La Fois Research Articles

Distinguished features of apologetic approach of Havryiil Kostelnyk

The article is dedicated to one of the work lines of Ukrainian Greek Catholic theologian Havryiil Kostelnyk - his apologetics studies. Distinguished features of Kostelnyk's beliefs as apologist are analysed from several points of view. First, it is done as compared to the Ukrainian apologetic literature within the first half of the 20th century. Second, considering differences between aims of classical apologetics and aims defined by Kostelnyk. Third, within definition of correlation of canonical Catholic and modernist principles in the Kostelnyk's approach. The apologetic works of Kostelnyk were distinguished on the background of contemporary Ukrainian Greek Catholic apologetic literature (except for the translation of book by F. Duilhé de Saint-Projet "Apologie scientifique de la foi chrétienne"). Kostelnyk did not pay much attention to the soteriological and ecclesiological aspects of apologetics. First of all, he tried to protect the Christian faith from the challenges of atheism. To this end, he tried to hold a dialogue with modern science. But attempts at such a dialogue have not always been successful. These attempts were not sufficiently significant in terms of science and at the same time went beyond the limits of Catholic orthodoxy. Gradually, Kostelnyk became a Catholic modernist apologist what type was depicted in the Encyclical of Pope Pius X "Pascendi Dominici gregis".

Histoire de la vigne sauvage, Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris, en Camargue / Wild grapevine Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris in Camargue, southern France

La vigne sauvage (Vitis vinifera ssp. sylvestris) est en déclin marqué depuis la fin du XIXe siècle. Depuis 2000, l’espèce est considérée en danger critique d’extinction. Des prospections dans la vallée du Rhône ont montré qu’il existait quelques micropopulations jusque dans le delta. Une population de 52 pieds de grandes dimensions et présentant un phénotype sauvage a récemment été découverte en rive gauche du Grand Rhône, dans le boisement privé du mas Saint-Georges. Une recherche pluridisciplinaire a été entreprise sur cette population de vignes afin de reconstituer leur histoire ; les outils utilisés ont été la génétique (effectuée sur 37 individus), l’écologie (dimensions des pieds, identification des porteurs), et la dendrochronologie effectuée sur 5 pieds. L’habitat forestier a également été analysé du point de vue architectural et dynamique de la lumière. Trente et un (31) individus ont été déterminés comme étant de véritables vignes sauvages, dont la diversité est légèrement inférieure à celle des autres populations européennes. Quatre sont des individus hybrides ou introgressés : deux entre vignes sauvages et vignes américaines, et deux entre vignes sauvages et vignes cultivées. Trois haplotypes typiques des vignes sauvages ont été déterminés, indiquant que ce site est à un point de convergence entre populations méditerranéennes du sud, de l’ouest et du centre de la Méditerranée. Le boisement a été suffisamment fermé pour éviter les échanges de pollen avec les vignes américaines échappées. À partir de ces données et de l’analyse des cartes anciennes, il a pu être déduit que ce boisement s’était développé au début du XXe siècle à partir d’un marais asséché par les aménagements hydrauliques. L’âge des vignes, estimé par la dendrochronologie à une fourchette de 38 à 50 ans, pourrait cependant être de l’âge de la forêt. Les vignes se seraient installées lors de la succession forestière. Les caractéristiques architecturales du boisement (à la fois dense et lumineux) ont permis à la vigne de s’y établir sur une longue durée. Actuellement, cette population ne se reproduit plus. Les conditions actuelles ne sont donc plus favorables à l’espèce, à l’inverse des populations échappées de porte-greffes, très abondantes en Camargue. Une protection forte de ces derniers pieds de vigne forestière devrait être mise en place avec l’accord des propriétaires.

Utilization of Anticoagulation and Antiplatelet Therapies in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation and Acute Coronary Syndrome Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Utilization of Anticoagulation and Antiplatelet Therapies in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation and Acute Coronary Syndrome Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Se parler malgré tout

Se parler malgré tout

A Nouveau Roman de la route : Marc Séguin’s La foi du braconnier and the Challenge of Rewriting

