Labeling Theory Research Articles

ANALYSIS OF THE APPLICATION OF LABELLING THEORY IN INDONESIAN IMMIGRATION GLASSES: A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIAN DIPLOMATS WHO ARE SUSPECTED TO BE VICTIMS OF "MURSERY" BY THE IMMIGRATION OFFICERS IN SOUTH JAKARTA

The misunderstanding of the video footage of Immigration officers checking Nigerian foreigners which went viral on social media which then created various speculations and misunderstandings in the community. However, the circulating footage only shows when the officers fought and defended themselves against the foreigner and the foreigner shouted "I can't breathe, I can't breathe" thus making the atmosphere cloudy. The case of alleged mistreatment of Nigerian diplomats by unscrupulous immigration officers has attracted public attention and has become a trending topic in various media. This indirectly causes various versions of the series of events that appear on social media. Our society and Indonesian immigration officers are applying the theory of labeling sequentially, the process starts with the primary deviance, namely by naming Nigerian citizens as rioters or perpetrators of violations and secondary deviance applies because since the label was given to Nigerian citizens, the level of crimes committed has increased and always there every year. the second reaction is that the community is against it, this happens because they have a negative stigma and give a bad label to black citizens including Nigerian citizens. Therefore, they confirmed that in handling and securing the Nigerian citizens, immigration officers had to use violence for fear of unwanted things such as the WN running away, rebelling and the like.

THE EFFECT OF THIEF LABELING ON YOUTHS

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of labeling on youths in X Village, Tambang District. The research method used in this research is using qualitative research methods which aim to describe the actual situation of what is happening at the research location through collecting, identifying and analyzing data in order to obtain the answers to be achieved. In this study using the labeling theory (Howard S. Becker and Edwin Lemert) which explains how society reacts to someone's behavior that is considered deviant and then labeled by their social environment to give rise to various influences on the people they label. The conclusion of this study is the need for public awareness of their views on youth who will eventually become victims of the community itself and trigger negative impacts on these youths.

Public Labeling of Adolescents of Former Drug Convicts

This research is motivated by the large number of data found on drug convicts with juvenile offenders in the Class IIB Padang state detention center from Koto Tangah District which always changes every period. With these changes, it is evident that many of the juvenile convicts with repeated criminal acts, and have just been sentenced to detention in the Padang Class IIB State Detention Center. However, the freedom of the juvenile ex-convicts of drug cases makes it difficult for them to adapt, and get labels from society. This labeling aims to analyze the label of society towards adolescent ex-convicts of drug cases, and the impact of the label on the behavior of adolescent ex-convicts of drug cases. This study uses the theory of labeling and George Herbert Mead's socialization theory. The approach used is qualitative with the type of case study research. Research informants were determined using a purposive sampling technique with criteria for subsidy services for prisoners at the Padang Class IIB State Detention Center, juvenile ex-convicts in drug cases with the age of 12-21 years, families of juvenile ex-convicts in drug cases, and the community around the residence of juvenile ex-convicts. drugs. Data was collected using observation, interviews, and documentation studies. The data validity test includes credibility, transferability, dependability, and conformability tests. Analysis of the data using the interactive analysis model of Miles and Huberman. The results of the study show that the labeling of society on juvenile ex-convicts of drug cases is divided into two forms; First, the labeling of names (makaw, lelek, sakaw, maele, meang, and paisok). Second, the labeling of people's attitudes (parusuah, sampah masyarakaik, and pakak badak). Community labeling has an impact on the behavior of adolescent ex-convicts of drug cases, such as feelings of fear to adapt, repeat drug use, and uncontrolled emotions.

Arrest history, stigma, and self-esteem: a modified labeling theory approach to understanding how arrests impact lives.

