Laboratory Experimental Research Research Articles

Effect of Lactobacillus casei shirota strain probiotic beverage on the release of chromium ions in stainless steel brackets

AbstractIntroduction: Stainless steel brackets are often used in orthodontic treatment. Chromium is one of the stainless steel bracket elements that increases corrosion resistance. Chromium ions release can cause allergic reactions. Acidic pH due to food and drink consumed can cause corrosion and release of ions. One of the most widely consumed acidic pH drinks is the Lactobacillus casei shirota strain probiotic because it provides health benefits. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the Lactobacillus casei shirota strain probiotic beverage on the release of chromium ions in stainless steel brackets. Methods: Laboratory experimental research with post-test only control group design. The number of samples is 10 for 2 groups. The bracket was immersed in artificial saliva as the control group and the probiotic drink Lactobacillus casei shirota strain as the treatment group. After 18 hours and 15 minutes of immersion in an incubator at 37°C, the immersion solutions were tested using Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES) to determine the release of chromium ions. The results of the study were analyzed using independent t-test. Results: The average chromium ion release in the control group was 7.63 ppm while the treatment group was 7.87 ppm. The results of independent t-test showed a significant difference (p<0.05). Conclusion: The release of chromium ions of stainless steel bracket immersed in probiotic beverage Lactobacillus casei shirota strain was significantly greater than that of immersion in artificial saliva. The value of chromium ion release obtained was still below the average daily intake of chromium.

The effect of cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii) leaf extract gel on the number of fibroblasts in healing inflammation of the oral mucosa of white wistar

Cinnamon leaves contain flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids and tannins that can help stimulate fibroblast cell formation and inhi-bit bacterial growth with antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities so as to accelerate the healing process in inflammation. This study aims to determine the optimal concentration of cinnamon leaf extract gel (Cinnamomum burman-nii) 35% on the number of fibroblast cells in healing inflammation of the buccal mucosa of wistar strain white rats (Rattus nor-vegicus). Laboratory experimental research in vivo with randomised post-test only control group design using 30 wistar rats which were divided into three groups: positive control (K+) given H2O2 30% + Aloclair gel; negative control (K-) given H2O2 30%, and the third group (P) given H2O2 30% + 35% DKM extract gel. The results showed the mean number of fibroblast cells in groups (K+), (K-), and (P) were 51.1 cells, 29.1 cells, and 43.8 cells, respectively. All groups showed significantly dif-ferent results (????<0.05) with the one-way Anova test. It is concluded that 35% DKM extract gel can increase the number of fi-broblast cells so that it can effectively heal the inflammation of the buccal mucosa of white wistar rats.

Compressive strength of nanohybrid composite resin after the application of glycerin immersed in fermented milk

Background: The prevalence of dental caries in Indonesia in 2018 is 45.3% of the population. Tooth filling is done so that dental caries does not spread further. The restorative material that is commonly used is composite resin. The compressive strength of composite resin is affected by the polymerization process. The surface of the composite resin exposed to air causes the formation of oxygen inhibited layer (OIL). Glycerin acts as a surface coating that can inhibit contact between the composite resin and air so that polymerization can run optimally. Changes in the mechanical properties of composite resins are also influenced by salivary pH and food intake. The acid contained in fermented milk can affect the matrix and filler bonds in composite resins. Further research is needed to determine the compressive strength of nanohybrid composite resins after the application of glycerin in fermented milk immersion. Purpose: To find out whether there is a change in the compressive strength of nanohybrid composite resin after the application of glycerin immersed in fermented milk, also to find out whether the glycerin application and immersion in fermented milk play a role in causing changes of the compressive strength. Methods: Laboratory experimental research with a total sample of 28 which was divided into 4 groups. Composite resin samples were made with a thickness of 3 mm and a diameter of 5 mm, followed by measuring the compressive strength using the Universal Testing Machine. Results: Independent T-Test test showed significantly different results. The compressive strength value of the group with glycerin application was higher than without glycerin application. Meanwhile, the group immersed in fermented milk drinks had lower compressive strength compared to saline immersion. Conclusion: The compressive strength of the nanohybrid composite resin changed after the application of glycerin immersed in fermented milk.

