of mixing treated wastewater in bioponds to predict removal of residual concentrations from the filter. Methodology. A complex of modern methods of theoretical and experimental research was used to solve the tasks. Concentration of pollutants was determined using methods of atomic adsorption spectroscopy, titrimetry and gravimetric methods, as well as pyrometric analysis. A laboratory installation was created, which included a receiving tank, a filter column, and a tank for collecting purified wastewater. Prediction of distribution and mixing of treated effluent in bioponds was carried out using mathematical and computer software. Findings. An environmentally safe filtration plant (containing sand, fallen leaves of linden, poplar, and plastic residues separated by a polymer mesh) was created to purify wastewater from suspended substances and nitrates. Kinetics of changes in concentration of suspended solids and nitrates in urban wastewater were studied. When using the filtration plant, concentration of suspended solids decreased by 85–92 %. Concentration of nitrates in purified water processed with such a plant is reduced from 12 to 0.25–0.05 mg/dm3. A mathematical model concerning distribution of purified water in a biopond was obtained, which allows predicting possible migration distributions of residual concentrations in purified water during its natural movement downstream. Originality. For the first time, influence of the species origin of fallen leaves on the performance indicators of wastewater filtration plant of urban sewage treatment constructions was investigated, which made it possible to substantiate a new way of disposal of this type of waste. For the first time, it was established that wastewater treatment using an eco-safe filtration plant based on natural and secondary raw materials, containing layers of sand, fallen oak, linden, and poplar leaves, gives an opportunity to reduce contents of suspended solids in wastewater by 1.5 times of the maximum permissible concentration; and such treatment also reduces concentration of nitrates by 4 times from the initial level. Pollutants from wastewater are mechanically fixed in pockets (microcracks, cracks) of fallen leaves, formed during drying of leaves, which is explained by hardening of intercellular spaces with formation of a specific geometry of holes. For the first time, mathematical modeling of purified wastewater movement in a biological pond with a complex geometry was performed, which allows estimating the concentration of the pollutant at its outlet from the pond. Practical value. The created environmentally safe wastewater filtration plant gives an opportunity to perform not only filtering, but also an effective biological purification of wastewater from nitrates on the surface of layers of fallen leaves. The wide use of the proposed installation will allow attracting plastic of polyethylene bottles used in everyday life as a secondary raw material. Based on the proposed mathematical model of movement of purified liquid containing residual concentrations of pollutants, it is possible to carry out qualitative forecasting and optimization of the process of cascade wastewater treatment at industrial and economic enterprises.

DISPERSION OF CELLULOSIC MATERIALS BY AERODYNAMIC METHOD

The dissolution of primary and secondary cellulose semi-finished products in order to obtain a fluff fibrous product is becoming increasingly important due to the growth of its use in various industries. The existing equipment dissolves the dried semi-finished product, while the cellulose fibers partially lose their paper-forming properties. In the technology of aerodynamic forming of paper, a wet cellulose semi-finished product is dispersed, which preserves the ability of fibers to bond formation and excludes their mechanical destruction.
 Fluff pulp was obtained by dispersing dry and wet cellulose semi-finished product оn a laboratory installation for aerodynamic molding. The comparison of the properties of fibers by the value of their specific surface area and the ability to form paper with the strength characteristics required for operation is carried out. The breaking force value of paper formed from wet fibers is 4 times higher than that of paper from dry fibers.
 The possibility of using fluff pulp in the manufacture of multilayer paper for sanitary – hygienic purposes, which meets the requirements of GOST Ru 52354-2005 group B in terms of the values of the destructive force, is shown.
 The aerodynamic paper disperser can be used as an alternative equipment for separating cellulosic materials while screening the fibers.

Studying the interaction process of a solid particles flow with the hydraulic classifier flowing part

The paper provides a theoretical description of the solid particles movement process along with the horizontal flow of slurry within the hydraulic classifier flow part. Three modes of movement of solid particles are described: deceleration relative to the slurry flow at a constant speed or its increase, acceleration relative to the slurry flow at a decrease in its speed, with the speed of the slurry flow. The complex equation of solid particles motion in a horizontal co-flow of liquid. A graphic description of the process is given. A laboratory installation was developed to study the interaction of the hydraulic classifier flow part with the slurry flow. Experimental studies were carried out and quantitative process parameters were determined during the movement of rolled quartz solid particles in the size range < 1.8 mm and < 0.2 mm. For the first time in crisis economic conditions, in order to confirm the reliability of previously obtained analytical dependencies to determine the rational parameters of hydraulic disintegrators and determine the operational characteristics of equipment, full-scale experimental studies of the JPD 300-120 suction dredger equipped with an innovative ejector soil suction head with a jet disintegrator system were carried out.

