Labour Market Problems Research Articles

1.L. Workshop: Building capacity for a resilient and healthy post-COVID health workforce

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic added new challenges to health workforce resilience. High workload, increased risk of COVID infection and continuing stress threaten the health and wellbeing of healthcare workers (HCWs) and increase existing (gendered) inequalities, thus reinforcing health labour market problems. Investment in the health workforce and prioritisation of the health and wellbeing needs of healthcare workers in health policy and pandemic recovery plans is therefore called for by the WHO, the European Union and others. However, health systems and policymakers across countries have not sufficiently understood the importance of HCWs. Objectives This workshop brings health workforce needs onto the health policy agenda. It seeks to build capacity for a resilient and healthy health workforce, setting the focus on protection and preparedness of HCWs and their individual wellbeing, and reduction of gendered inequalities. The following major questions will be addressed: What do we know about COVID-19 and the health and wellbeing of HCWs? What skills are needed to respond to new demands? What policy approaches are available to improve protection, preparedness and mental health support of HCWs? How to integrate gender equality and the situation of migrant/refugee HCWs in these approaches, and finally build capacity for effective health workforce governance and its implementation. The workshop introduces novel results drawn from European comparative research and country case studies. It connects policy and practice, as well as health system and individual HCW needs. A number of important policy recommendations are emerging from the research. (1) The health and wellbeing of the health workforce must be addressed systematically across all levels of health policy and governance, including the organisation settings. (2) Health systems must take responsibility and leadership in responding to health workforce needs. (3) Important lessons to be learned from HCWs’ experiences should guide future health workforce policy and pandemic recovery plans. (4) Participatory governance and inclusion of HCWs must be strengthened, including gender equality and diversity. The workshop will stimulate critical debate and improve knowledge exchange across countries and between researchers. It will contribute to strengthen resilience of the health workforce and health systems, and to build back better after COVID-19 in a fair and equitable manner. Key messages • Health workforce needs and mental health support must become policy priorities and addressed as part of health system resilience. • Action has to be taken to strengthen participatory health workforce governance sensitive to new needs.

Case Study on Fast Fashion Labor Market in Cambodia

Fast fashion has become an important trend of world economic growth, especially in the process of economic development in developing countries. Taking Cambodia's fast fashion labor market as an example, this paper deeply analyzes the problems in Cambodia's fast fashion labor market and finds that factors such as wages, working conditions and international pressure directly affect the development of fast fashion labor market. On this basis, this paper puts forward some suggestions to improve Cambodia's fast fashion labor market.

Problems of the youth labour market and opportunities for professional self-realization of the youth

Problems of the youth labour market and opportunities for professional self-realization of the youth

Labor market and youth employment in Ukraine in the context of European integration development

The article is devoted to one of the current problems of the modern labor market – youth employment. It is noted that today the main causes of youth unemployment are the mismatch of the volume and areas of vocational training to the needs of the economy and labor market, insufficient quality of training, unsatisfactory working conditions offered by young employers in specific jobs. All this requires immediate systemic transformations, both economic and social. Because youth is a component of the labor force, additional potential that may soon have a significant impact on improving the economic and social condition of the community and the revival of national and spiritual heritage of the Ukrainian people. Young people have a significant advantage over other age groups of the working population, as they have a longer working capacity, better physical health and endurance, a high level of education, greater professional and migratory mobility. It is concluded that in modern conditions it is necessary to intensify the process of supporting business initiatives of young people, to encourage them to actively seek work and get a profession that is in demand in the labor market; develop and implement projects aimed at financing active measures to promote youth employment; conduct research to determine the specialties, professional skills and qualifications that graduates must have; include mandatory student internships in educational programs; to develop a mechanism for promoting part- time work among young men and women in their free time and the organization of experimental enterprises in universities and vocational schools; introduce a program of “job guarantees for young people”, which would provide that no later than, for example, three months after graduation, everyone should get a job; organize meetings with employers and former unemployed who have successfully found a job or started their own business.