COMPARISON OF ANTIBACTERIAL CHITOSAN OF HARUAN FISH SCALES (Channa striata) WITH Chlorhexidine gluconate AGAINST Lactobacillus acidophilus

Background: Lactobacillus acidophilus plays an important role in the development of caries, especially advanced caries. Mouthwash such as chlorhexidine is the main choice to prevent the colonization of caries-causing bacteria, but in long-term use it causes side effects, so that new, more biocompatible materials are needed, namely chitosan of Haruan fish scales (Channa striata), which contains an amine group (Nh2). Purpose: To analyze and compare the antibacterial effectiveness of chitosan haruan fish scales at concentrations of 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% with chlorhexidine gluconate 0.2% on the growth of Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria. Method: True Experimental Laboratory Research with a procedure consisting of making chitosan from Haruan fish scales through the processes of deproteination, demineralization, and deacetylization followed by an antibacterial test with 5 treatment groups on the growth of Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria using the diffusion method with inhibition zone parameters on the test material. Result: Haruan fish scale chitosan has the lowest antibacterial effectiveness, namely a concentration of 2.5% with an average inhibition zone value of 8.6 mm, and the highest is a 10% concentration with an inhibition zone average value of 21.3 mm, and a concentration of Haruan fish scale chitosan. 10% had antibacterial effectiveness comparable to 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate against the growth of Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria. Conclusion: Haruan fish scale chitosan concentrations of 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% had antibacterial effectiveness against the growth of Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria, and a concentration of 10% was comparable to 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate in inhibiting the growth of Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria. Keywords : Caries, chitosan haruan fish scales, Lactobacillus acidophilus.

Antibacterial efficacy of Mangifera indica L. leaves extract against Streptococcus mutants

Background: Various preventive actions are being developed to prevent dental caries. On the other hand, some of these methods can only be applied by the dentist. Therefore, it is necessary to find an alternative caries prevention method. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of mango (Mangifera indica L.) leaves extract in inhibiting the growth of Streptococcus mutans. Methods: This research is experimental laboratory research and used a random sampling technique. Mango (M. indica L.) leaves extract was diluted using the double dilution method, which were 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.12%, 1.6%, 0.8%, 0.4%, 0.2%, 0.15%, 0.1%, 0.05%, and 0.025%. The Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of mango (M. indica L.) leaves extract against S. mutans was determined using the agar plate thinning method. Results: The results showed no bacterial growth in the media with 100%, 50%, and 25% mango leaves extract. In addition, it was found that in media with 12.5% mango leaves extract still showed colony growth. Conclusion: Mango (M. indica L.) leaves extract in ethanol solvent has an antibacterial effect against S. mutans with the MBC value of 25%.

Efek Potensiasi Antibakteri Kombinasi Sefadroksil dan Ekstrak Daun Camellia sinensis (Kajian in vitro pada Enterococcus faecalis dan Staphylococcus aureus)

Background: Periapical abscess caused by tooth necrosis which are not treated. Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus area found in periapical abscess. Cefadroxil is one of antibiotics that choices to treat this infection. Several studies proved that C. sinensis leaves extract contains metabolite compounds such as catechins that can inhibit bacterial growth. To determine the antibacterial effect of C. sinensis leaves extract and cefadroxil combination against E. faecalis dan S. aureus growth. Methods: Laboratory experimental research with diffusion method. The research design is post test only control group design. Treatment was carried out with C. sinensis leaves extract 125 mg/mL, combination of C. sinensis leaves extract 15,625 mg/mL, 31,25 mg/mL, 62,5 mg/mL and 125 mg/mL with cefadroxil 8 μg/mL , cefadroxil 16 μg/mL as a positive control, and NaOH 0.1 N as a negative control. Results: There was none of inhibition zone in C. sinensis leaves extract 125 mg/mL and NaOH 0.1 N. The combination of C. sinensis leaves extract 15,625 mg/mL, 31,25 mg/mL, 62,5 mg/mL and 125 mg/mL and cefadroxil 8 µg/mL had an antibacterial effect. Based on Post-hoc Tukey’s HSD test, there was no significant difference between the combination and positive control. Conclusion: C. sinensis leaves extract and cefadroxil has potentially antibacterial effect on E. faecalis and S. aureus.

