Kyrgyz Language Research Articles

Somatic Phraseology that Shows Kyrgyz People Historical and Cultural Development

This article is exploring several somatic phraseological units in the Kyrgyz language. In investigating the origin of phraseological units, we focused our attention on the fact that stable phrases are an inexhaustible treasure in human thought. They are living testimonies of the past. In other words, we can see and restore the Kyrgyz people’s history and culture by studying the semantics and structure of somatic phraseological units. The human body and its parts have always been an important component of the vocabulary in any language since these are concepts that are relevant for all ethnic groups. Somatic concepts apply not only to the external, visible parts of the human body. Blood and internal organs are also an active component of phraseology in linguistics.

Лексико-семантические соответствия глаголов с образно-характеризующим значением в хакасском и алтайском языках (в сравнении с кыпчакскими языками)

We study the correlations between figurative-characterizing verbs in Turkic languages of Siberia (Altai, Khakas) and Kipchak languages (Kyrgyz, Kazakh, Bashkir). In these languages, we distinguish a small ancient group of figurative stems common for all Turkic, and sometimes also Mongolian and Tungusic languages. In the Altai and Khakass languages, there are commonalities and differences in the formation of complex words from figurative bases both between these languages themselves and with Kipchak. One common trait of these languages is the simultaneous formation of figurative-characterizing verbs and their Aktionsart meaning defined by an auxiliary verb (in analytic word formation) or certain affixes: =y characterizes a state while =ŋda ~ =ŋna ~ =ŋnaa denotes an evenly distributed meaning of action. The =(а)y affix is also found in the Mongolian language while =ŋda ~ =ŋna ~ =ŋnaa is typical for the Siberian and Kipchak languages. The difference in the formation of complex verbs with figurative-characterizing meaning lies in the usage of different verb components: Alt. et= ‘to do’; Khak. tüs= ‘to go down’, pol= ‘to be’, it= ‘to do’ (rarely); Kyrg., Kaz. et= ‘to do’, ber= ‘to take’, qaq= ‘to knock’, etc. The analysis of correlations has shown their small number among complex words and greater number among synthetic words, with a high number of Mongolian loanwords common for Siberian and Kipchak languages. In figurative-characterizing verbs, most correlations found in Siberian languages (without those in Kipchak) are derived from all-Turkic stems. No Altai-Kipchak correlations without their presence in the Khakass language were found, while there are a few correlations with Kyrgyz language. Also, no Khakas-Kipchak correlations were detected.

Сарт-калмыки Кыргызстана: прошлое и настоящее

The article describes the past and present state of the Sart-Kalmyks of Kyrgyzstan in conditions of a different ethnic environment and multilingualism. The Sart-Kalmyks, or Issyk-Kul, or Karakol Kalmyks (Kalmaks) are a small ethnic group of Oirat origin, professing Islam. The source base of the article was the author’ personal field materials collected in the Ak-Sui district of the Issyk-Kul region of Kyrgyzstan during a scientific expedition in 2021. The author managed to find a copy of the handwritten “Sart-Kalmyk-Kyrgyz-Russian dictionary” compiled by the residents of the village of Chelpek in the 1990s, to record samples of folklore works that exist in the modern Sart-Kalmyk community (oral stories, historical legends, toponymic legends, songs, well-wishes, proverbs, etc.). As additional material, information from various sources was involved, including from archival and published materials in Russian, Kalmyk and Kyrgyz languages. Our study presents the existing versions of the origin of the ethnic group “Sart-Kalmyks”, shows in detail the process of resettlement of Kalmyks from Xinjiang to the Semirechye region, studies the toponymy of the former and modern territory of residence of the Sart-Kalmyks, examines the history of the study of Sart-Kalmyks, number, ethnic composition, religion, education, economy, traditions of the Karakol Kalmyks. The relevance of this work is dictated by insufficient research of the Sart-Kalmyks in the domestic and world humanitarian science.