Mais cette superposition de l'atlas et d'une biographiene va pas ici sans risque.- Jean Ricardou1When thinking of quintessential literary genres of the late twentieth century, arguably none is more typically than the Nouveau Roman, which proved nothing short of revolutionary in terms of redefining literary narrative. The generic counterpart (or at least one of them) in the American sphere of influence at this time, the road novel, typified by Jack Kerouac's On the Road, showcased rebelliousness and the escape from strictures, not so much in its form as through its characters and storylines.2 Both genres are iconic, but they are also distinct, as distant from one another as France is from the sprawling expanses of the American heartland that are traversed by ribbons of asphalt.To read Sal Paradise, one of On the Road's protagonists, as the auto-biographical embodiment of Kerouac's outsider ethnicity as a French Canadian in America nonetheless justifies the place of the road novel in a French-speaking literary imaginary.3 From the tales of the coureurs des bois, adventurers who took to the road (or more accurately the inland waterways that formed the fur trader's highway), to twentieth- and twenty-first-century imitations of Kerouac's own work, most famously Jacques Poulain's Volkswagen Blues, the open expanses of the North American space and a means to travel have beckoned adventurers and authors alike to the escapist possibilities of the road.4 Although written in French, French-Canadian and Quebecois road novels typically owe a great deal to their American counterparts given the impact of similar geography and commonalities in settlement patterns. Moreover, the crossover is indicative of the permeation of many things fashionably American into the larger cultural ethos of Quebec.In Marc Seguin's La foi du braconnier, a road novel that owes much to both On the Road and Volkswagen Blues, there is something distinctly - and generically - French about what is ostensibly an American (in the continental sense of the term) road novel.5 Insofar as it breaks with the conventions of the typical road novel, which aims to chronicle a purposeful journey, often pushing westward across the continent, Seguin's discontinuous narrative of seemingly erratic zigzagging recalls the breaks with novelistic convention initiated by the Nouveau Roman. As a Nouveau Roman de la route, perhaps one inspired as much by On the Road as by Michel Butor's Mobile, it is a hybrid genre befitting a society that often, in a slightly abbreviated version of Marcel's Rioux's iconic formulation, sums itself up using the mathematically derived equation of americanite + francite = quebecite.6Getting one's bearingsSeguin's debut novel is the story of Marc S. Morris, a young man of mixed white and Mohawk heritage. Despite the linguistic legacy of the Mohawk nation's former British alliances, Morris seems equally at home in his indigenous mother tongue as he is in French, but demonstrates a certain unease with the dominant language of the North American continent. His mixed percentage is a clear reference to the metissage that first took place centuries ago between European fur traders and the native peoples in North America, a fact that causes Morris to regard himself as une consequence de l'Amerique moderne.7 He, however, is more of an assembled character, harkening back to Deleuze and Guattari, than a metis or hybrid one.8 His multiplicity of personas, each of which makes for a fascinating story in its own right, combine to make him a particularly indecipherable character. He is a not-fully-trained chef (he completed only one year of culinary school) but is an accomplished cook with a talent for preparing game with technique-driven style. He is the single-handed thwarter of Al-Qaeda-inspired terrorist plots but shows little respect for the law, having been, as if playing to a blatantly racist stereotype, a smuggler of cigarettes. …

2016 Selected Bibliography

The Maghreb Review, Vol. 42, 2, 2017 © The Maghreb Review 2017 This publication is printed on FSC Mix paper from responsible sources 2016 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY CURATED BY MOHAMED BEN-MADANI This selected bibliography is published here for the benefit of our readers and subscribers. The price listed here is the price from the Publishers’ catalogues at the time of catalogue publication and does not include packing and postage. 2nd and 3rd edition reprints are not included in this list. Also, some titles may be available only on print on demand which is now quite common practice. Some titles below are in stock at The Maghreb Bookshop, others can be ordered on request. Achcar, Gilbert, Morbid Symptoms: Relapse in the Arab Uprising, Saqi Books, 2016, £12.99 David Anderson and Jonathan Fisher, Africa’s New Authoritarians, Aid, Securitisation and State-Building, 2016, 176pp, notes, bibliography, index, paperback, £18.00 Has the West tacitly endorsed autocracy in Africa to safeguard economic its interests, or have African rulers manipulated aid and the threat of terrorism to bolster their illiberal regimes? The answer is more complex than that. Abderrahman Beggar. Histoire et mémoire bouraouïennes I (Toronto: York University, The Canada-Mediterranean Centre, ‘Moisaic. Essays’ series, 2016). 155 pages. Paperback Cet ouvrage de A. Beggar est bien étoffe, riche d’enseignements et son écriture vivante, agréable a suivre. Bien plus, comme il traite a la fois de poésie, de littérature, d’histoire, d’art, de philosophie et même de politique. Le regard que son auteur porte sur la pensée critique de Hedi Bouraoui, sa force créatrice, et son analyse de «l’ignorance... comme distorsion des structures», peut fort bien s’inscrire dans la tradition de la critique théorique. A cet regard, la démarche est louable a plus d’un titre car non seulement elle témoigne d’une vision éminemment humaniste - puisque ‘intolérance se nourrit de l’ignorance - mais elle a également le mérite le faire appel a des comparaisons, des parallèles et des rapprochements, noire des convergences avec d’autres écrivains. Nous recommandons chaudement la lecture de ce livre. — Rank Darragi (Université de Tunis) Bellin, Eva and Lane, Heidi E (edit.,) Building Rule of Law in the Arab World. Tunisia, Egypt, and Beyond, 2016, 311 pp, notes, bibliography, index, cloth,£70.50 Bentrovato, Denise, Narrating and Teaching the Nation. The Politics of Education in Pre- and Post-Genocide Rwanda, 2016, 254 pages , notes, bibliography, index, cloth, V&R unipress, Göttingen 214 CURATED BY MOHAMED BEN-MADANI The book investigates the politics of education in pre- and post-genocide Rwanda, examining the actors, interests, and discourses that have historically influenced educational policy and practice and in particular the production and revision of history curricula and textbooks. This study combines a systematic historical and comparative analysis of curricula and textbooks in Rwanda, stakeholder interviews, classroom observations, and a large-scale investigation of pupils’ understandings of the country’s history. Written at a crucial time of transition in Rwanda, it illuminates the role of education as a powerful means of socialisation through which dominant discourses and related belief systems have been transmitted to the younger generations, thus moulding the nation. It outlines emergent challenges and possibilities, urging a move away from the use of history teaching to disseminate a conveniently selective official history towards practices that promote critical thinking and reflect the heterogeneity characteristic of Rwanda’s post-genocide society. Vivian Bickford-Smith, The Emergence of the South African Metropolis Cities and Identities in the Twentieth Century, 2016, 340 pp, notes, bibliography, index, cloth, £64.99 Focusing on South Africa’s three main cities - Johannesburg, Cape Town, and Durban - this book explores South African urban history from the late nineteenth century onwards. In particular, it examines the metropolitan perceptions and experiences of both black and white South Africans, as well as those of visitors, especially visitors from Britain and North America. Drawing on a rich array of city histories, travel writing, novels, films, newspapers, radio and television programs, and oral histories, Vivian Bickford-Smith focuses on the consequences of the depictions of the South African metropolis and the ‘slums’ they contained, and especially on how...