EFEK ANTIBAKTERIAL CUKA SARI APEL DALAM BERBAGAI KONSENTRASI TERHADAP PORPHYROMONAS GINGIVALIS

Background: periodontal disease is a disease that can affect the supporting tissues of the teeth. The American Academy of Periodontology (AAP) classifies it into two, namely chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodontitis. Periodontitis is usually caused by bacteria, one of which is Porphyromonas gingivalis. One of the ingredients that can be used as mouthwash and has an antibacterial effect is chlorhexidine, but the use of this mouthwash has side effects so people turn to herbal medicines, namely apple cider vinegar which contains phenols, flavonoids, saponins, and alkaloids as antibacterial. This study aims to determine whether or not there is an antibacterial effect of apple cider vinegar on Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria. Methods: the material in the form of fermented apple cider vinegar has a pH value of 3.13 and the remaining sugar content is 1.5% Brix. The research sample was Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277, obtained from the Aretha Medika Utama Biomolecular and Biomedical Research Center (BBRC) Laboratory in Bandung. The research method is the disc diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer), which is the method on disc paper with various concentrations of apple cider vinegar. Results: based on laboratory experimental research on the antibacterial effect of apple cider vinegar with a concentration of 1.56% and 3.12%, the criteria are weak because they have a value of 0, at concentrations of 6.25% and 50%, have moderate criteria because they have a value of 6.18 mm and 8.33 mm, and at a concentration of 100% has strong criteria because it has a value of 13.93 mm. Conclusion: apple cider vinegar has an antibacterial effect that can inhibit the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria, the largest inhibition zone is at a concentration of 100% and decreases as the concentration of apple cider vinegar decreases.

Antimicrobial Effects of Annona squamosa Leaf Extract on Staphylococcus aureus Growth: An In Vitro Study

Introduction: Mastitis is inflammation of the breast tissue due to infection with the Staphylococcus aureus bacteria causing local infections. It takes the natural ingredient Annona squamosal extract as an antimicrobial. Purpose: to determine the effectiveness of Annona squamosa leaf extract on the inhibition and killing power of Staphylococcus. Method: Experimental laboratory research with antibacterial activity test. Tube dilution method by incorporating bacteria and extracts with concentrations of 20%, 22.5%, 25%, 27.5%, 30%, and 32.5% and then measuring the MIC. The diffusion method is carried out by planting bacteria in a Nutrient Agar Plate and then giving the extract with 6 concentrations to calculate the MBC. Results: The results of the One-Way ANOVA test obtained a significance value of (p<0.001), indicating that changes in the concentration of Annona squamosa made a significant difference to Staphylococcus. The correlation test showed a significant p-value of (p<0.001), which means that there was a significant relationship between the administration of extract and the number of Staphylococcus. Conclusion: Annona squamosa leaf extract is able to significantly inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus bacteria and the higher the concentration of Annona squamosa leaf extract, the fewer the number of bacterial colonies that grow.

Application of chitosan-gelatin-carbonate hydroxy apatite scaffold toward the number of osteoblasts in alveolar bone defects in Wistar Rats

Tooth extraction may cause bone defects that require regenerative therapy. Chitosan, gelatin, and carbonate hydroxyapatite can help increase osteoblast proliferation and differentiation, which plays a role in the bone regeneration process. Scaffold made from chitosan-gelatin carbonate hydroxyapatite has promising characteristics that may help enhance the bone regeneration process. This study aimed to determine the effect of chitosan-gelatin carbonate hydroxyapatite (CG:CHA) scaffold application towards the number of osteoblasts on alveolar bone defect in Wistar rats after tooth extraction. In vivo experimental laboratory research conducted with post-test-only control group design. The Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups, tooth extraction was conducted, and in the treatment group the C-G:CHA scaffold was applied on the sockets afterward. After 7, 14, and 21 days of scaffold application, jaw resection was done to observe the number of osteoblasts by HE histological examination. The result data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA test. Data analysis using one-way ANOVA test results in P=0 (P <0,05) which indicates a significant difference between the control and treatment groups. The chitosan-gelatin carbonate hydroxyapatite (C-G:CHA) scaffold can increase the number of osteoblasts.