Modified labeling theory theorizes that when people acquire a label, personally held views about that label gain relevance and exert negative effects. We assessed whether being arrested reduces self-esteem to different extents based on the degree to which individuals hold stigmatizing beliefs about people with arrest records. Adults living in the South Bronx, New York City (N = 532, 56% of whom had ever been arrested) indicated their level of agreement with statements about people with arrest records. We used exploratory factor analysis to identify categories of stigmatizing views, and calculated scores for thetwo following categories: "stereotype awareness" and "stereotype agreement." Self-esteem was assessed with the Rosenberg self-esteem scale. Using fitted linear regression models, we assessed interaction between arrest history and each stigma score, and calculated mean differences representing the association between arrest history and self-esteem score, for those with stigma scores one standard deviation (SD) below and above the mean. For each type of stigma, participants with stigma scores one SD below the mean had similar self-esteem scores, regardless of arrest history. However, among participants with stigma scores one SD above the mean, those who had experienced an arrest had lower self-esteem scores than those who had not (mean difference = - 2.07, 95% CI - 3.16, - 0.99 for "stereotype awareness"; mean difference = - 2.92, 95% CI - 4.05, - 1.79 for "stereotype agreement"). Being arrested affects self-esteem to a greater degree among persons who hold stigmatizing views about people with arrest records. These findings support a modified labeling theory of arrest-related stigma.

Effectiveness of Correctional Education System in Georgia State Prisons: Labeling Theory as Sociological Approach

The overall purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of correctional education programs in America generally, and in the state of Georgia, specifically, and its role to decrease post-release prisoners’ recidivism. In addition, relying on labeling theory, this study aims to explore how the understanding of this theory could help reduce the stigma toward the educated ex-prisoners, who received educational programs while in prison. The basic design of this study was meta-analysis method. The researcher conducted a comprehensive literature search for published and unpublished studies released between 1980 and 2011. A correlation between recidivism reduction and participation in correctional education programs. The correctional education programs can help ex-prisoners start their lives after release; also, offenders who participated in education programs while incarcerated showed lower rates of recidivism, and they get a higher salary than other uneducated ex-prisoners.

Analysis on Rational Correction of Application Scope of Voluntary Surrender System in China

In the practice of voluntary surrender system in China, especially in cases of residual voluntary surrender, voluntary surrender system will be apparently invalid if the suspect brought to justice mistakenly thinks his or her behavior constitutes a crime due to wrong legal understanding and then confesses it, while such a crime is only an infringement act of legal interest in accordance with objective elements of the crime. It can also be concluded that such special cases are not applicable to confession and even merit system. Based on the different perspectives of utilitarianism, labeling theory, and legal economics, the negative impact of the above-mentioned defects can be seen. And not only that, it also reflects that it is reasonable to correct the application scope of voluntary surrender system.

Chinese verb copying constructions: A labeling account

In this article, I will show that Chinese verb copying constructions lend strong empirical support to Chomsky’s (2013) labeling theory. In particular, I will argue that the cooccurrence of the object and the postverbal complement in the vP domain gives rise to a symmetric structure of the type {XP, YP} that cannot be labeled by the labeling algorithm and that verb copying is derived from VP movement, a strategy which is applied to solve the labeling problem at the moment of Transfer. This new approach will provide a principled explanation for the core properties of verb copying constructions as well as some related phenomena. Finally, I will argue that despite the apparent similarity, verb copying constructions in Chinese should be treated separately from the so-called Predicate Cleft constructions, a well attested phenomenon in many languages, in that only the former involves a labeling failure inside the vP domain.

A labeling approach to the removal of island effects via head movement and its consequences

The extraction of a constituent is not allowed in particular contexts that are known as “islands”. The islandhood of a structure can be voided through head movement. Different arguments have been advanced to account for this phenomenon. Although these analyses are ingenious, they are not free of problems. Inspired by the assumption of weak heads in labeling theory, we present an additional type of weak head, namely, one that has lost its phonological features in the narrow syntax. This approach, together with the Empty Category Constraint, which states that an empty category must be in a labeled structure to be identified properly, provides a principled account of how head movement can void island effects. Our assumption has interesting theoretical consequences in that it can derive the effect of phasehood inheritance and the Intonational Phrase Edge Generalization.

Arrested Friendships? Justice Involvement and Interpersonal Exclusion among Rural Youth.

We examine the impacts of adolescent arrest on friendship networks. In particular, we extend labeling theory by testing hypotheses for three potential mechanisms of interpersonal exclusion related to the stigma of arrest: rejection, withdrawal, and homophily. We use longitudinal data on 48 peer networks from PROSPER, a study of rural youth followed through middle and high school. We test our hypotheses using stochastic actor-based models. Our findings suggest that arrested youth are less likely to receive friendship ties from school peers, and are also less likely to extend them. Moreover, these negative associations are attenuated by higher levels of risky behaviors among peers, suggesting that results are driven by exclusion from normative rather than non-normative friendships. We find evidence of homophily on arrest but it appears to be driven by other selection mechanisms rather than a direct preference for similarity on arrest. Overall, our findings speak to how arrest may foster social exclusion in rural schools, thereby limiting social capital for already disadvantaged youth.