Le site du Bronze moyen du Vrignoux à Aizenay (Vendée): stèles anthropomorphes et dépôt de parures annulaires

Un diagnostic archéologique réalisé par le service départemental de l’archéologie de Vendée a mis au jour un dépôt de parures annulaires enfoui dans un contexte particulier, topographique d’une part, mais surtout archéologique, au lieu-dit le Vrignoux à Aizenay. En effet, des fosses associées à ce dépôt livrent pour certaines de la céramique, et pour d’autres des fragments de stèles, réemployés comme éléments de calage. Deux autres stèles de petite taille, mais complètes, ont été découvertes, l’une dans un fossé parcellaire subactuel, et l’autre, mise à bas à côté de sa fosse d’implantation. Cet article propose, après une présentation du contexte de découverte et des structures du site, une description des stèles, à la fois sur un plan technologique – ce qui permet de démontrer qu’elles ont bien été façonnées – et sur un plan typologique. En l’absence d’élément de datation direct du contexte originel d’implantation de ces stèles, leur mise en perspective dans un cadre plus large, à l’échelle notamment du domaine atlantique où les découvertes de ces petites stèles anthropomorphes se multiplient, permet d’envisager une origine néolithique. L’étude céramique, la réalisation de plusieurs datations 14C et l’analyse du dépôt de parures annulaires convergent pour attribuer l’enfouissement du dépôt et la remobilisation des stèles entre la fin du Bronze moyen 1 et le début du Bronze moyen 2, soit entre la fin du XVIe et la première moitié du XVe siècle avant notre ère. Si l’interprétation du contexte dans lequel le dépôt a été effectué est discutée, on retiendra surtout, outre la probable pérennité du site, l’originalité des pratiques étudiées. En effet, le contexte du dépôt, en lien avec des structures bâties, est inédit dans la région. Ces pratiques sont mises en relation avec les remobilisations mégalithiques à l’âge du Bronze. Qui plus est, aux objets métalliques sont associées de la céramique et des datations 14C. Celles-ci suggèrent une attribution légèrement plus ancienne que ce qui était envisagé jusqu’ici pour ce type de parure annulaire à tige grêle, à section quadrangulaire ou biconvexe et extrémités indifférenciées, dont la répartition correspondrait aux contours d’un groupe régional spécifique, que le dépôt d’Aizenay contribue à mieux caractériser.