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Company Law. Shareholders’ Meetings and Resolutions

The world is currently facing a COVID-19 pandemic which exerts a considerable impact on all areas of society. The need to avoid personal contact with other people gives rise to major problems in personal life, education, labor market, services and many others. The public had to rapidly adjust to the new situation and national legislators have played a pivotal role by making amendments to national legal orders to facilitate everyday life. The difficulties affected the functioning of companies’ organs, in particular, the adoption of resolutions by shareholders’ meetings. Due to the obstacles in the functioning of these bodies, the legislators were forced to make amendments to company law that allow for the adoption of resolutions and the exercise of shareholders’ rights without the physical attendance at the meeting. The aim of this paper is to carry out a brief comparative analysis of the regulations concerning the use of electronic communication means at shareholders’ meetings in Poland and in some selected European legal orders and formulate de lege ferenda postulates for the legislators to introduce flexible instruments that will allow companies to operate using electronic means on a larger scale and simultaneously protect shareholders’ rights.

GEORGIAN LABOR MARKET CHALLENGES IN THE CONTEXT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Restrictions imposed to stop the spread of Covid-19 in Georgia have led to a significant slowdown in economic activity. Stopped hotels, restaurants, retail stores, disrupted air and rail traffic, empty museums, casinos, and sports fields have become the cause of lots of lost jobs and reduced incomes. The pandemic aggravated the problems of the Georgian labor market. The number of unemployed has increased, the income of the population has decreased, and the standard of living has fallen. The aim of the paper is to analyze the problems of unemployment in Georgia in the context of Covid 19 and post-Covid challenges and to find ways to solve them; The paper is based on a review of leading scientific publications and statistical data, an assessment of the main directions of the state anti-crisis policy. Statistics and real reality show that unemployment problems in developing economies are particularly acute. Unemployment is the most acute socio-economic problem and current challenge in Georgia. It appears to be a major contributing factor to poverty in the country. Clearly, in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic, promoting employment in any country's economic activity and solving existing social problems is of paramount importance, both through improving the business environment and taking measures necessary for the efficient functioning of the labor market.

EVALUATION OF THE LATVIAN LABOUR MARKET USING THE COBB-DOUGLAS PRODUCTION FUNCTION AND THE BEVERIDGE CURVE MODEL

INTRODUCTION
 One of the biggest problems in the Latvian labour market is related to insufficient work productivity, but this is an important aspect of sustainable economic growth, and special attention needs to be paid to it from a macroeconomic point of view. Productivity is measured as gross domestic product per hour worked. One of the most important macroeconomic questions is the one that tries to understand how the gross domestic product depends on capital and labour. Cobb-Douglas production function is related to both – gross domestic product and labour market – and, despite being developed more than 90 years ago, it is still an object of interest. There are unresolved issues related to the function, one of which is whether parameters α and β are equal to 1 or not. Considering the long GDP, labour, and capital time series for one country, it has been recognised that the sum does not have to be equal to 1. The aim of this research is to find what parameters of Cobb-Douglas function for Latvia are equal to and evaluate the Latvian labour market using the Cobb-Douglas production function and the Beveridge curve model.
 METHODS
 When evaluating the Latvian labour market using the Cobb-Douglas production function, the statistical data of Latvian gross domestic product, labour market and capital were taken, and multilinear logarithmic regression was performed to evaluate parameters α and β of the Cobb-Douglas production function. When evaluating the Latvian labour market using the Beveridge curve, the statistical data of the unemployment rate and the vacancy rate in Latvia were chosen.
 RESULTS
 When evaluating the Latvian labour market using the Cobb-Douglas production function, the regression analysis gave α + β > 1 (α = 0.74 and β = 1.55). Here, a certain contradiction with the standard scaling condition α + β = 1 arises.
 When evaluating the Latvia labour market using the Beveridge curve model, the analysis showed that the ratio between the unemployment rate and vacancy rate grows during the economic decline periods and drops during the economic growth periods.
 DISCUSSION
 The condition α + β = 1 has been discussed in the literature since the original Cobb and Douglas paper, and the main problem of the discussion is that the clear scaling reasons based on a theoretical explanation of this condition does not meet the experimental data. There is a condition called the scaling condition. If we merge two identical countries in one country that is two times larger, then GDP, capital and labour will be doubled. Cobb-Douglas function can be tested to see how it works in one country. However, when tested empirically on the data taken from one country, the requirement about the sum of parameters being equal to 1 is not met.
 The interest in the values of the parameters of the Cobb-Douglas production function is based on the fact that they affect the labour market equilibrium. Parameter β of the Cobb-Douglas production function is used in the utility function of firms, and the condition of utility function maximisation determines the average wage in the country.

