Utilization of Anticoagulation and Antiplatelet Therapies in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation and Acute Coronary Syndrome Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Abstract

Background: The optimal antithrombotic regimen for patients with coexistent atrial fibrillation (AF) and coronary artery disease (CAD) requiring percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) remains controversial.Methods: We performed a chart review of 2,645 consecutive patients with non-ST elevation or ST elevation myocardial infarction at a regional cardiac centre, to examine the clinical characteristics and discharge antithrombotic medications of patients with coexistent AF (known or new onset AF with CHADS2 ≥1), treated with PCI.Results: Among 2,645 patients, 94 eligible patients were analyzed and 30 (32%) were prescribed triple therapy (TT) at hospital discharge. CHADS2 score was the major predictor of the decision to prescribe TT (P =0.002).Conclusion: Approximately one-third of the patients with AF undergoing PCI were prescribed TT at hospital discharge. Clinicians are generally following national guidelines and internationally-developed consensus statements, and focus on stroke risk despite the risks of bleeding and insufficient evidence supporting the benefits of TT. RésuméContexte : Le régime optimal antithrombotique pour les patients atteints à la fois de fibrillation atriale (FA) et d’une coronaropathie nécessitant une angioplastie coronarienne percutanée (ACP) demeure controversé.Méthodologie: Dans un centre régional de cardiologie, nous avons examiné les dossiers médicaux de 2645 patients ayant subi un infarctus du myocarde avec ou sans sus‑décalage du segment ST. Le but consistait à analyser les caractéristiques cliniques des patients présentant une FA concomitante (ancienne ou nouvelle, avec un indice CHADS2 ≥ 1) traitée par ACP, et les médicaments antithrombotiques prescrits au moment de leur sortie de l’hôpital.Résultats: Parmi les 2645 dossiers, 94 patients admissibles ont été analysés. Trente (32 %) s’étaient vus prescrire une trithérapie (TT) à leur sortie de l’hôpital. L’indice CHADS2 était le principal indicateur prévisionnel pris en compte dans la décision de prescrire la TT (P = 0,002).Conclusion : Environ un tiers des patients atteints de FA et ayant subi une ACP se sont vus prescrire une TT à leur sortie de l’hôpital. En général, les cliniciens suivent les directives nationales et les protocoles consensuels élaborés à l’international et se concentrent sur le risque d’ictus, malgré les risques de saignements et le manque de données probantes soutenant les avantages d’une TT.BACKGROUNDDual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) including Aspirin and a P2Y12 receptor antagonist is recommended for patients who undergo percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent implantation.1,2 DAPT is superior to oral anticoagulants (OAC) in preventing stent thrombosis, 3while OAC is superior to DAPT in reducing stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF).4,5 It is estimated that 5–8% of patients sustaining an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) have concomitant AF.6,7 The optimal antithrombotic regimen for patients with coexistent AF and coronary artery disease (CAD) requiring PCI remains controversial. In patients with AF and CHADS2 stroke risk score ≥1, consensus statements suggest that triple therapy (TT), defined as a combination of DAPT + OAC, be utilized in patients undergoing PCI with ACS.8,9 However, there is data indicating no improved efficacy of treatment with TT compared with DAPT alone, while exposing patients to increased bleeding risk.7,10,11 Major bleeding has been proven to be independently associated with death in patients following an ACS.12 Therefore, balancing the thromboembolic and bleeding risk is critical in patients with a recent ACS.Large randomized trials have indicated that compared with warfarin, novel oral anticoagulants (NOAC’s) are at least as effective as, and are associated with reduced rates of major, fatal and intracranial bleeding in patients with non-valvular AF.13 Due to the favourable safety profile, NOACs are being evaluated against warfarin in patients with AF undergoing PCI. Three of these trials are ongoing (RE-DUAL PCI, AUGUSTUS, ENTRUST-AF-PCI),14–16 and the fourth is the recently published PIONEER AF-PCI trial, which showed that reduced-dose rivaroxaban combined with clopidogrel lowered the risk of bleeding compared with TT with warfarin.17Despite the emergence