Literary prizes, women, and the middlebrow

AbstractAnnual literary prizes began life in 1903 in France with the founding of the Prix Goncourt, and they have proliferated there more than in other nations. Yet prizes are not always greeted by their recipient with unalloyed joy: an “antiprize rhetoric” is part of the standard response for to win the Goncourt, for example, “tient à la fois du banc d’infamie et de la légion d’Honneur,” as Sylvie Ducas puts it. Though of immense advantage to an author’s career and financial fortune, prizes are tainted not only by the cynical assumption of a corrupt relationship between publishing houses and juries, but also by the incompatibility between the image of the writer as solitary, authentic, and aesthetically ahead of his or her time, and the fact that prizes mean a large mainstream readership. Prizes, in other words, are demeaningly middlebrow. Women, unsurprisingly, have formed a small minority of prizewinners, and when they do win their response tends to be more positive than that of their male counterparts. The history of women and prizes, including the women-only jury of the Prix Femina (1905) and the readers’ jury of the Prix des Lectrices de Elle (1969), forms the context of this article. Countering the dominant view of prizes, particularly the “feminine” prizes, as favoring a “réalisme accessible au grand public” incompatible with the authentically literary, I use analysis of two (not untypical) twenty-first-century winners of, respectively, the Femina (Léonora Miano’s La Saison de l’ombre, 2013) and the Grand Prix des Lectrices de Elle (Claudie Gallay’s Les Déferlantes, 2008) to argue that these can also be sites of the “middlebrow” in a much more positive sense. That is, prizes may consecrate and promote work that combines the page-turning pleasure of immersive fiction with serious exploration of historical and ethical concerns, through writing that is at once accessible and formally inventive.RésuméLes prix littéraires annuels sont nés en France en 1903 avec la création du prix Goncourt. Depuis lors, ils se sont multipliés, tout particulièrement dans leur pays d’origine. Pour autant, leurs récipiendaires ne les accueillent pas toujours avec une joie sans mélange, l’expression d’une satisfaction mitigée est de bon ton car gagner le Goncourt, par exemple, “tient à la fois du banc d’infamie et de la Légion d’Honneur,” comme dit Sylvie Ducas. Bien qu’ils représentent un avantage professionnel et financier considérable, la réputation des prix est entachée de suspicions de collusion entre les éditeurs et les jurys et par l’incompatibilité supposée entre l’image de l’auteur solitaire, authentique et avant-gardiste et la médiatisation grand public qui accompagne ces distinctions à des fins commerciales. Autrement dit, les prix font déplorablement “culture moyenne.” On ne trouvera pas surprenant que les femmes ne constituent qu’une petite minorité des lauréats de prix littéraires ni qu’elles aient tendance à accueillir leurs rares succès avec un plaisir plus évident que les hommes. Cet article s’inscrit dans le contexte de l’histoire des rapports entre les femmes et les prix littéraires, dont le phénomène des jurys féminins du Femina (1905) et du grand prix des lectrices de Elle (1969) constitue un élément important. A l’opposé de l’opinion dominante qui voudrait que les prix, notamment les prix féminins, promeuvent “un réalisme accessible au grand public” qui serait à l’opposé d’une littérature authentique, cet article s’appuie sur les analyses de deux lauréates récentes, Leonora Miano, prix Femina 2013 avec La Saison de l’ombre et Claudia Gallay, grand prix des lectrices de Elle 2008 avec Les Déferlantes, pour montrer que ces œuvres contribuent positivement à la “culture moyenne.” Ces prix peuvent en effet consacrer des livres qui associent le plaisir de tourner fiévreusement les pages en s’immergeant dans la fiction et des réflexions d’ordre éthique ou historique profondes grâce à une écriture à la fois innovante dans la forme tout en restant accessible.

Shining light on the role of Parvalbumin interneurons in cortical spreading depression

Shining light on the role of Parvalbumin interneurons in cortical spreading depression

THE IMPACT OF DEPRESSION ON MATERNAL RESPONSES TO INFANT FACES IN PREGNANCY.

ABSTRACTResearch has suggested that prenatal depression may be associated with disrupted maternal responses to infant stimuli, with depressed pregnant women not showing the bias toward distressed infants as that observed in nondepressed pregnant women. The current study examined the effects of depression on self‐ reported responses to infant stimuli, in early pregnancy. Women with clinical depression (n = 38), and nondepressed women (n = 67) were recruited from a wider cognitive behavioral therapy trial. They completed Maternal Response Scales in which they were presented with images of distressed, neutral, and happy infant faces, with no time limit. The women rated their responses to these images along three dimensions—wanting to comfort, wanting to turn away, and feelings of anxiety—using Likert scales via a computerized task. There was evidence that women with depression in pregnancy showed different responses than did women without depression. Women with depression were substantially more likely to be in the highest quartile for ratings of wanting to turn away, odds (OR) ratio = 4.15, 95% confidence intervals (CIs) = 1.63–10.5, p = .003, and also were substantially less likely to be in the highest quartile for wanting to comfort a distressed infant face, OR = 0.22, 95% CIs = 0.09–0.54, p < .001. Findings are consistent with there being both a heightened avoidant and a reduced comforting response toward distressed infants in depressed pregnant women, providing some support that depression disrupts maternal preparations at a conscious level.

Proust et le paysage: des écrits de jeunesse à la ‘Recherche du temps perdu’