Exploration of Endophytic Fungi in the Kelakai (Stenochlaena palustris) and Their Antibacterial Effect

The Dayaknese consume Stenochlaena palustris for the treatment of various diseases. The plants contain chemical compounds that have the potential to be developed as antibiotics. This study aimed to isolate endophytic fungi from the leaves and stems of S. palustris, and further identify and assess the isolated endophytic fungi against microorganisms. The research was carried out in several stages, namely, isolation and purification of endophytic fungi, macroscopic and microscopic identification, activity test on isolates, fermentation and extraction of secondary metabolites, and evaluation of the antibacterial activity of the extracts using the disk diffusion method. This experimental laboratory research was conducted in Palangka Raya City, Central Kalimantan, with a test carried out at the Microbiology Laboratory of the Health Polytechnic Ministry of Health, Palangka Raya. The results showed 3 types of endophytic fungi: SpHtm, SpHjk, and Sporn, identified as Aspergillus sp., Paecilomyces sp., and Arthrocristula sp. The antimicrobial effect of the isolated fungi was assessed at various concentrations, i.e., 15, 30, and 45%, against S. aureus and E. coli. The results showed that the ethyl acetate extracts of the SpHtm and SpHjk isolates did not demonstrate any inhibitory response to S. aureus at concentrations of 15, 30, and 45% and did a small inhibitory response to E. coli at an SpHtm concentration of 30% and an SpHjk concentration of 45%, with inhibition zone diameters of 11.63 ± 0.01 and 10.83 ± 0.02 mm, respectively.

The Effect of 1% Povidone Iodine Mouthwash on The Surface Roughness of Zirconia Reinforced Glass Ionomer Cement


 Introduction: Zirconia reinforced glass ionomer cement is a new generation glass ionomer cement restoration material with the addition of zirconia nanoparticles that is equivalent in strength to amalgam while maintaining ability to release fluoride like conventional glass ionomer cements. Surface roughness can be affected by various factors including the use of mouthwash. Mouthwash that is commonly used during pandemic COVID-19 is 1% povidone iodine. Previous study stated that povidone iodine mouthwash contains alcohol and acidic pH which can decrease the hardness of composite resins. Objective: To determine the effect of 1% povidone iodine mouthwash on the surface roughness of zirconia reinforced glass ionomer cement. Methods: This was a true experimental laboratory research with a pre test and post test control group design. The research samples consisted of 36 samples of zirconia reinforced glass ionomer cement with diameter of 10 mm and height of 2 mm. The samples were divided into two groups: the control group which was immersed in artificial saliva and the treatment group which was immersed in 1% povidone iodine mouthwash for 24 hours. Surface roughness was measured using a surface roughness tester. Data were analyzed using Paired Sample T-Test and Independent Sample T-Test. Results: Paired Sample T-test results showed no significant difference in the surface roughness of the control group between before and after immersion with p value = 0,074 (p>0,05) and a significant difference in the surface roughness of the treatment group between before and after immersion with p value = 0,000 (p<0,05). Independent Sample T-Test results showed significant difference in the surface roughness between the control group and the treatment group with p value = 0,000 (p <0.05). Conclusion: 1% povidone iodine mouthwash has an effect on increasing the surface roughness of zirconia reinforced glass ionomer cement.

EFEKTIVITAS EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN KERSEN (Muntingia Calabura) TERHADAP PROFIL HISTOLOGI HEPAR TIKUS DIABETES

Diabetes mellitus occurs due to insulin resistance or absolute insulin deficiency as a result of damage to pancreatic beta cells. Long-term conditions of gluconeogenesis lead to auto-oxidation of glucose, protein glycation and activation of the polyol pathway which result in increased production of free radicals which is characterized by the formation of reactive oxygen compounds. Antioxidant compounds contained in Muntingia calabura L. leaves are expected to be able to protect liver cells from damage caused by free radicals with flavonoids as the dominant active compound. This study aims to test the effectiveness of Muntingia calabura L. leaf ethanol extract on the histological profile of diabetic rats. This research method is a laboratory experimental research, tissue staining using the hematoxylin eosin staining method. The results showed that the liver histology of diabetic rats after therapy with ethanol extract of Muntingia calabura L. leaves at dose I, dose II and dose III did not appear to be significantly different. Similar to the group of DM rats treated with glibenclamide, the hepatocyte cells appeared to be still experiencing enlargement, widening of the sinusoids and changes in parenchymatous cells. In addition, the ethanol extract of Muntingia calabura L. leaves dose I, II and III were also unable to regenerate the central vein. In conclusion, ethanol extract of Muntingia calabura L. leaf dose groups I, II and III were not effective in repairing hepatocyte necrosis.