FORMATION OF PREDICATES BY MEANS OF the category of the mood of the verb in the Kyrgyz and Russian languages

FORMATION OF PREDICATES BY MEANS OF the category of the mood of the verb in the Kyrgyz and Russian languages

Body Structure and Names of Disease in the Dictionary by Mahmut Kashkari and Their Relationship with Modern Kyrgyz Language

The article is relevant in determining the role of modern Kyrgyz language as one of the ancient Turkic languages. The purpose of this article is to determine the level of words used in the modern Kyrgyz language described in the dictionary “Divanu lugati t-turk” by Mahmut Kashkari, including names of diseases, and linguistic phenomena in the transformation of words. Research objects are translated words in the M. Kashkari’s dictionary. The study is based on the historical-comparative method. As a result of this study, it was found that the names of physical structures and diseases in the dictionary by M. Kashkari in the modern Kyrgyz language are subjected to phonetic changes (öt - gallbladder, köz - eye, head - head, eyelash - eyelash, iriη - pus, etc.), but some of them are subjected to phonetic changes (bugin - joint, bögön - lump, azaq - foot, foot, ämik - breast, ärnäk - toe, sigil - wart, etc.) and some words have other names that are not used at all (tilaq - female genitalia, ozluq - bone marrow, kösri - chest, bagiriaq - rash, etc.).

Неологизмы в современном кыргызском языке

Thе words existing in the language are able to acquire new semantic meanings. This article is devoted to the study of the neologism of the Kyrgyz language. The article takes into account that when new word – formation types (models) appear, it is connected with the influence of the Russian language.

Methodological methods of organizing in teaching the kyrgyz language

Methodological methods of organizing in teaching the kyrgyz language

The Game Ordo as an Element of Forming the Strategic Thinking of the Kyrgyz Ethnic Group

The article examines the uniqueness of the Kyrgyz folk game ordo from more than 50 different games on alchiki (in the Kyrgyz language chuko). The essence of ordo is revealed as a team game of men knocking out the khan and the alchiks from the drawn circle. The circle drawn on the ground meant the territory of the state, in the center of which was the ruler’s headquarters (a depression was made where tompoy-alchik was located. Rival players worked out a plan to capture a given country using various maneuvers. The author shows that this game was a kind of military map of the state, with the help of which the Kyrgyz (men) were trained in the military art of maneuvering, the ability and methods of introducing combat operations. It formed the players’ strategic and tactical thinking skills, which contributed to making well-thought-out decisions in the interests of the community. There are five types of ordo games. It is noted that the researchers pay attention to the fact that ordo is found among nomadic peoples only among the Kyrgyz. This game, forgotten in the Soviet era, is now included in World Nomadic Games. The author draws attention to the importance of teaching the ordo game as a sport from the school bench in all educational institutions of the republic.

Семантические неологизмы в современном кыргызском языке и их типы

Семантические неологизмы в современном кыргызском языке и их типы

KIRGIZ VE TÜRK DİLLERİNDEKİ AKRABALIK TERİMLER

Both through blood and marriage, people are close to each other in various ways and it is called a kinship. Our language has the wealth that any other language does not have. Because Kyrgyz people have given the importance to kinship relations throughout history. And therefore, a very rich terminology of kinship has emerged in Kyrgyz language. Humanity expanded over time, after the birth of a child, the families got bigger, especially after marriages the number of relatives grew, and they had new names. Kinship relations, although it has a biological basis, it is determined by culture and social relations it is the foundation of the relationship. Because it is the basis of social relations in society, which is why the concept of "kinship relations" is universal.

ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКИЕ ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТЫ ПО ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЮ ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННЫХ ПОНЯТИЙ КЫРГЫЗСКОГО ЯЗЫКА

In teaching and control of knowledge of a language, using of words with relations to other words is considered and taught in general. Execution of tasks on verbal description of real objects or images is estimated by teachers (members of jury) subjectively. Two ways to measure knowledge of a language together with a subject area objectively are proposed in the paper. The first is to depict a set corresponding to some notions (in Kyrgyz language spatial notions are presented as nouns). The second are necessarily-collective competitions with participants parted remotely. Competitions are conducted by the method of transformation of sign systems. Each team member describes a picture (a graphical image) in the specified language. The written text is transferred to their teammate to restore the image by this description. The closeness of the images reflects the level of command of the language objectively.

Интерпретация концепта «время» в киргизской языковой картине мира: ассоциативный эксперимент

The topicality of the research is based on the growing interest in the study of the concept of “time” in Kyrgyz cognitive linguistics. The concept of time reflects the cultural, spiritual, and moral values of any culture including Kyrgyz. The novelty of the research is that the concept of time has been analyzed in the framework of the Kyrgyz Language. In the framework of this paper, the associative experiment of how Kyrgyz people perceive the concept of time held. The aim of the paper is to study the concept of time in the Kyrgyz linguistic view of the world based on the associative experiment. To reach the aim of the paper the following research methods were used: analysis, synthesis, observation, statistical analysis, interpretation, and an associative experiment. In this paper we have shared the results of the survey hold in Kyrgyzstan, 85 people participated as native speakers of the Kyrgyz language. The age and gender — 13–64 years; the number of women who participated in the Kyrgyz survey is 59 and 26 of them are men. Kyrgyz people believe that time has both positive and negative qualities. Kyrgyz people associate time with life, irreversibility, hour, age, moments, death, possibilities, happiness, success wrinkles, etc.