LABOR MARKET: CHANGES IN THE LABOR SPHERE, MODERN CHALLENGES

The article considers the development trends of the Russian labor market. A brief analysis of the current situation on the labor market is carried out. Unemployment is one of the main problems of the Russian labor market, nevertheless, the formation of the labor market and the formation of modern labor relations continue in the conditions of constant changes and instability. Employment opportunities are becoming more flexible and diversified with a simultaneous competition rising. The assessment of modern changes in the world is given in the work by economic crises, sectoral transformations of the economy, scientifically-technological progress, production modernization and the transition to high technologies. The social-economic consequences of the rapid propagation of digital technologies, their impact on production and economic systems, on the selection and characteristics of professions preferred by the labor market, and on the requirements for workers deserve special attention. The development of digital technologies causes human activities, labor relations move into the virtual sphere. The article considers the changes in the labor sphere during the coronavirus pandemic around the world.

Молодежь на рынке труда

The article examines the state of the youth labor market in Russia, identifies the problems of the modern youth labor market, such as the unjustified ambition of youth, mistrust of employers towards young people, the unpreparedness of the majority of young people after graduation for working life, the inadequacy of the educational system to the requirements of the business environment and the labor market, and , first of all, training of workers in professions that are not in demand on the labor market. A set of measures is proposed to solve these problems of the youth labor market: the formation of mechanisms of real interaction between the business environment, the labor market and the sphere of education; adjustment of educational programs in terms of their practice-orientedness; formation of a system for preparing young people to enter the labor market through their social and professional adaptation. The analysis of the socio-cultural characteristics of generations "Y" and "Z" is carried out, it is shown that taking into account these features will improve the situation on the youth labor market in the digital era.

Structural Changes in U.S. Economy: 2010 – 2020

This article covers the major trends of structural changes in US economy during 2010–2020. Statistical analysis shows that mining industries and agriculture have very insignificant effects on US gross domestic product. Meanwhile liquid natural gas (LNG) and agricultural products are important articles of American export. Traditional manufacturing corporations are also decreasing their effects on American economy. Modern services are considered to be the most prospective for economic development and they add the largest value to US gross domestic product. Financial services, insurance and real estate trade demonstrate very high productivity of labor. Informational, professional and business services are also important for U.S. economy. And these branches have outstanding export potential. In the Section 2 the major problems of labor market are being analyzed. The author proves that majority of American employees is being engaged in service industries. Growing unemployment is considered to be the most serious problem of labor market. In the Section 3 structural changes in the sector of government finance are being researched. The structure of federal budget was stable enough during the period of 2010–2020. Military expenses share of budget expenses is decreasing, but social and health care expenditures are very high. The current operating role of the Federal Reserve in budget deficit financing is being analyzed. The author proves that FRS and foreign sponsors of American debt give up their place to American private investors. In the long run this situation may create serious problems for federal debt financing. As a result, U.S. dollar position as an international reserve currency may be weakened. Dollar share in international trade and financial markets may also decrease.

Профессиональные пенсии в России: проблемы и перспективы

The article substantiates the need to reform the pension system of the Russian Federation. According to the author, the most effective way to reduce the financial burden on the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation is to reform the institution of early (preferential) pensions, because the scale of providing preferential pensions in Russia is unparalleled in world practice. The article examines the history of concessional pension provision in Russia and the stages of reforming the pension system in sufficient detail. The author examines the measures that were planned in the 1995 Concept of Reform for the introduction of a three-tiered pension system, which would have included as one of its components a non-state (supplementary) pension in the form of professional pension systems of individual organizations, industries, territories, as well as personal pension savings in non-state pension funds or insurance companies. Then the article examines the Programme of pension reform of 1998, draft federal laws "On the Fundamentals of Pension Reform in the Russian Federation", "On compulsory professional pension systems in the Russian Federation", in which quite reasonable measures to change the institution of early pensions were proposed. The author notes with regret that the above draft laws did not receive further consideration and were withdrawn from consideration because the main issue concerning the financing of occupational pensions remained unresolved. The article discusses the main directions of the Strategy for Long-Term Development of the Pension System (until 2030), one of which is also reforming the institute of early pensions. Summarizing the results of the study, the author draws a disappointing conclusion that over the past 30 years the idea of introducing occupational pensions has not yet found real implementation, and the existing institution of concessional pensions now covers an even wider range of persons than it did in the Soviet period. The author fears that the introduction of an occupational pension system may not materialise in the next few years, given the current economic crisis, labour market problems and a difficult demographic situation. Nevertheless, the author hopes that the next phase of pension reform announced by the Russian Government will lead to real progress in introducing the occupational pension system in Russia as well. There is no doubt that the need to resolve this problem is long overdue, and effective measures should be taken as soon as possible. All the more so because the regulations already adopted over the years, which were discussed in this study, provide quite adequate and feasible measures for reforming the Russian pension system. The author declares no conflicts of interests.