Felon history and change in U.S. employment rates

In recent decades, the share of U.S. adults with felony-level criminal records has risen and the growth in the employment rate has slowed. Sociological theories of labeling and stigmatization, as well as economic theories of statistical discrimination, suggest a possible causal connection between the two phenomena. Surveys of employers have shown increasing reliance on criminal background checks, for example, and audit studies reveal explicit discrimination against people with felony-level criminal records. This paper draws on novel, state-level annual measures of individuals with felony-level records to estimate pooled cross-sectional, panel models predicting changes in aggregate employment rates. Estimates from these models indicate that a 1 percentage point increase in the share of a state's adult population with a felony history is associated with 0.3 percentage point increase in non-employment (being unemployed or not in the labor force) among those aged 18 to 54. Subgroup analysis shows that effects are stronger for women and whites. These results suggest that the stigma of a felony record may play an important part in aggregate employment rates as well as in individual hiring practices.

Analysis of semantic components of words in the field of nature in Nahj al-Balaghah based on labeling theory [In Persian

یکی از موضوعات مهم در این بحث بوده که در زبانشناسی برگرفته از مکتب پراگ است. نشانداری از حوزه واج-شناسی آغاز شده است؛ لیکن در بررسیهای زبانشناختی از یک سو به سایر حوزهها همچون ساخت واژه، نحو و معنیشناسی گسترش یافت و از سوی دیگر در چارچوبهای عام نظری مختلف، همچون رویکرد اصول و معیارها و دستور همگانی زایشی از تعاریف متنوع برخوردار گردید. بر اساس نظر پالمر، هرگاه مؤلفههای معنایی یک واژه در کنار یکدیگرمبین یک مفهو کلی باشند که با خصیصه «عمومیت » همراه باشد، آن واژه از نظر معنایی، یک واژه «بینشان » خواهد بود؛ اما چنانچه واژهای دارای آحاد و مؤلفههایی أخص و جزئیتر و منحصربه فرد باشد، به گونهای که بتوان آن واژه را زیرمجموعه واژه «بینشان» قلمداد نمود، در اینجا، خصیصه «نشانداری» را میتوان برای چنین واژهای درنظرگرفت. اقسام نشانداری عبارت است از معنایی، صوری و ردهشناختی. مؤلفههای معنایی ویژگیهای مفهوم واژهها را تشکیل داده و وجوه اشتراک و افتراق آنها را معین میکنند. بررسی نهجالبلاغه که در آن انبوهی از واژگان متنوع در حوزههای متعدد به کار رفته است، میتواند جنبههای بسیاری را از اغراض صاحب این اثر ارزشمند آشکار سازد. مفهوم مکان و بویژه طبیعت از جمله واژگان پرکاربرد در نهج البلاغه به شمار می رود؛ فراوانی واژههای متنوع حوزه طبیعت در کتاب نهج-البلاغه نشاندهنده اهمیت مکان در باور امام علی(ع) است. در این پژوهش که با هدف کشف و تبیین جنبههای نشانداری واژههای مورد تحقیق، به رشته نگارش درآمده و مبتنی بر شیوه توصیفی- تحلیلی است، مشخص شد، در کلام امام علی(ع) واژههای نشاندار حوزه طبیعت در محورهای جانشینی و همنشینی به صورت برابر به کار رفته است و هریک، نقشی یگانه در ایراد غرض معنایی برعهده دارند.

Informal Enterprise for Establishing Deviant Ideology

The study aims to understand the act of leveraging informal mechanisms to initiate the process of establishing deviant, non-conformist ideologies. We often see the persistence of such mechanisms concerning political and business actions (kindly note here actions are being stated instead of ideology). For example, the involvement of non-registered political campaigners as influences with purposeful disassociation through informality, to have the power not to be held accountable. Similarly, in the business space, it can be seen in practices of Multinational Corporations (MNCs), who would hide their ‘questionable’actions through outsourcing to an informal enterprise. This study intends to trace this aspect in the form of ideological deviance, undertaken with the aim to re-establish the structural norms. Toarrive at a conclusion, the study has recognized Ragi Kana, a sustainable living Sunday Santhe, to trace the existence of the proposed mechanisms. The methodology of primary enquiry and assessment of secondary literature is taken to establish the proposed link. Under primary enquiry, the stakeholder’s motivations and incentives are understood, with regard to their ideological rationale. Also, the secondary sources recording the ideological rationale are leveraged. The study also aims to establish the result within the framework of conflict theory and labelling theory in deviance sociology.