Analisis Kualitas Fisik Hand sanitizer Ekstrak Serai dan Cengkeh Serta Kemampuannya dalam Menghambat Pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus

Hand sanitizer is an antiseptic substance that can be used to clean hands. To reduce the chemical content in Hand sanitizers, by using natural ingredients that contain antimicrobial ingredients. The natural ingredients used in this study were lemongrass and cloves. The purpose of this study was to determine the physical quality (organoleptic, homogeneity), phytochemical content and effectiveness of lemongrass and clove extracts against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. This study uses an experimental laboratory research method where the data obtained in the observations are presented in the form of quantitative descriptive analysis with concentrations of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% in 5 days, 7 days and 10 days of fermentation. The results of the organoleptic test got the results of color, shape and liquid texture, the results of the homogeneity test were that there were still coarse grains on the Hand sanitizer. The results of the phytochemical content of lemongrass and clove extracts are flavonoids and tannins. The results of the effectiveness test showed that lemongrass and clove extracts were able to inhibit Stahpylococcus aureus bacteria in 5 days, 7 days and 10 days of fermentation. The largest inhibition zone was found in the 7-day fermentation with 100% concentration of 0.86 mm.

USE OF GPR TECHNOLOGIES IN THE ROAD PAVEMENT SURVEY

The article contains information on the study of the possibilities of introducing GPR technologies into the practice of road surveying. The prospects for the development of this scientific direction are also analyzed. The tasks that can be solved with the use of ground-penetrating radar equipment during the non - rigid pavement. The main reasons preventing a more dynamic implementation of ground-penetrating radar technologies in the construction industry are considered in detail. The main reasons are: the difficulty of interpreting GPR data, the lack of an instrument base, the lack of a single complex of equipment and mathematical support for non - rigid pavement, which allows for guaranteed high-precision interpretation of the results of GPR surveys of non - rigid pavement and ground surfaces, and the absence of a regulatory framework that regulates the survey of highways with the use of ground-penetrating radars. Modeling of signal propagation in an environment with known electrophysical characteristics allows to determine the shape and amplitude of a complete signal, giving the possibility of correct interpretation of radargrams in order to determine the speed of signal propagation in the studied structures, electrophysical characteristics of structural materials of layers of non - rigid pavement, the interface of environments. To carry out experimental studies aimed at the development of methods of thickness measurement and defectoscopy of structural layers of non - rigid pavement, specialists of the Kharkiv national automobile and highway university use a set of geolocation equipment that uses ultra-broadband signals. A set of georadar equipment is used both for conducting experimental laboratory research of road clothing and for field surveys for the purpose of developing a road monitoring system using radar methods. For the verification and practical use of the proposed scheme for determining the time delay of signals, which allows to calculate the thickness of the structure under study, appropriate software was developed. A series of laboratory experiments were conducted using this software product. As shown by the experimental laboratory studies, the method allows to restore the thickness of the layer under investigation with a fairly high accuracy. Keywords: GPR diagnostics, highway, non - rigid pavement, ground surface, reliability, operational condition, research, electrophysical properties.