Measuring Earth’s mean density using BYOD technology

BYOD (Bring your own devices) technologies are becoming more relevant in the educational process, when equipment that is “in the pocket” of a modern student is used in classes. BYOD technology becomes most effective if all students are provided with research equipments. But it is difficult to ensure such conditions in terms of distance learning during the war, the coronavirus pandemic, etc. In order to solve this problem, it is necessary to be able to develop laboratory installations that each student can make on his own. As an example of the implementation of this principle, the article considers a physical installation and a method of conducting laboratory work: “Measuring Earth’s mean density using BYOD technology”, which allows physics students, geodesists, surveyors to determine for themselves that the Earth has a heavy core. The purpose of this article is to show that a smartphone is a powerful measurement tool that, in combination with BYOD technology, increases student learning opportunities, namely: makes laboratory practice not too difficult; provides an opportunity to conduct experiments both in the laboratory and remotely. The main result of the work is proving the fact that the use of BYOD technology in combination with modern measuring tools – smartphones equipped with appropriate applications allows (to solve) the problem of distance learning of students. As it shown by the results of measuring the Earth’s mass and density using BYOD technology, the values are consistent with the known ones obtained with more difficult to use and expensive technique. Along with the values of mass and density, the student receives other characteristics of the Earth: the value and slope of the induction vector of its magnetic field. Exceeding of the Earth’s mean density, which is equal to 5676 kg/m3 according to the results of experiments; the density of the main rock-forming minerals in the Earth’s crust, which is in the range of 1900-3500 kg/m3, leads the student-researcher to think about the internal structure of the Earth.

Investigation of changes in phase composition and tribological properties of 65G steel during electrolyte-plasma hardening

This paper presents the results of studies of phase composition and tribological properties of 65G steel, before and after electrolytic-plasma hardening at different regimes. The technology of electrolyte-plasma hardening and laboratory installation for implementation of electrolyte-plasma hardening are described. It was found that after electroplasma hardening a modified layer consisting of α'-phase (martensite) and cementite M3C is formed. The developed technological process of hardening of a part made of 65G steel makes it possible to obtain layers on the surface of the part that provide an increase in wear resistance by 2 times and in resistance to abrasive wear by 1.7 times. The carried out investigations have shown perspective and expediency of application of the developed method to increase operational properties of parts working in conditions of friction and wear. This technology can be used to increase the service life of working elements of agricultural machinery.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ПРОЦЕССА ВСПЕНИВАНИЯ БИТУМА В СМЕСИТЕЛЕ

The article discusses the main ways to save material, labor and financial resources in the production of asphalt concrete mixtures. It has been shown that a promising way to save energy and reduce harmful effects on the environment is to reduce the temperature of the bitumen. A foam generator design has been proposed that allows efficient mixing of bitumen with the generated steam. To describe rheology, the article uses the Ostwald-de Waele power-law fluid model. An expression for the current function is obtained, which allows to find the characteristics of the flow of the carrier phase in the mixer, taking into account the geometric parameters of the mixer, such as the diameter and length of the pipe, the radius of the screw, and the flow parameters at the inlet to the mixer. It is shown that under the same flow conditions, in order to obtain the same flow rate in the case of a pseudoplastic fluid, it is necessary to apply a greater pressure gradient compared to a Newtonian fluid. Experimental studies are carried out on the developed laboratory installation, which make it possible to determine the rational design and technical parameters of the foamed bitumen installation, the parameters of which are changed during the experiment. A regression equation is obtained in coded form, expressing the dependence of the quality of adhesion of foamed bitumen to inert material depending on the design and technological parameters of the developed bitumen foaming device

Наукоёмкие технологии в материаловедении: высокотемпературное сквозное азотирование жаростойкой стали