Proust's 1908 musing as to whether his work in progress was to be a novel or a philosophical essay is well known. Perhaps less so is the writer's 1913 description of the novel to Robert de Flers as ‘un roman à la fois plein de passion et de méditation et de paysages’ (p. 241). Just as the former statement continues to inspire studies on the unique form of the novel, so the latter invites us to ask what a novel ‘plein […] de paysages’ may imply. This is the question that Keiichi Tsumori raises in a three-part book written originally as a doctoral thesis. Tsumori follows in the footsteps of André Ferré, Georges Poulet, and Jean-Pierre Richard, who dealt respectively with geography (Géographie de Marcel Proust (Paris: Sagittaire, 1939)), space (L'Espace proustien (Paris: Gallimard, 1963)), and the fragmentation and unification of the sensible world (Proust et le monde sensible (Paris: Seuil, 1974)), among other renowned commentators. More than one notion of landscape operates in Tsumori's book depending on whether the author draws from literary theory, aesthetics, phenomenology, or other literary works. To the rather flat question as to whether Proust ‘expresses landscape in his writing’ (p. 19), Tsumori provides rich analyses and a creative typology of landscapes that include ‘sonorous landscapes’ for example, by attending ‘chronologically’ to Proust's tâtonnements around them, from the early fictional and critical writings to À la recherche, against the backdrop of diverse aesthetic stances (from romanticism to modernism). The land, the countryside, and nature are prevalent in Proust, and not only as a result of the writer's interest in John Ruskin's work on Venice and French gothic architecture. Remembering, itself, coincides with the transformation of things into landscape (p. 374). Among many significant critical topoi raised by landscape is the opposition between objectivism and subjectivism. A landscape, so one of its definitions goes, emerges with the subject's perception of the external world more or less independently from its physical and geographical characters. Proust has inventively integrated the subjectivist conception into the story of a literary vocation, through a division of labour between the hero and the narrator with respect to perception. While landscapes emerge in the hero's consciousness through misperception and memory, the narrator develops a transcendent point of view on the hero's remembered landscapes that will form the basis of poetic creation. Landscapes, notably those of Paris during the Great War, concretize the hero's changing perceptions and aesthetic consciousness. These arguments are developed in the third and strongest part of the book, through the opposition between static and dynamic landscapes, where Proust has recourse to panoramic visions and elevated locations in order to create temporal continuity out of spatial discontinuity, and to integrate the subjective and objective outlooks. If Proust's travels helped form his depiction of places in his early writings, it is the motorcar and speed which have played that role in his late work. The book enlarges our knowledge of Proust, in addition to making us experience À la recherche as a novel almost exclusively made out of compelling landscapes.

La question de confiance en matiire de santt (The Trust Issue in the Health Field)

La question de confiance en matiire de santt (The Trust Issue in the Health Field)

Utilization of maternal health services among adolescent women in Bangladesh: A scoping review of the literature.

To understand the health-seeking behaviour of adolescent women in Bangladesh with respect to the use of maternal health services. Literature review of seven electronic databases: PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, PsycINFO, Embase, CINAHL, POPLINE and Global Health. Studies published in English between 1990 and 2013 which describe Bangladeshi adolescent women's healthcare-seeking behaviour during pregnancy, delivery and post-partum were included. Twelve studies were included in this review. 11 used quantitative methods and one used a mixed-methods approach. All studies included married adolescent women only. Women with lower educational levels are less likely to seek skilled maternal health services than those with higher levels of education. Use of maternal health services is also less common among rural married adolescent women than women in urban areas. Being part of the richest bands of wealth, having had previous experiences of childbirth and higher women's autonomy positively influence the use of skilled maternal health services among married adolescent women in Bangladesh. Antenatal care is a key predictor of the use of skilled birth attendants for delivery and post-natal care. Maternal health-related programmes should be designed targeting rural and uneducated married adolescent women in Bangladesh. More qualitative investigations are required to broaden our understanding on maternal health-seeking behaviour of both married and unmarried adolescent women.

Association between malaria exposure and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus seropositivity in Uganda.

ObjectiveUnlike other herpes viruses, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV) is not ubiquitous worldwide and is most prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa. The reasons for this are unclear. As part of a wider investigation of factors that facilitate transmission in Uganda, a high prevalence country, we examined the association between antimalaria antibodies and seropositivity against KSHV.MethodsAntibodies against P. falciparum merozoite surface protein (PfMSP)-1, P. falciparum apical membrane antigen (PfAMA)-1 and KSHV antigens (ORF73 and K8.1) were measured in samples from 1164 mothers and 1227 children.ResultsKaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus seroprevalence was 69% among mothers and 15% children. Among mothers, KSHV seroprevalence increased with malaria antibody titres: from 60% to 82% and from 54% to 77%, comparing those with the lowest and highest titres for PfMSP-1 and PfAMA-1, respectively (P < 0.0001). Among children, only antibodies to PfAMA-1 were significantly associated with KSHV seropositivity, (P < 0.0001). In both mothers and children, anti-ORF73 antibodies were more strongly associated with malaria antibodies than anti-K8.1 antibodies.ConclusionThe association between malaria exposure and KSHV seropositivity suggests that malaria is a cofactor for KSHV infection or reactivation.

The role of maternal executive function.