THE EFFECT OF GREEN BETEL LEAF EXTRACT IMMERSION ON NICKEL ION RELEASE IN STAINLESS STEEL ORTHODONTIC BRACKET

The orthodontic bracket is an essential component in fixed orthodontic appliances. One of the materials commonly used in orthodontic brackets is stainless steel. Stainless steel orthodontic brackets have good deformation and corrosion resistance. Still, corrosion resistance is compromised by certain conditions in the oral cavity, such as salivary pH due to food and beverage consumption and toothpaste and mouthwash. One of the herbal plants that are widely used for dental and oral health is green betel leaf. Green betel leaves have an acidic pH that may cause corrosion. Corrosion has a detrimental effect on the brackets because it causes a continuous loss of nickel ions. The purpose is to determine the number of nickel ions released from stainless steel orthodontic brackets due to immersion in the green betel leaf extract. This type of research is a laboratory experimental research design with a post-test control group design. The test was carried out on 27 samples divided into three groups. Brackets were immersed in 25% green betel leaf extract, artificial saliva, and a mixture of 25% green betel leaf extract and artificial saliva for 48 hours and measured using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotome (AAS). The results showed the most significant release of nickel ions occurred in the 25% green betel leaf extract group with a value of 16.37 mg/Kg, and the minor release of nickel ions occurred in the artificial saliva control group with a weight of 1.95 mg/Kg. The conclusion is that green betel leaf extract influences the release of nickel ions in stainless steel orthodontic brackets.

DEVELOPMENT OF PALM CELL CARBON AS MEDIA PRACTICUM OF SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS IN ELECTROMAGNETIC APPLICATIONS

Research on science experiment practicum media has been carried out. This research is a laboratory experimental research. The aim of the research is to see the absorption of palm shell carbon against electromagnetic waves (RAM). Radar Absorber Material using palm shell carbon will be applied to anechoich chambers in science experiment practicums. Research procedure: carbonized palm shells were then activated using HCl. Activation was carried out with concentrations of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 Molar. In addition to the differences in the concentration of the activation substance, variations in the thickness of the print resulting from the activation were also carried out. The thickness of the printed material varies from 4mm, 6mm, 8mm and 10mm. The results of reflection loss measurements using a Vector network analyzer (VNA) at a frequency of 4GHz - 8GHz show differences for each concentration. Maximum reflection loss of palm shells using 1M HCl activation agent (-13.72 dB); 2M (-13.62dB); 3M (-13.35 dB); and 4M (-13.04dB) and 5M (-11.4 dB) concentrations. Variations in print thickness also have a significant effect on the absorber value of a material, the thicker the print results, the absorber value also increases. From the observations that have been made, the maximum absorber value is obtained when the thickness is 10mm at a concentration of 1M for the substance being tested.

Co-firing of coal and woody biomass under conditions of reburning technology with natural gas

It is a continuous imperative to establish the most efficient process of conversion of primary energy from fuel through combustion, which also has the least possible harmful effect on the environment. In this time of expressed demands for decarbonisation, it also means the affirmation of the use of renewable fuels and the indispensable application of appropriate primary measures in the combustion furnace. At the same time, the efficiency of the combustion process depends on several factors, from the type and properties of the fuel to the ambient and technological settings for the process. In this regard, with the aim of determining the static characteristics of combustion, experimental laboratory research was carried out on the combustion of mixtures of brown coal with low heating value and a high ash content with waste woody biomass and different process conditions: temperature, staged combustion air supply (air staging) and in conditions of application of a third or additional fuel (natural gas, reburning technology). Applied experimental methods included the analysis of the combustion process on the basis of input (reactants) - output (products), including the analysis of the composition of flue gases, i.e. the determination of the emission of the key components of flue gases CO2, CO, NOx and SO2, as well as the analysis of the composition of slag, ash and deposits ash, i.e. assessment and evaluation of the behaviour of ash from fuel in that process. Based on the obtained research results, this paper shows the significant positive effects of the application of primary measures in the furnace - compared to conventional combustion: air staging - reduction of net CO2 emissions during co-firing with biomass and reduction of NOx emissions by up to 30%; reburning technology - additional reduction of CO2 and NOx emissions in proportion to the share of natural gas, e.g. at a combustion process temperature of 1350 °C and at a 10% energy share of natural gas during the co-firing of a mixture of brown coal and waste woody biomass, compared to the emission without the use of natural gas, a reduction of NOx emissions by 185 mg/mn3 or by almost 30% was recorded. It was concluded, at the same time, the application of these primary measures in the furnace does not negatively affect the behaviour of ash from the fuel in the given settings of the combustion process.