Difficulties and Countermeasures of Han Nationality Students in Learning Kyrgyz Phonetics and Letters

Language is important for everyone and plays a vital role in the educational and cultural development of a nation. Learning and teaching of any language is a difficult and technical job in every society. The correct pronunciation is the most basic condition to learn a language. Han students face many difficulties to learn the Kyrgyz language. This study will discuss the problems and possible solutions of Han student’s difficulty to learn the Kyrgyz language. When the pronunciation is suffixed with the vowel [ы] in the consonant, it is a common problem for Han students to learn the Kyrgyz pronunciation of it. Because some students have confused and mixed the phenomenon of phonetic pronunciation in Chinese Pinyin and Kyrgyz. To understand the Kyrgyz pronunciation and knowing the pronunciation skills is difficult, which is based on the accurately grasping of the pronunciation part to understand that there are two pronunciation variants of certain letters in the Kyrgyz language. Applying imitative, replacement, and other practical and effective methods to repeat the pronunciation and for more accurate practice are the good solution for Han student's problems to learn the Kyrgyz language. The teacher should promptly correct the student’s pronunciation errors and at the same time strengthens the student's "three more training" method after class. This study can effectively and universally solve the pronunciation problems of Han students. Moreover, this study will help them to learn Kyrgyz phoneme and letters more easily than other methods.

Aффиксальный способ образования кыргызских глаголов с основами из русского языка

There are a lot of borrowings derived from Russian language in Kyrgyz language. Most of them are Nouns and Adjectives and some Verbs. In this article, we examined 187 verbs from a Kyrgyz dictionary. Most of them are verbs generally utilized in the fields of technology, medicine, business and pedagogy. The main point is why Kyrgyz people use derived words from Russian. Many linguists study the reasons for the borrowings. Some of Kyrgyz linguists refuse from borrowing and change to Kyrgyz words by calque formation. The other linguists actively use the borrowings. The most popular method of borrowing is calque formation. Nowadays Kyrgyz people use borrowings and it is confused of using the translated words without meaning or association. In this article, we researched how to make Verbs through the stems of Russian noun with Kyrgyz affixes. By comparing Russian and Kyrgyz words, it is clear that they have different language structures. But these kinds of derived verbs can be used in Kyrgyz language system without difficulties.

THE NECESSITY OF APPLICATION IN THE LESSONS OF THE KYRGYZ LANGUAGE OF ETHNOPEDAGOGY

The formation, development of folk pedagogy falls on the period of the formation of the nation, having survived the centuries, but as time passed, its content was enriched, it absorbed all-new elements, so pedagogy, which has a rich history, began to serve modern people. Oral unique heritage, starting from the unique sample of the epic "Manas", dozens of small epics, folk tales have left us a wonderful example of human upbringing. In the material, we propose, along with elements of ethnopedagogical education to wide use full-fledged findings (discoveries) of the latest research in the lessons of the Kyrgyz language in the senior grades of secondary schools.

INTERACTIVE TASKS FOR THE FORMATION OF UNIVERSAL COMPETENCIES OF STUDENTS IN THE CLASSES OF THE KYRGYZ LANGUAGE

The article will focus on the methodology of teaching the Kyrgyz language. When determining the methodology for teaching the Kyrgyz language, it is proposed to use new directions. The author also analyzed the communicative competence of students. As a result, it is proposed to focus on the business approach, rather than on the informational "educational"one and for to develop the basic communication skills of students, examples of communication games and rhetorical tasks are presented.