ПОЛИТИКА ИМПОРТОЗАМЕЩЕНИЯ И ЕЕ ВЛИЯНИЕ НА РАЗВИТИЕ МОЛОДЕЖНОГО РЫНКА ТРУДА В РЕГИОНЕ (на материалах Владимирской области)

The development of the modern national economy is based on the principle of import substitution, its implementation affects the functioning of the national and regional labor market, especially youth. This becomes especially relevant during periods of socio-economic instability, one of which the world economy is currently experiencing. The effectiveness of the implementation of the import substitution program in the Russian Federation, which has been consistently implemented since 2014, requires increased state attention to employment problems, as well as the search for innovative mechanisms of state regulation of the labor market, primarily youth. Among these mechanisms, a special place should be taken by ways to improve the quality of education and professional qualifications, ensuring the technological, economic, social, and informational development of enterprises, raising the prestige of working specialties, forming a positive image of professions in demand on the labor market, demand in the labor market for specialists and areas of training with a high level of competence. The development of the youth labor market in the context of the creation of import-substituting production will contribute to the productive employment of young people, which will reduce the risks of social instability. The article examines the trends in employment in the youth labor market during the growing economic recession and sanctions pressure on the Russian economy. The prospects for the development of the youth labor market in the conditions of the formation of import-substituting production in the region are analyzed. The mechanisms of formation and development of the youth personnel reserve as the basis for the creation of modern industrial potential are revealed. The main problems in the youth labor market are revealed, and ways to solve them are proposed.

ПРОБЛЕМЫ ТРУДОВЫХ РЕСУРСОВ: ДЕФИЦИТ, СДВИГИ В СТРУКТУРЕ, ПАРАДОКСЫ СТАРЕНИЯ

The subject of the study is the state and trends in the structure and number of labor resources in modern Russia. The paper aims to analyze the main trends in the development of labor resources based on an assessment of their reproduction and taking into account global trends. The relevance of the study is due to the growing importance of studying the structure and dynamics of the number of labor resources and the urgent need to change methodological approaches to the organization of statistical observations in this area. The scientific novelty consists in the proven eclecticism of the existing accounting system, which in some cases leads to distortion of the results of labor force surveys; the reasoning is based on a generalization of various sources of statistical information that formed the empirical basis of the study. The system classification of various categories of the population proposed by the authors as the basis of labor resources can become the basis for updating the methodology for conducting such surveys. The authors use the following research methods: analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, systematization, and modeling. In the course of the study, the authors obtained the following results. Promising strategic directions for regulating labor resources have been outlined to support positive transformations in the labor market. The study revealed the contradiction between the need to expand the country's labor resources at the expense of older people who retain their ability to work, and the lack of conditions for the use of their labor. The study shows that it is necessary to consider the impact of such a significant and so far little taken into account factor as the coronavirus pandemic on labor resources. The authors substantiate the most pressing problems of the formation and use of labor resources in modern Russia. It is argued that there has been a decrease in the importance of the indicator of labor resources in the analysis and forecasting of economic development, it is difficult to track its structure and dynamics, to identify sources of growth. The reduction in the number and deterioration of the qualitative structure of labor resources occurs against the background of an increase in the economically inactive part of the population. There is a growing discrepancy between the professional and qualification structure of labor resources and the new needs of the labor market. There is a growing threat of underutilization of the available labor force with a constant shortage of personnel. The study showed that one of the most acute problems of the Russian labor market is the aging of labor resources. The necessity of returning the category and indicator of labor resources to a full-fledged high role in ensuring the development of the modern economy is proved. The dominant directions of prospective studies of labor resources are determined. The authors come to the conclusion that it is necessary to make changes to the methodology and tools of statistical surveys of the labor resources, aimed, among other things, at providing statistical opportunities for accounting and analyzing the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the structure and dynamics of the labor resources.