AbstractChildhood maltreatment is associated with increased risk of psychopathology, cognitive dysfunction, and impaired relationships, including parenting difficulties. In addition, according to recent studies, the consequences of childhood maltreatment may extend to the next generation. Difficulties with executive function have been linked to both child maltreatment and parenting, but rarely to both simultaneously. The purpose of this review is to propose a model examining executive function as a likely candidate for linking the distal factors of child maltreatment to parenting and subsequent child outcomes and to highlight relevant data for components of the model. This work may suggest new opportunities for targeting executive function as a viable target for interventions in the prevention of the transmission of risk.Keywords: maternal history of childhood maltreatment, executive function, empathy, theory of mind and child outcomesResumeLa maltraitance durant l'enfance est associee a un risque accru de psychopathologie, de dysfonction cognitive et de problemes relationnels, y compris dans le role de parent. De plus, selon des etudes recentes, les consequences de la maltraitance pendant l'enfance peuvent s'etendre a la prochaine generation. Les problemes sur le plan des fonctions executives ont ete associes a la fois aux mauvais traitements pendant l'enfance et aux fonctions parentales, mais rarement aux deux simultanement. Le but de cette revue est de proposer un modele pour examiner les fonctions executives a titre d'element probable liant les facteurs distaux de la maltraitance durant l'enfance au parentage et aux consequences subsequentes sur l'enfant, et de mettre en relief les donnees pertinentes pour les composants du modele. Ce travail pourrait susciter de nouvelles occasions de cibler les fonctions executives comme cible viable d'interventions de prevention de la transmission du risque.Mots-cles : antecedents de maltraitance durant l'enfance de la mere, fonctions executives, empathie, theorie de l'esprit, developpement de l'enfant.Incidence and Prevalence of Child Maltreatment in CanadaChild maltreatment is a significant and costly public health problem. Prevalence data from the 2012 cycle of the Canadian Community Health Survey: Mental Health Supplement indicates that maltreatment is a common experience (Afifi et al., 2014). Overall, 30% of females retrospectively reported experiencing physical or sexual abuse (SA) or exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) during childhood. Therefore, almost one third of adult women may have experienced some form of maltreatment over the course of their childhood. Prevalence rates for emotional abuse and neglect do not currently exist in Canada. If all maltreatment types were considered, the reported prevalence rates would likely be much greater. Taken together, these figures indicate that family violence is a pervasive problem.Impact of Child MaltreatmentChildhood maltreatment constitutes a major risk factor for impairment across various domains, such as emotional, behavioural, biological, and cognitive dysfunction (Cicchetti & Toth, 2005; Gilbert et al., 2009; Gonzalez, 2013). Adults who have experienced maltreatment in childhood are at an increased risk for exposure to later traumatic life events, developing psychiatric disorders, chronic physical diseases, and their comorbidity (Afifi et al., 2014; Collishaw et al., 2007; Gonzalez et al., 2012). In addition, maltreated children experience difficulties in forming secure attachment relationships with a primary caregiver, which potentiates continued difficulties in interpersonal relationships throughout development (Carlson, Cicchetti, Barnett, & Braunwald, 1989; Stronach et al., 2011). Women exposed to childhood abuse may experience problematic relationships later in life, including increased likelihood of divorce and increased rates of interpersonal aggression (Cannon, Bonomi, Anderson, Rivara, & Thompson, 2010; White & Widom, 2003), including aggression toward their offspring and parenting difficulties (Gonzalez, Jenkins, Steiner, & Fleming, 2012; Pereira, Vickers, Atkinson, Wekerle, & Levitan, 2012; Roberts, O'Connor, Dunn, Golding, & the ALSPAC Study Team, 2004). …

Pratiques et enjeux du détournement dans le discours littéraire des XXͤ et XXIͤ siècles éd. par Nathalie Dupont et Éric Trudel

Reviews 265 entreprise qui esquive le dialogue avec les autres arts et où, plutôt que d’exiger une confrontation méthodique des notions, l’on se contente de faire allusion au célèbre dicton de Mies van der Rohe. On finit par se convaincre à la fois de la “faillite conceptuelle du minimalisme”(12) en critique littéraire et de la grande inventivité d’écrivains singuliers dont on connaît désormais les trajectoires ultérieures. Johns Hopkins University (MD) Derek Schilling Dupont, Nathalie, et Éric Trudel, éd. Pratiques et enjeux du détournement dans le discours littéraire des XXe et XXIe siècles. Québec: PU du Québec, 2012. ISBN 9872 -7605-3215-1. Pp. 177. $24 Can. The introduction explains that“détournement”in literature (the everyday meanings are: embezzling funds, hijacking an airplane, or corrupting a minor) refers to verbal analogues of tagging, repurposing, recycling, collage, and bricolage (tinkering). The essays offered here will not be useful for undergraduate courses in French studies, but a few of the better ones describe transformational practices that might suggest some recreational writing assignments in advanced courses. Lautréamont in the Poésies, the Cubists, and the Surrealists were the forefathers of the long-lasting, prolific OULIPO movement that played with rule-governed thematic and structural variations. Alison James (“Formes et fonctions du détournement oulipien” [59–73]) places such subversion in a Hegelian perspective, as the negation of a negation.An affirmation of new social and esthetic values leads to suppression, countered in turn by liberation. James provides many examples, with cogent commentary.Alain Farah (91–104) describes“La Révolution Poétic’ [sic] d’Olivier Cadiot,”who created a sensation without composing a single sentence of his works. Standing by a table, he cut and pasted clippings while kinetically involving his whole body (cf. “Action Painting”) and making every page into a “painting,” a compositional nexus. He eliminated anything that might suggest a human subject as representamen: recognizable body parts and sense impressions, reports of thoughts and memories, or intimations of a soul (faith, hope, epiphanies). Thus he betrays a desire for angelism.Alexandre Trudel discusses Guy Debord (1931– 94), who founded the Internationale Situationniste in 1957. It hoped to suppress art and to achieve an authentic “revolution of daily life.” During the Événements of May 1968, this movement denounced conventional politics as a bourgeois spectacle, lacking the authenticity of workers’ councils. Later retreating to a contestatory esthetics, Debord tried to create a mythical self by interweaving passages from newspapers, the Code Civil, and autobiographical elements. He entered a “post-Situationist” phase in 1976, with his definitive work, the film In girum imus nocte et consumimur igni (1978), and its Biblical resonances. In conclusion, Jan Baetens discusses “Frédéric Boyer: le détournement comme quête de sens” (161–73) as trying to silence the commonplace by quoting from its utterances (like Flaubert in Bouvard et Pécuchet and the“Sottisier”). Boyer creates parasites (static that interferes with communication), embedding a fragmented conversation within a fragmented news report. He creates a structure en entonnoir (in this instance, a diminishing series) with a superimposed narrative progression. Then he introduces more shocking contrasts than before, or new forms. Boyer’s Goût du suicide lent (1999) tries to elevate the sordid to the level of the sublime. It is less a montage (a preplanned constellation of elements) than a collage, seeking, above all, the unusual. One comes away feeling that such a strenuous pursuit of eccentricity—like others described in this volume—disqualifies itself by straining to startle hoi polloi who, however, placidly persist in chewing their cud, not even paying the tribute of an upward glance. Oberlin College Affiliate Scholar (OH) Laurence M. Porter Ernaux, Annie. Retour à Yvetot. Paris: Mauconduit, 2013. ISBN 979-10-90566-08-8. Pp. 78. 9 a. Betrayal of one’s social class is a steep price paid for education in the lower social classes. Simply stated, this theme lies below the surface of Ernaux’s writings. Ernaux married into a bourgeois setting and left behind her father’s peasant and workingclass conditions. In La honte (1997) and La vie ext...