Expression of Stro-1, Runx-2, Osterix, and Alp in Alveolar Bone Regeneration Process Following the Administration of Hydroxyapatite Gypsum Puger (HAGP) Scaffold

Introduction: Tooth extraction before denture placement could result in trauma and damage to up to 50% of the alveolar bone, inducing bone resorption, and affecting the patient’s quality of life. Hydroxyapatite Gypsum Puger (HAGP) can be used as an alternative to bone graft material which degrades slowly, affecting the proliferation and activity of cells that are responsible for bone tissue engineering. This study aimed to analyze the regeneration mechanism of alveolar bone by administering the HAGP scaffold and observing the Stro-1, Runx-2, Osterix, and ALP expression. Methods: Laboratory experimental research was conducted and we used 150-355µm HAGP scaffold particles, applied in vivo inside alveolar sockets of the rats for 7, 14, and 28 days, followed by immunohistochemical examination of Stro-1, Runx-2, Osterix, and ALP expressions. Results: The HAGP scaffold group showed that the Stro-1 expression was significantly higher than the K(-) group, and the Runx-2 expression increased on day 7 and decreased on day 28 in the HAGP and K(-) groups. Osterix expression increased from day 7, 14, to day 28. The high expression of Osterix on day 28 means it took over the Runx-2 function. In ALP there was a significant increase on day 7. ALP expression was a sign of early osteoblast differentiation and production by cells, this extracellular matrix mineralization is an indicator of the osteogenic process. Conclusion: Alveolar bone regeneration mechanism in rats revealed that the expression of Stro-1, Runx-2, Osterix, and ALP was higher in the HAGP scaffold group compared to the control group on days 7,14, and 28.

Composite characterization of freeze-dried human amnion membrane and human adipose tissue derived stromal cells for soft tissue engineering

Background: Soft tissue engineering has widely explored freeze-dried human amniotic membrane (FdHAM) and human adipose-derived stromal cells (hADSC) as separate components. In this study, the composite of FdHAM and hADSC combination was investigated regarding cell morphology and density, constituent components, and cytotoxicity evaluation. Methods: In vitro experimental laboratory research was conducted to analysis of the FdHAM and hADSC composites. Evaluation of cell viability and CD105 for hADSC, evaluation of pore diameter for amniotic membrane and assessment of composite cell morphology, constituent components, evaluation of cytotoxicity, and cell density was conducted. Results: Our morphology data indicated that clusters of hADSC with homogenous distribution on FdHAM. The viability test showed that the hADSCs were still dominantly alive with an average percentage of 69.3% with the mean cell concentration being 1.53 x 106/mL. The average FdHAM pore diameter was 1.90±0.30 µM. Our data suggested that FdHAM was nontoxic with good cell survivability after exposure to FdHAM. Conclusions: The structure of FdHAM and hADSC has excellent basic properties and therefore suitable for use as carriers of hADSC or in soft tissue engineering. Compared to the available literature, the characteristic of the FdHAM and hADSC composite is ideal and may be used as an end-product for use in humans.

Biochemical identification of endophytic bacteria isolates from medicinal plant kayu jawa lannea coromandelica (houtt.) merr

Medicinal plants and their endophytes are a source of valuable bioactive compounds and their secondary metabolites which contribute to more than 80% of natural medicines available in the market. A plant that has long been used as a traditional medicinal herb for healing is the Kayu Jawa (Lannea coromandelica (Houtt) Merr). This study aimed to characterization and identification of endophytic bacterial isolates isolated from medicinal plants Kayu Jawa (L. coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr). This research is a laboratory experimental research. In total, 8 isolates were selected as representatives of the bacterial community living in the tissues of Kayu Jawa (L. coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr). The microscopic observation was performed by Gram staining. Biochemical identification was conducted using Vitek 2. The results showed that Bacillus was the dominant genus in this study followed by Staphylococcus and Pantoea. Based on the research that has been done, it can be concluded that the endophytic bacteria isolated from Kayu Jawa Lannea coromandelica (Houtt) Merr, six isolates belonging to Bacillus and another two belonging to Staphylococcus and Pantoea genera. However, for the exploration of this prospective application, it is very important to do a systematic study of the biological and distribution of endophytic bacteria in the host.