Страны ОЭСР: политика на рынке труда в условиях пандемии

In 2020 – the first half of 2021, the OECD economies faced a serious crisis, which was manifested by an increase in unemployment, a reduction in the number of jobs, and a decrease in household income. However, the nature of the last crisis and, accordingly, the ways out of it differed significantly from the previous recessions. During the COVID 19 pandemic, the global economy faced a massive supply shock caused by the forced shutdowns and the introduction of a self-isolation regime. The key task of state policy was to preserve the human capital of companies in order to facilitate the fastest possible recovery when anti-epidemic restrictions have been lifted. The OECD governments launch strong agenda to maintain their labor markets. The State Employment Service and the unemployment insurance system have significantly adjusted their methods of interaction with unemployed and companies. This included measures to simplify the procedure for obtaining unemployment benefits, which led to a significant increase in the number of beneficiaries. The deadlines for payment of benefits have been extended, the amount of the benefits has been increased and, in a number of countries, some groups of workers who had previously remained outside the system were included in the insurance system. Teleworking has become an important means of overcoming the spread of infection. The proportion of teleworkers in OECD countries ranged in the midst of the crisis from 30 to 60%. Governments are actively involved in supporting distance employment, starting with its legislative permission and ending with financial support for companies that are switching to this form of work. During the pandemic, job retention programs have become one of the main labor market support tools. The characteristic features of job retention programs were the wide coverage of workers, the simplification of the procedure for obtaining the state aid, the inclusion of workers with a non-standard form of contract. The governments have sought to encourage companies to use the reduced work period for professional retraining. Once the pandemic is over, OECD countries will have to return to the backlog of structural labor market problems.

STATE EMPLOYMENT POLICY IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC CRISIS IN GEORGIA

The crisis caused by the Covid-19 pandemic has not only economic character, it is multifaceted, so ways to tackle the problem are more complex and ambiguous. Measures to protect the health of the population often comes into conflict with economic recovery measures, which raises the issue of their proper balancing. At the same time, financial, moral and material support should be provided to the vulnerable sections of the society, at the same time, the party creating the demand for labor should be encouraged to maintain jobs. Recovering the economy requires a comprehensive and consistent strategy based on the interests of each citizen. It is important to have an active social dialogue between employers 'and entrepreneurs' organizations and employees. These measures are relatively easy to implement for countries with high incomes and developed economies, while for low-income countries, the use of fiscal and monetary policy instruments is limited and therefore becomes a more difficult process. In such a case, it is recommended to differentiate the directions of the state employment policy according to the priority. The first line of action in the conditions of the covid-19 pandemic should be to stop the growth of poverty caused by declining employment income from reduced employment. As mentioned above, the government's anti-crisis plan even provides for passive policy measures and appropriate funding. However, it should be noted that the simplification of bureaucratic procedures related to the issuance and administration of targeted benefits would also be desirable. The activation of passive policy has accelerated the "formalization" of informal employees, it is recommended to continue working in this direction through a different prism to prevent the growth of precariate in the labor market. It is advisable to increase the number of jobs in the formal sector, to adequately remunerate the qualifications and energy expended, to create normal working conditions and to provide real protection of the labor rights of the employees. It is recommended to finance various projects and startups to promote self-employment and motivate the unemployed people. An important measure is the systematic research of labor market needs, which creates a clear picture of the requirements in the field of employment in the policy-making process and is a vector in the planning of training relevant qualified personnel. The latter will help to eliminate the most important problems of the Georgian labor market - the imbalance between labor demand and supply