of these recent data, the highest risk patients remain excluded from large randomized trials, and thus sound clinical judgment will remain the cornerstone in caring for these patients. In the current study, we aim to describe the local practice patterns of clinicians making treatment decisions for patients with new or existing AF, who present with an ACS and undergo PCI.METHODSA retrospective and prospective chart review was performed on 2,645 consecutive patients presenting with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-ST elevation myocardial elevation (NSTEMI) to 3 academic hospitals affiliated with McMaster University and 8 community hospitals located in Local Health Integrated Network (LHIN) 4, Ontario, Canada from January to December 2014. Of those, 1,458 patients had undergone PCI with stent implantation; and, 124 patients were identified to have concomitant AF (Figure 1). Inclusion criteria for our study were: admission to hospital for either STEMI or NSTEMI, known or new onset AF with CHADS2 ≥ 1, coronary angiography demonstrating at least one epicardial coronary artery with a ≥70% stenosis, and successful PCI with stent implantation. Patients who expired before discharge were excluded from the analysis. Clinical and demographic characteristics of patients were summarized. DAPT and TT groups were identified by reviewing medication records from discharge summaries or copies of discharge prescriptions. DAPT was defined as Aspirin plus clopidogrel (75 mg once daily) or ticagrelor (90 mg twice daily), while TT was defined as DAPT plus an OAC; including either warfarin or novel oral anticoagulants (NOAC). We analyzed the CHADS2 and ATRIA (Anticoagulation and Risk factors in Atrial fibrillation) scores according to treatment groups.18,19 Statistical analysis was performed using SAS/STAT version 9.3 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Categorical data was compared using Chi-square testing. Continuous data comparison was performed applying the Wilcoxon test and Cochran-Armitage test for trends. A binary logistic regression model was developed to identify the clinical predictors of discharge groups based on their CHADS 2 and ATRIA scores (Figure 2 and Figure 3). The cut-off for statistical significance was a P-value of <0.05.Figure 1. Flow chart of study cohort. Figure 2. Use of triple therapy versus dual antiplatelet therapy at the time of discharge in different stroke risk groups predicted by their CHADS2 score. Figure 3. Use of triple therapy versus dual antiplatelet therapy at the time of discharge in different bleeding risk groups predicted by their ATRIA score. RESULTSDemographic and clinical characteristics of patients are described in Table 1. Ninety four out of 124 patients with ACS and a prior or new diagnosis of AF were included in the final analysis. The mean (s.d.) age was 74 years (10 years) and 55.3% were male. In our cohort, 59.6% of patients sustained a STEMI and 54.3% had single vessel CAD. Overall, 32% (n = 30) of patients were discharged on TT of whom 55.6% were prescribed a combination of DAPT and a NOAC while the remaining patients were prescribed conventional TT (DAPT+warfarin) (Table 2). The median CHADS2 score in the DAPT and TT groups were 2 and 3, respectively (P = 0.001). The median ATRIA bleeding risk in DAPT and TT groups were 3 and 4, respectively (P = 0.008). The P-value for trend of CHADS 2 and ATRIA scores were <0.0001 and 0.001, respectively. However, these 2 trends were not significantly different from one another (P = 0.26). In a logistic regression analysis with both CHADS 2 and ATRIA scores included in the model, the CHADS2 score was significantly different between both groups (P = 0.002), while the ATRIA score was not (P = 0.58). In patients who were prescribed TT, 36.6% had a history of stroke or TIA compared with 10.9% in the DAPT group (P = 0.005). Additionally, the patients who were discharged on TT were more likely to have been treated with an OAC prior to admission, compared with those in the DAPT group (70% vs 17.1%; P < 0.001). We observed that there was proportionally more use of a BMS in patients with AF (41.5% of the 94 patients) compared with BMS being used in the whole cohort (15% of the 1,458 patients).There was no statistically significant difference in the likelihood of being discharged on TT based on whether patients were hospitalized at a community or academic hospital (44% vs. 56%, P = 0.42). Academic hospitals had the availability of a thrombosis service and they provided a consultation on 18% of the