Adaptation of the Devaluation-Discrimination Scale Into Turkish: A Comprehensive Psychometric Analysis.

The Devaluation-Discrimination Scale (DDS) is among the most frequently used stigma scales for measuring the perception of social stigma related to mental illness. The DDS is also frequently employed to test predictions of modified labeling theory and is modified to use for specific disorders, such as depression, substance abuse, and alcohol use disorders. Although modified versions of the DDS have been subjected to psychometric analyses, the original has never undergone a full psychometric evaluation. Thus, the aim of this study was to comprehensively examine the psychometric properties of the Turkish adaptation of the original DDS, with all positively keyed items, across seven studies in Turkish student and community samples (N = 1,907). The results of the exploratory factor analysis indicated that a one-dimensional factor structure adequately explained the covariation among DDS items in a sample of college students. Moreover, the single-factor structure of the DDS was corroborated, and invariant across sex, age, educational level, mental health diagnosis status, and previous help-seeking experience among Turkish adults. The convergent and divergent validity of DDS scores also were supported by significant correlations in the hypothesized directions with self-stigma (r = .26), social stigma (r = .46), attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help (r = -.24), and intention to seek psychological help scores (r = -.24). The results of the reliability analyses suggested that the DDS has good temporal stability in a 1-month time interval (r = .83, intraclass correlation coefficient = .83) and possesses high to excellent internal consistency reliabilities ranging from .88 to .92 across five studies. The examination of the distribution of total DDS scores indicated that there were no floor and ceiling effects in DDS scores across five different samples. The Turkish adaptation of the original DDS may be used as a valid and reliable scale to measure the devaluation and discrimination perceptions of college students and adults against people with mental illness.

Strain Theories and Labelling Theories: A Critical Examination through an Anti-Oppressive Lens

Informed by the intersectionality and social justice perspectives, this article examines twoprominent schools of thought in criminology, namely strain and labelling theories. Our analysisreveals that strain and labelling theories have not adequately attended to social justice,particularly systemic oppression, in their explanations of youth crime. We propose the use ofrestorative justice as an alternative framework that may address the limitations of strain andlabelling theories.

Understanding the Empty Backpack: The Role of Timing in Disproportionate Special Education Identification

Studies related to disproportionate special education identification of students from historically marginalized groups have used increasingly complex analyses to understand the interplay of factors that cause and maintain disparities. However, information regarding the influence of students’ grade level at initial special education placement remains limited. Situated in labeling theory and life course theory, we used discrete-time survival analysis to examine temporal student- and school-level factors related to patterns of placement for minoritized students within one large urban school district. Results showed that gender, race, and socioeconomic status were all factors generally associated with special education identification, and that African American and Latinx students were more likely to be placed into special education later in their school careers. This disproportionality in delayed placement was associated with particular special education labels; for example, African American students identified post-elementary school were more likely to be labeled with emotional disturbance and specific learning disability compared to same-age White peers, and Latinx students were more likely to be labeled with specific learning disability and intellectual disability compared to same-age White peers. These results implicate inequities that emerge at the intersections of age, race, and perceptions of ability that should be considered in future studies of educational equity.

The benefits and disappointments following clitoral reconstruction after female genital cutting: A qualitative interview study from Sweden.