STATE EMPLOYMENT POLICY IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC CRISIS IN GEORGIA

The crisis caused by the Covid-19 pandemic has not only economic character, it is multifaceted, so ways to tackle the problem are more complex and ambiguous. Measures to protect the health of the population often comes into conflict with economic recovery measures, which raises the issue of their proper balancing. At the same time, financial, moral and material support should be provided to the vulnerable sections of the society, at the same time, the party creating the demand for labor should be encouraged to maintain jobs. Recovering the economy requires a comprehensive and consistent strategy based on the interests of each citizen. It is important to have an active social dialogue between employers 'and entrepreneurs' organizations and employees. These measures are relatively easy to implement for countries with high incomes and developed economies, while for low-income countries, the use of fiscal and monetary policy instruments is limited and therefore becomes a more difficult process. In such a case, it is recommended to differentiate the directions of the state employment policy according to the priority. The first line of action in the conditions of the covid-19 pandemic should be to stop the growth of poverty caused by declining employment income from reduced employment. As mentioned above, the government's anti-crisis plan even provides for passive policy measures and appropriate funding. However, it should be noted that the simplification of bureaucratic procedures related to the issuance and administration of targeted benefits would also be desirable. The activation of passive policy has accelerated the "formalization" of informal employees, it is recommended to continue working in this direction through a different prism to prevent the growth of precariate in the labor market. It is advisable to increase the number of jobs in the formal sector, to adequately remunerate the qualifications and energy expended, to create normal working conditions and to provide real protection of the labor rights of the employees. It is recommended to finance various projects and startups to promote self-employment and motivate the unemployed people. An important measure is the systematic research of labor market needs, which creates a clear picture of the requirements in the field of employment in the policy-making process and is a vector in the planning of training relevant qualified personnel. The latter will help to eliminate the most important problems of the Georgian labor market - the imbalance between labor demand and supply.

Evolution of the Interpretation of Poverty in Hungary between 2007 and 2019

The paper analyzes subjective poverty in Hungary. The results of the data collection in 2019 are compared to the results of former data collections carried out in 2007 and 2011. The methods of systematic data collection are used to collect data about the belief of the population. The paper concludes that poverty is mainly related to material values and it did not change in the examined period. Items expressing labor market problems are closely related to poverty even in 2019 in spite of the fact that over demand in the labor market has lately decreased unemployment. Items about families and child rearing have become less closely related to poverty. The paper concludes that relative poverty threshold coincides with the subjective one. It implies that increasing the absolute income level of individuals may not be enough to improve their subjective wellbeing as they are also concerned with their relative income position.

Problems of youth in the labor market in modern conditions

The article investigates a modern state of youth employment in the labor market. The purpose of the article is to consider of youth segment in the labor market, to study the dynamics of youth employment in recent years and to develop proposals for improving the state of youth employment in Ukraine. Current trends in youth employment and unemployment in the labor market are analyzed. In the process of analysis, such methods of scientific research as analysis and synthesis, comparison and generalization were used, which made it possible to ensure the validity of the study. Based on the results of youth employment issues analysis, the main problems faced by young people in finding a job (specific problems in the youth segment of the labor market) are determined, namely: imperfection of the legal framework that regulates labor relations; young people after graduation cannot put their skills and abilities into practice; imbalance in the professional and qualification structure of the labor supply, which does not correspond to the demand in the labor market; lack of professional experience among young people; gender inequality by sex and age; labor migration due to the non-competitiveness of wages in Ukraine compared to wages in Europe. For a systematic solution to the problems of youth labor market, it is necessary to improve the existing mechanism for increasing the level of youth employment, thereby a new impetus will appear for the development of the Ukrainian economy. The main directions of improving the state regulation of the youth segment of the labor market in Ukraine are proposed, namely: the creation of effective interaction between public employment agencies, business and education. An improvement and systemic implementation of the mechanism for increasing youth employment will reduce the outflow of labor force abroad and ensure the competitiveness of the national economy in the long term.