Reports in French mission magazines about the stage of Joseon Catholic Church during Byung-In persecution -Articles centering around 『Annale de la Propagation de la Foi』 &amp; 『Les Missions Catholiques』-

Reports in French mission magazines about the stage of Joseon Catholic Church during Byung-In persecution -Articles centering around 『Annale de la Propagation de la Foi』 &amp; 『Les Missions Catholiques』-

Integration of diagnosis and treatment of sleeping sickness in primary healthcare facilities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Control of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) has always been a vertical programme, although attempts at integration in general health services were made in recent years. Now that HAT prevalence is declining, the integration question becomes even more crucial. We studied the level of attainment of integration of HAT case detection and management in primary care centres in two high-prevalence districts in the province of Bandundu, DRC. We visited all 43 first-line health centres of Mushie and Kwamouth districts, conducted structured interviews and inspected facilities using a standardised checklist. We focused on: availability of well trained staff - besides HAT, we also tested for knowledge on tuberculosis; availability of equipment, consumables and supplies; and utilisation of the services. All health centres were operating but most were poorly equipped, and attendance rates were very low. We observed a median of 14 outpatient consultations per facility (IQR 8-21) in the week prior to our visit, that is two patients per day. The staff had good knowledge on presenting symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of both HAT and tuberculosis. Nine centres were accredited by the national programme as HAT diagnosis and treatment centres, but the most sensitive diagnostic confirmation test, the mini-anion exchange centrifugation technique (mAECT), was not present in any. Although all nine were performing the CATT screening test, only two had the required cold chain in working order. In these high-prevalence districts in DRC, staff is well-acquainted with HAT but lack the tools required for an adequate diagnostic procedure. Attendance rates of these primary care centres are extremely low, making timely recognition of a resurgence of HAT unlikely in the current state of affairs.

Latently Gallic: Locus amœnus and the Prurient Verse of the Mature Pontus de Tyard