National Priorities in the Education System of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan: Trends in the Introduction of Manas Studies and Innovation

The purpose of the article is to describe the new requirements for teaching the discipline “Manasology”. Objectives of the article: To present changes in the education system of Kyrgyzstan in connection with the adoption in 2011 of the Law “On the epic «Manas»” and to describe new technologies that can be used in the country’s education system with the introduction of the discipline “Manasology”. The object of the research is the current situation in schools and universities of Kyrgyzstan, the subject is the process of forming new teaching technologies and creating educational literature. The educational community of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan takes into account a number of teaching technologies tested in the world, the practical application of which includes the creation of new educational literature. Among them: Technology of integrated learning; Case-technology; Game technology; Technology workshops; Traditional technologies (classroom lesson system). The first technology presupposes a special type of integrated lesson, combining familiarity with the epic “Manas” simultaneously with other subjects while studying one topic. Disciplines of the auxiliary cycle can be “National Literature”, “Kyrgyz Language”, “Oral Folk Art”, etc. The second technology involves the use of educational, research and practical cases, their sources can be epic material: “Manas”, “Semetey”, “Seytek”. The third technology for game therapy, communication games, art therapy, fairy tale or myth therapy, technology of musical influence involves a direct appeal to the heroic epic “Manas”. The fourth technology – a workshop of value orientations – introduces the ideas of tolerance of all ethnic groups and interethnic harmony, covering the history, philosophy, worldview and spiritual culture of the Kyrgyz, glorifying patriotism, friendship, freedom of spirit and who played a creative role in the formation and strengthening of the Kyrgyz statehood, proclaimed in article 1 “Law on the epic «Manas»”.

The Heroic Epic of Manas and Mukhtar Auezov’s Role in Its Popularization

heroic epic of Manas and the publication of its parts in the twentieth century. The purpose of the article is to determine the place of the famous monograph “The Kyrgyz heroic epic of Manas” by M. O. Auezov in a series of works on epic studies. Objectives of the article: to describe M. O. Auezov’s research dedicated to the Kyrgyz epic of Manas from the standpoint of defining the functions of manaschi (storyteller, poet, shaman) and the preserved pre-Islamic cult of ancestors among the Kyrgyz; to substantiate M. O. Auezov in the aspect of Kyrgyz studies and Manas studies. The relevance of the work consists in summarizing the contribution of M. O. Auezov to Kyrgyz and Manas Studies in connection with new trends in education in the Republic of Kyrgyzstan, caused by the adoption of the Law “On the Manas Epic” in 2011. The scientific novelty of the work lies in a new approach to understanding the works by M. O. Auezov in the aspect of theory of mentality, that is practically not involved in literary practice. M. O. Auezov introduced into scientific circulation the terms associated with the performers of the epic, yrchi and zhomokchi. He was the first to describe the history of Kyrgyz manaschi ‒ storytellers: from a contemporary of Manas Keldibek to Sagymbay Orozbаkov, a contemporary of M. O. Auezov. Manas himself chooses those who will perform the epic dedicated to him. The text of the epic keeps the spirit of the people, i. e. the heroic epic of Manas contains the spiritual basis of Kyrgyz culture, its mentality. M. O. Auezov summarized the data on manaschi and outlined their main functions: a storyteller, a poet, a shaman. The scientist pointed to the pre-Islamic cult of ancestors that has come down to us among the Kyrgyz people. Keywords: the epic of Manas, manaschi, pre-Islamic Turkic spiritual culture, works by M. O. Auezov, mentality, myth, cult of ancestors, the Kyrgyz language picture of the world

Сходство значений слов, связанных с сингармонизмом в кыргызском языке и в труде Махмуда Кашгари «Диван Лугат ат-Турк»

Many words in the Diwan Lughat at-Turk a work by the great scientist and Turkologist of the Turkic-speaking nations Mahmud al-Kashgari are used in the modern Kyrgyz language in their original form. This article examines the preservation of vowel harmony in some words in the Diwan Lughat at-Turk a work by Mahmud al-Kashgari and in the modern Kyrgyz language. The article tells that the overwhelming part of the vowel harmony in the modern Kyrgyz language has its roots in ancient times. Historical and semantic connection of the following words of Turkic origin are considered on the basis of comparative analysis: kargylach — karlygach (swift); bazgaan — bazgan (blacksmith’s hammer); bazram — mayram (holiday) etc., as well as the compliance with the full vowel harmony; partial vowel harmony in the work or the violation of vowel harmony with the participation of lips: buchkag — buchkak (one of the four sides of the universe); ular — ular (mountain turkey); sanduvach — bulbul (nightingale) and others. The source for this article was the translation of Diwan Lughat at-Turk into Kyrgyz by T. Tokoev and K. Koshmokov.

Моделирование морфологического анализа и синтеза словоформ естественного языка

This article discusses the modeling of morphological analysis and synthesis of the Kyrgyz language. Models of creating word forms and rules for connecting affixes to the base of a word are considered. As a result of studying the structure of natural language, a algorithm of module was created that performs automatic morphological analysis and synthesis of word forms on a personal computer.