The Impact of COVID-19 on the Labor Market in India: Focusing on the Expansion of the Labor Gap and Digitization

인도는 2021ë „ 03월 COVID-19 ëˆ„ì  확진자 수가 1,173만 ëª ì„ ë„˜ì–´ì„°ê³ , 미국 다음으로 대규모 확진자가 발생하여 ì „êµ­ì ìœ¼ë¡œ 막대한 피해를 보았다. 특히 ë¹„ê³µì‹ë ¸ë™ì— ì¢ ì‚¬í•˜ëŠ” 인도 내 이주 ë ¸ë™ìžë“¤ì€ 팬더믹과 봉쇄조치의 ì§ì ‘ 타격을 받아 역이주와 생존의 위협을 ê²ªê³ ìžˆë‹¤. 2021ë „ê¹Œì§€ COVID-19가 ì§€ì†ë ê²½ìš° 관광 및 ì ‘ê° ì‚°ì— ì—ì„œ 2천만개 이상의 일자리가 사라질 것으로 ì˜ˆìƒë˜ê³ ìžˆìœ¼ë©°, 이미 ë ¸ë™ìž 부재로 인한 생산면에서의 타격도 í˜„ì‹¤í™”ë˜ê³ ìžˆë‹¤. 더 큰 ë¬¸ì œëŠ” 이러한 일자리 감소와 ë ¸ë™ì‹œìž¥ì˜ 양극화가 COVID-19 ì´ì „ë¶€í„° 꾸준히 진행되어 오던 êµ¬ì¡°ì ì¸ ë¬¸ì œì—ì„œ 출발하였으며, 코로나 ëŒ€ìœ í–‰ì€ êµ¬ì¡°ì  ë¬¸ì œì˜ í­ë°œì  발현의 ì´‰ë§¤ì œê°€ 되었을 뿐이라는 ì ì´ë‹¤. 이에 따라 인도 ì‚°ì— ê³¼ ë ¸ë™ì‹œìž¥ì˜ êµ¬ì¡°ì ì¸ ë¬¸ì œê°€ 무엇인지 짚어 본다. 인도 ì •ë¶€ì˜ ì œì¡°ì— ìœ¡ì„±ì± (Make in India)은 ë¬¼ë¡ ì´ê³ , 2020ë „ 코로나 사태의 한 가운데서 ì œê¸°ëœ 자립 인도(Atmanirbhar Bharat) ì •ì± ë„ 이러한 ë¬¸ì œì˜ 해결에 대한 ê³ ë¯¼ì—ì„œ 시작된 것이다. 본 연구는 디지털화와 4ì°¨ì‚°ì— í˜ëª ì„ ë§žì´í•˜ê³ ìžˆëŠ” 현실을 또 다른 위기 증폭의 ì´‰ë§¤ì œê°€ 아니라, ë¬¸ì œ 해결의 단서가 ë ìˆ˜ 있는 ë ¸ë™ì‹œìž¥ 재구성의 방향성을 살펴본다. India has recently experienced an acute crisis confronting the COVID-19 pandemic as confirmed cases exceeded 11.73 million in March 2021, which was the second worst scale only after the United States. The strict lockdown measures as well as the pandemic itself posed a serious threat of survival, in particular, to immigrant workers engaged in informal sectors, which triggered their reverse immigration. In case the COVID-19 pandemic continues in 2021, it is estimated that in the sector of tourism and service alone, more than 20 million jobs will disappear. The damage on industry is already being realized with the significant decrease of workforce. It is important to note, however, that jobless growth and labor polarization were observed even before the outbreak of COVID-19, and that the pandemic only served as one of the trigger catalysts that made those submerged problems burst out. In this study, we examine the structural problems in industry and labor market in India and consider the social context and efficacy of the “Make in India” or “Atmanirbhar Bhrat” policy. The latter initiative was presented in the trenches of the pandemic in 2020. While considering the complexity of problems, we would like to pursue a future-oriented approach and propose a direction in restructuring the labor market, attempted at reversing the critical conditions following the fourth industrial revolution and digitization into the shortcut to labor market restructuring. Keywords: COVID-19, India, Labor Market, Labor Gap, Digitization, Caste System

Beveridge on idleness

Beveridge's wartime proposals to eliminate idleness relied on the precepts of Keynesian economics and substantial extensions in the powers of central government to regulate industry and labour. Using convention theory, this paper demonstrates how these stipulations proved politically untenable. With the disappearance of full employment in the 1980s, the labour market problems Beveridge encountered in his youth have re-emerged accompanied by old problems of working poverty. Established forms of labour market analysis are obsolescent and employment rights disappear. The paper suggests a more decentralized and variable analysis of relations between work and idleness may offer a way forward.