Latently GallicLocus amœnus and the Prurient Verse of the Mature Pontus de Tyard Robert J. Hudson Pontus de Tyard (c. 1521–1605), who consistently figures among the core of Pierre de Ronsard’s oft-changing list of Pléiade poets, is nonetheless one of the less frequently studied.1 This comparative lack of critical attention has led to reductive and distorted classifications drawn mainly from Tyard’s earliest publications and biographical details. Given the proximity of the young Mâconnais lyricist to the école lyonnaise of Maurice Scève and his friendship with publisher Jean de Tournes (whose Lyon-based press produced both Il Petrarca in 1545 and Tyard’s Erreurs amoureuses in 1549), Tyard is often seen as a strict, orthodox adherent of Petrarchan giovenile errore and innamoramento. Bearing resonant echoes of Petrarch and Scève, the bulk of the first two editions of Tyard’s Erreurs amoureuses (1549, 1551) follow a Neoplatonic thematics, favor the sonnet and carry a certain lyrical gravitas. As his most celebrated and commented work, the critical emphasis on the Petrarchist dimension of the Erreurs has had the effect of distorting both our understanding of Tyard and his poetic influences. As François Rouget laments, “Pour beaucoup de critiques, Pontus de Tyard restera le poète des Erreurs amoureuses, œuvre de jeunesse correspondant le plus fidèlement au Canzoniere de Pétrarque.”2 Others, citing his cosmological treatises and philosophical engagement with the Neoplatonism of Ficino, Pico and Hebreo, classify Tyard “[s]elon les catégories de la Renaissance [. . .] à la fois un poète et un philosophe,”3 with the latter often coloring critical perception of the former. Additionally, as recently illustrated in the title of Pontus de Tyard: poète, philosophe, théologien,4 critics also focus on Tyard’s ecclesiastical calling, as he was named évêque de Chalon-sur-Saône in 1578, an appointment he would hold for two decades.5 When contrasted with the Epicureanism of Ronsard or the nationalistic chauvinism of Du Bellay, Tyard has traditionally been considered [End Page 1] the most serious, Italianate, Neoplatonic and morally austere of the Pléiade poets. Eclipsed from view is the earthy nature of Tyard’s mature (post-1555) verse poetry. Two Tyard poems in particular, the “Mâconnais Baphire”6 sonnet (XXIII from the third book of the Erreurs amoureuses) and the ode to “Les Roses de son Isle” (from his Vers liriques), illustrate an essential undercurrent that can best be described as Gallic. In the sonnet, Tyard grafts the quintessentially Petrarchan form into his native Bissy—not necessarily to glorify the French language, as did Du Bellay, but to consecrate his own regional Mâconnais as a poetic locus amœnus. Set on an island rose garden, the ode marries classical mythology to Gallic tendencies, as we perceive a pronounced element of eroticism that many have largely overlooked.7 Not only does a re-evaluation of Tyard’s mature verse push back against labels of Petrarchan sobriety and chastity, it also nuances the question of emergent notions of local and national identity and the nature of Gallicism. I. Renaissance Gallicism, Terroir, and Tyardian Wanderings between Lyon and Paris My use of the modifier “Gallic” carries with it familiar medieval notions of a light-hearted, ribald joie-de-vivre, infused with “that pungent blend of naïveté and cunning, of heavenly aspirations and earthly appetites,”8 which are staples of French literature from Marie de France and Chrétien de Troyes to Jean de Meun, Rutebeuf, Villon, and Rabelais. However, central to Gallicism, I would argue, is also a pronounced attachment to and fierce sense of preservation of terroir. A modern term generally reserved for agriculture or gastronomy, the idea of terroir is also befitting a Gallicism founded on identification with ancestral holdings and a belief that individuality derives from an existential relationship with one’s geographical location.9 In the Renaissance, this proves especially true when we consider the widely spread practice among poets of signing verse production with a mark of locale.10 That Tyard readily adopted the label of “seigneur de Bissy” (or “Bissiani”) for his works is indicative of a profound sense of...

Breaking the Deadlock through Law &amp; Economics: How Can We Reconcile the Effectiveness of the French Law of Security Interests with French Insolvency Law?

The aim of this article is to demonstrate that: • security interests are an advantage for secured creditors and, rather than being disadvantageous to the borrower, they are disadvantageous to other, unsecured creditors of the business; • French law of security interests can facilitate companies' access to credit (and thereby be effective) provided that the security interests of secured creditors survive the commencement of insolvency proceedings (procedure collective - a type of insolvency proceeding under French law which places the operation of the business under judicial control, gathers all of the creditors together and prevents them from bringing individual claims against the defaulting entity) against the debtor and therefore are resistant to the claims of other creditors during insolvency proceedings; • respecting the rights of secured creditors means that : - secured creditors are not treated less favourably during a rescue procedure of a debtor (that is to say, either a safeguard procedure - procedure de sauvegarde - or receivership - redressement judiciaire -) than if they had been in a position to enforce their security, which means that a rescue procedure is only justified if it allows greater value to be preserved than a legal liquidation procedure (liquidation judiciaire) which would force the business to cease trading; and - the preferential rights of secured creditors in relation to other creditors is actually respected during a rescue procedure; that is to say that shareholders and unsecured creditors absorb the losses of the business which is the subject of the rescue procedure before secured creditors. This means that such secured creditors must not be affected by insolvency proceedings while the shareholders and unsecured creditors retain any right and/or interest in the company (provided that the value of the encumbered assets remains greater than the sum of the debt owed to the secured creditors); • therefore: - for the purposes of approving the reorganisation plan, secured creditors should not sit in the same creditor committees as unsecured creditors (contrary to the provisions of French insolvency law); and - the French legislature must ensure that the sum of the privileges are not so sizeable that they drain the rights of secured creditors of all substance. It is only on these conditions that the dual pursuit of the effectiveness of the law of security interests and the ex ante effectiveness of insolvency law becomes viable in such a way as to make it easier for businesses to access credit; and • provided that judicial institutions are sufficiently modernised, it is entirely possible and is in the best interests of society to reconcile the pursuit of ex post effectiveness in insolvency law – that is to say preserving the debtor’s pool of assets by preventing secured creditors from enforcing their security rights during the insolvency proceedings when such measure would lead to a diminution in value of the assets - with the pursuit of effectiveness in the law of security interests. The French version of this article was previously published in the Revue Trimestrielle de Droit Financier - Corporate Finance and Capital Markets Law Review, n°4-2013/n°1-2014 under the title “Sortir de l'impasse grâce a l'analyse economique du droit: Comment rendre a la fois le droit des suretes reelles et le droit des entreprises en difficulte efficaces?”.