patients analyzed at those hospitals. The thrombosis service was generally involved in the care of patients with higher CHADS2 scores,and the involvement of the thrombosis service was associated with a significantly increased use of TT (P = 0.002). DISCUSSIONOur results indicate that approximately one-third of patients were prescribed TT at hospital discharge, while the remaining patients received DAPT alone. No patients received a combination of single antiplatelet therapy and an OAC. Although both the CHADS2 and ATRIA scores were significantly higher in the TT group, the CHADS2 score more strongly predicted the use of TT in our local practice. Our results also showed that OAC use prior to admission increased the probability of TT use upon discharge. Furthermore, the current study reveals that in patients discharged on TT, a combination of Aspirin, a P2Y12 inhibitor and NOAC were prescribed more often than conventional TT with warfarin despite the lack of clear evidence about their safety profile. 20,21An analysis of the AVIATOR registry, which included patients with a similar mean CHADS2 score as in our study (2.7 in the AVIATOR registry vs. 2.3 in our cohort) reported that 41.2% of patients were prescribed TT at discharge,22 compared with 31.9% in our cohort. This indicates that some practice variability exists among clinicians when considering treatment with TT in patients with similar risk profiles. The AVIATOR registry data also demonstrated that patients who were discharged on TT had a higher risk of stroke defined by their CHADS2 score but in contrast to our results, their bleeding risk score was not higher than the DAPT group. Our results were, however, consistent with another retrospective study within a large registry, which reported greater use of OAC at discharge among patients with both higher stroke and bleeding risk. 23 This observation highlights the important point that many major predictors of stroke, such as advanced age, are also important risk factors for bleeding.TT in our local clinical practice was used more selectively and was predominantly for those patients with a high CHADS2 score (≥3). Our data also show that clinicians favoured use of TT even in patients with higher bleeding risk despite the lack of robust evidence.24Our study was designed to describe practice patterns only, and therefore, one limitation was the inability to report patient outcomes following hospital discharge. Secondly, given the observational and retrospective nature of our study and the relatively small study cohort we are only able to describe associations. Thirdly, there are unmeasured variables such as frailty, patients’ overall goals of care, and personal preferences that could contribute to the ultimate decision for a given antithrombotic regimen, which were not captured in our study. Fourthly, the type and dose of NOAC were not collected in our study. Our study was unique in assessing practice parameters such as discharge settings (academic versus community hospitals) and describing the effect of the involvement of a thrombosis service in making treatment decisions.The choice of the most favourable antithrombotic regimen in patients with AF and ACS undergoing PCI remains an area of clinical debate. There were no patients in our study cohort discharged on a combination of a P2Y 12 inhibitor and warfarin alone, a regimen evaluated in the previously published WOEST trial.25 This observation indicates either a knowledge gap or reluctance among clinicians in applying the results of the WOEST study. The results of the PIONEER AF-PCI trial suggest that a WOEST study type strategy of reduced-dose rivaroxaban with single antiplatelet therapy (clopidogrel) is an attractive alternative to warfarin because of the substantial reduction in major bleeding. This trial has been criticized because it was not powered for ischemic events, had an open-label design, and tested doses of rivaroxaban that had not been previously evaluated.26 However, PIONEER AF-PCI and ongoing trials in this area will hopefully strengthen the body of evidence and lead to more informed clinical decision making and improved patient care. Despite the growing evidence in this area, the uptake will remain slow among clinicians until emergence of further robust evidence and variability of practice will persist as partially reflected in the current study.DisclosureThere was no dedicated funding for this study.None of the authors have any disclosures relevant to this study.REFERENCES1. 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