Female genital cutting or mutilation refers to the cutting of girls’ external genitalia. Due to migration from contexts where female genital cutting is common, it is estimated that around 38 000 cut women and girls live in Sweden. Clitoral reconstruction, a relatively new form of surgical healthcare offered to women with female genital cutting, was established in Sweden in 2014. This surgery aims at restoring clitoral function and anatomy, but there is yet a dearth of evidence demonstrating the effects of the surgery. The aim of this study was to explore how women undergoing clitoral reconstruction in Sweden between 2016 and 2019 experienced the surgical process and its aftereffects from a physical, sexual and psychosocial perspective. Eighteen women who had undergone clitoral reconstruction at a university hospital in Sweden agreed to participate in the study. The women were interviewed using semi-structured interviews, which were recorded, transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis. The results, based on self-categorization and labelling theory, demonstrated both benefits and disappointments following the surgery. Several women reported positive outcomes in terms of sexual, psychosocial and aesthetic terms. They experienced reduced genital pain, improvements in their sex lives, and a sense of feeling more empowered and at ease in their bodies. Yet, some women reported aesthetic, functional and process-related disappointment related to clitoral reconstruction. Nonetheless, the women expressed gratitude for the possibility of undergoing the surgery. In conclusion, the women reported that they experienced physical, sexual and psychosocial benefits of the surgery.

Individual characteristics and community context in decisions to divert or arrest

AbstractDiversion programs are increasingly being implemented as an alternative to more severe sanctions, especially within juvenile justice. The civil citation program in Florida is unique in that it diverts juveniles away from the justice system at the earliest decision point of arrest. However, despite its growing use in a number of states, there is little research on the program's implementation and outcomes, namely, it remains unknown if the program is being applied consistently across communities and for juveniles within those communities. Drawing from the larger sociology of punishment, race, and social control literature, and the associated theories of labeling and social threat, this study employs statewide data from the Florida Department of Juvenile Justice to explore the community and individual determinants of civil citation's use. Consistent with the theoretical arguments of labeling and social threat, the multilevel analysis finds that community and individual characteristics, in particular race, impact the likelihood of receiving civil citation. Implications for future research, theory, and policy are discussed.

Labeling Theory On the Legal Expression of Police Clearance Certificate

Through state-owned equipment, the police are empowered to issue a Police Clearance Certificate (SKCK). However SKCK cannot label someone if someone is evil or not. Whereas written legal norms are characterized by legal certainty, in other words, law without certainty values will lose its meaning because it can no longer be used as a code of conduct for everyone. By reviewing references or literature related to criminal acts, prevention of crime, legal certainty and authority. SKCK is a preventive action carried out by the police institution as the State institution that has the authority over security and order. The responsibility for crime prevention is carried out by the National Police and the public by carrying out pre-emptive and preventive tasks, namely making community members obey and obey the law. Polri is responsible for approximately 20% of activities while 80% of other activities are the responsibility of the community which consists of various elements. The most important thing is that the label of criminal not criminal is the authority of the court. So that SKCK is not based on crime prevention but is based on the concept of labeling.

Juvenile Diversion and the Family: How Youth and Parents Experience Diversion Programming

Despite extensive research into juvenile justice interventions, there is a limited focus on family engagement, including parent–child experiences in these various programs. Even less research explores how families, specifically youth and parents, are affected by diversion from the traditional juvenile justice system. The current study fills this gap by drawing from in-depth interviews with 19 parents and 19 youths participating in a juvenile pretrial diversion program in Southern California. This research highlights how a diversion program can influence how families understand the justice system and law-related behaviors. The themes discussed include how diversion programs shape parent–child bonds, how parents navigate negative indictments of youth and themselves for participating in diversion, and the influence of external challenges and social forces shaping youth and parent experiences. Findings support the theoretical contributions from social bond and labeling theory. Implications and future research will also be discussed.

“It’s Not a Conversation Starter.” Or is it?: Stigma Management Strategies of the Formerly Incarcerated in Personal and Occupational Settings

Mass incarceration and its ill effects remains a major social problem in the United States. Those exiting the criminal justice system reenter society with the label of ex-convict, a label that is permanent, highly stigmatized in American society, and has serious potential ramifications for successful reintegration, including: access to employment, higher education, and housing; acceptance in their communities; and successful personal relationships. The purpose of this study was to explore (1) anticipated stigma, (2) actual experienced stigma, and (3) the stigma management strategies that formerly incarcerated individuals employed in their personal and occupational lives. Drawing from a modified labeling theory (MLT) approach, we conducted in-depth interviews with 17 men and women who had been formerly incarcerated for felony offenses. Our findings revealed that the formerly incarcerated continue to experience stigma, often expected that they would, and utilized tactics (e.g. preventative telling, secrecy, and withdraw) consistent with MLT. Additionally, our findings revealed that these strategies are not static and participants altered their strategies throughout their life course and based upon social and economic contexts.