The topicality of the research is occasioned by exaggeration of working conditions of products used at high temperatures and made of heat-resistant sheet alloys, including in particular austenitic chromium-nickel steels. When steel parts under load are operated in an oxidizing atmosphere and aggressive environments, besides resistance to electrochemical and gas corrosion, they require increased strength, hardness, and heat resistance. The increase in the characteristics of these proper-ties is achieved by three-dimensional and surface hardening techniques, which include the nitration process. The applica-tion of traditional technologies of furnace gas nitriding for chromium-nickel steels is complicated due to the problems of the low rate of the nitrogen saturation, which significantly increases the process time, and the formation of chromium nitrides, which negatively affects corrosion and heat resistance. The development of new technologies for nitrogen hardening of high-alloyed chromium-containing steels is carried out in the direction of saturation process intensification and regulation of the phase composition of the nitrided layer to minimize the formation of chromium nitrides. The article is aimed at defin-ing rational technological options and modes of gas austenitic nitriding of austenic steel, making it possible to increase strength characteristics at RT and higher temperatures without sacrificing its heat resistance. Thermodynamic modeling of the phase composition based on the CALPHAD technique shows that primary ways for minimizing the release of chromium nitrides on the nitrided surface are to increase the concentration of titanium in steel and to reduce the activity of the saturat-ing gas atmosphere, which is achieved by inert gas dilution of nitrogen. Experimental studies were carried out on sheet samples of 1.5 mm thick austenic steel of the type X18N10T with a standard (0.5%Ti) and increased (1%Ti) titane content. The experiments were carried out on a laboratory installation for high-temperature nitriding (900.1200 °); pure nitrogen and mixtures of nitrogen with argon were used as saturating media. Two-stage processes consisting of nitrogen hardening in nitrogen followed by argon afterburning were also investigated. Metallographic analysis showed that at the same nitrid-ing temperature, the amount of chromium nitrides decreases in experimental steel with an increased titanium content, and dilution of nitrogen with argon reduces the temperature of chromium nitride release. According to the study of saturation process kinetic, the time of through-the-thickness nitriding of a sheet sample under different saturation modes was deter-mined, as well as the duration of de-nitriding annealing, calculated on the basis of the known thickness of the chromium nitride zone. It was found that the dispersion hardening of the zones of internal nitriding with titanium nitrides leads to an increase in the strength characteristics of steels both at RT and higher temperatures compared to the characteristics of base steel 08X18N10T after typical heat treatment, while the greatest hardening effect is achieved due to through-the-thickness nitriding of steel with 1%Ti. Recommended options for the processes of through-the-thickness nitriding of 1.5 mm sheet of experimental steel: tn=1050 ℃, N2, 16 h; tn= 1100 ℃, 50%N2 + 50%Ar, 22 h; tn=1100 ℃, N2, 5 h + tann=1200 ℃, Ar, 9 h. The temporary passive hardness of nitrided steel at RT increases by 45...50%, and when tested at 800 ℃ - by 40... 65%, de-pending on the process mode. Through-the-thickness nitriding makes it possible to raise the working temperature of steels by 100.150 ° with the same long-term strength. The heat resistance at 900 ℃ remains at the level of non-carbonated steel after two-stage processes that ensure maximum chromium nitrides removal from the surface at the annealing stage.

Experience in the use of microcontroller platforms and computer technologies in experimental researches of automotive and tractor machinery

BACKGROUND: The current level of research and development work involves the use of systems based on programmable electronics. At the current level of engineering, the development of these systems is expedient to carry out using specialized software. At the same time, a systemic approach to the methodology for using the mentioned tools has not been fully formed yet, which necessitates the consideration of the relevant issues of theory and practice.&#x0D; AIMS: The attempt to form the principles of the mentioned systemic approach, based on the idea of the integrated hardware and software use, where the complementarity of their capabilities ensures the appearance of a pronounced emergence.&#x0D; METHODS: The article contains an analytical review and categorization of modern tools that allow to support research in their preparation, carrying out and results processing. As a particular example of their successful combined application, a computerized educational laboratory installation designed by the authors for balancing and calibrating the torque measurement system at a driveshaft of a passenger car is considered.&#x0D; RESULTS: The article materials contain a description of design and an operation principle of the mentioned installation, a consistent consideration of those specific tools that were used in its development, а information regarding the basic capabilities, the most significant characteristics and features of these tools, as well as the trial tests results and their interpretation.&#x0D; CONCLUSIONS: The approach described by the authors makes it possible to rationally approach the solution of problems related to the development and use of data measurement systems for experimental studies of automotive and tractor machinery.

VECTOR &lt;i&gt;S&lt;/i&gt;-PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS OF SIGNAL PHASE DYNAMIC RADIO IMAGES

A vector method for recording phase-dynamic radio images is proposed by forming and numerically analyzing the S-parametric scattering matrix of multidisciplinary signatures of material media and objects. The key advantages of aperture capture of signal radio images by the method of frequency-synthesized power spectral density function of a scattered wave radio profile are determined. On the basis of a vector analyzer of microwave circuits and broadband antennas of the Vivaldi type, an experimental laboratory installation for signal registration of time-scale radio images in the spectral region of 0.03…6.0 GHz has been built. The dependences of the influence of the angular characteristics of the object on the spectral-temporal structure of the formation of phase-dynamic radio images have been experimentally established. As a time-scale postprocessing of radio images, a method of cepstral transformation of S-parametric characteristics with convolution of basic signatures in the radiogenic of the irradiated object is proposed. A series of cepstral convolutions of phase-dynamic radio images was obtained, establishing a functional relationship between the change of the signature of an object in time with its radio genome.

ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ РЕЖИМОВ УЛЬТРАЗВУКОВОЙ КАВИТАЦИОННОЙ ОБРАБОТКИ МОТОРНОГО ТОПЛИВА

The article considers an example of ultrasonic cavitation created by a piezoelectric emitter. To identify the modes of ultrasonic cavitation treatment, the Qsonica sonicators Q-700 laboratory unit was used. The aim of the work is to determine the modes of ultrasonic treatment of motor fuel to create a cavitation region. Cavitation areas were determined by the area of destruction of aluminum foil samples, 0.008-0.009 mm thick. A sheet of aluminum foil was placed in the test medium parallel and perpendicular to the tip at different distances h, l. In order to identify the intensity of the resulting cavitation, cavitation noise was isolated from the signal of a hydrophone immersed in motor fuel at different distances from the radiator and connected to a multimeter model UT61E. The intensity of cavitation was estimated by the change in the resistance of the medium, R. The following types of motor fuel were used for processing: commercial diesel fuel, biodiesel based on ginger oil, mixed diesel fuel (containing 20% biodiesel). After the study, the foil was dried and the area of destruction was determined. It has been established that the following parameters influence the creation of cavitation – the distance from the radiating surface, intensity, amplitude and time of ultrasonic treatment of the sample.f= f (l, h, I, A, t). Four cavitation areas are defined: the area of active or optimal cavitation, the area of the beginning of cavitation, the area of incipient cavitation, the area of absence of cavitation. Depending on the amplitude and intensity, 6 operating modes are highlighted. It is established that the processing of the used motor fuel should be carried out on the 3 cavitation mode of operation (A =21-40%, I= 12.5-24.8 W / cm2) of the laboratory installation in the used technological volume or in larger volumes with reflective surfaces. It has been found that the cavitation noise in biodiesel is lower than in diesel fuel, since it is more viscous. In viscous liquids, cavitation is less developed and, consequently, the ultrasound absorption coefficient is lower for them. In this regard, it is necessary to design devices for media with a higher viscosity based on the optimal distance from the radiator to the bottom.

MODERNIZATION OF THE INSTALLATION FOR ELECTRIC EROSION DISPERSION

Very often, powders of metals and alloys are used in the technologies of repair and restoration of parts, as well as when creating new parts. With the development of mechanical engineering, high requirements are imposed on such materials, which are associated with certain physico-chemical and granulometric indicators. Currently, a large number of different methods for producing metal powders are known. Many of them have a number of disadvantages: high energy consumption, irregular particle shape, the presence of impurities. The method of electroerosive dispersion is one of the most energy-efficient and allows to obtain metal powders with particles of the correct shape and small sizes. However, existing installations do not make it possible to bring the process to the industrial level due to outdated and low-power components of electrical circuits. (Research purpose) The research purpose is increasing the productivity and efficiency of the installation for electroerosive dispersion, as well as improving the quality characteristics of metal powders obtained with its use. (Materials and methods) Studied literary sources, scientific papers and patents, used the laboratory installation of the CCP "Nano-Center" FNAC VIM. (Results and discussion) Described the process of electroerosive dispersion, examined the principle of operation of the existing laboratory installation. It was revealed that this installation has a number of disadvantages that significantly affect performance indicators and efficiency. They proposed modernization options and developed a new electrical circuit of the most important unit of the installation, which was supplemented with auxiliary electronic components. The structure was equipped with fundamentally new nodes. (Conclusions) The proposed scheme of an upgraded installation for electroerosive dispersion provides an increase in productivity and efficiency and meets modern industrial requirements.

BARITE PRECIPITATION FOR TREATMENT OF MINE WATERS WITH HIGH SULPHATE CONCENTRATIONS

One of the commonly used methods for removing sulphates from mine waters is the precipitation. The classical approach for the treatment of acid mine drainage (AMD) rich in heavy metals and sulphates at about of 2000 mg/L is based on using Ba added in different forms - Ba(Cl)2, Ba(OH)2, BaCO3, BaS. In the present study, barite precipitation with the use of BaS was implemented in a laboratory installation in continuous mode. The scheme of the installation includes series-connected chemical reactors and settlers, which allows the sequential implementation of three processes - liming, barite precipitation and recarbonation. Real AMD containing high concentrations of sulphates and heavy metals has been effectively treated by the laboratory installation. The application of BaS effectively reduces the concentration of sulphates below 200 mg/L and the electrical conductivity of the treated waters is significantly reduced.