Korean Translation Research Articles

Validation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Korean translation of the Achilles tendon Total Rupture Score

BackgroundThe Achilles tendon Total Rupture Score (ATRS) is a widely used patient-reported outcome measure to assess clinical outcomes of Achilles tendon rupture, but it has not been validated in Korean yet. The purpose of this study was to translate the ATRS into Korean and evaluate its reliability and validity in a Korean population.MethodsThe ATRS was translated into Korean according to recommended guidelines for forward-backward translation. Thirty-eight patients who underwent surgical treatment for Achilles tendon rupture from 2017 to 2019 were enrolled. Reliability was evaluated by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM), and minimal detectable change (MDC). Construct validity was assessed with Spearman rank correlations with the Korean version of the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS) and Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) for pain in daily activity.ResultsThe Korean translation of the ATRS had excellent test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.84) and acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.84). The SEM was 6.61, and the MDC was 18.32 at the individual level and 2.97 at the group level. The Korean translation of the ATRS was strongly correlated with the FASO (r = 0.88). Correlation with the NRS in daily activity (r = − 0.66) was moderate.ConclusionThe Korean translation of the ATRS showed sufficient reliability and validity for use in the Korean population.Level of evidenceII.

Introduction

Introduction

경제기사에 나타난 은유의 한영 번역과정 고찰 : 전문가와 학생의 비교 분석을 중심으로

Metaphor translation has been discussed mostly from a product-focused perspective in Korean translation studies, with only a few studies addressing the process of translating metaphors into L1. Against this backdrop, this study aims to investigate the process of translating metaphors into L2 to identify noticeable differences between students and professionals. For this purpose, five professional translators and five student translators were asked to translate an economic article with nine metaphoric expressions from Korean to English, and their translation process was screen-recorded with Camtasia and keylogged with Translog II. The results show that students are heavily dependent on searching to find adequate expressions, especially bilingual dictionaries, while professionals rely less on searching and prefer searching via Google to verify the adequacy of their expressions. Professionals also attempt more actively to paraphrase or retain metaphors, though such attempts are rarely shown in the student group. Although a further analysis is necessary to delve deeper into the differences of professional and student translators during the metaphor translation process, the findings provide useful insight into translation education, pointing to the need of encouraging students to strengthen their L2 metaphoric competence, learn more efficient searching skills, and better understand the textual functions of metaphors.

역사문학 번역 충실성에 대한 일고찰 - ‘위안부’ 소설 White Chrysanthemum을 중심으로

Historical events can be remembered with the past memories left in official records, testimonies, and literary works. Historical novels, in particular, serve as a powerful channel to reveal the sufferings of Japanese military ‘comfort women’ survivors and understand their incurable psychological as well as physical wounds. The novels can serve as the foundation for the trans-generational solidarity that will contribute to resolving the unrealized justice. Therefore, historical novels are rigorously written based on records and testimonies and, accordingly, the translation of these works needs to be faithful to the original texts. In particular, the emotional distress that the survivors had to experience, the interactions between offenders and victims, and symbolic meanings in the original should be meticulously translated and recorded so that the novels can function as complementary records. By doing so, the novels and translations can reveal the coercive nature in recruiting the ‘comfort women’ and seek resolutions to move forward. Therefore, this study compares and analyzes the ‘comfort women’ novel, White Chrysanthemum, and its Korean translation and contemplates how the above-mentioned points can and should be faithfully translated and accurately delivered to future generations.

번역가 문체의 코퍼스 주도적 연구 - ‘as if’ 비유 번역을 중심으로 -

This paper looks into the translator’s style by examining two translators’ translation patterns found in their Korean translations of three English fictions each. The corpora compiled for the current study are comprised of translator Lee Inkyu’s translation corpus and translator Kim Oksoo’s translation corpus. Through the ‘n-gram’ analysis, the most frequent words (MFWs) in the English texts were identified. Among the identified MFWs, ‘as if’ comparisons were chosen to be examined closely. Then the corresponding words and contexts to the ‘as if’ comparisons were extracted from the translator corpora, and the n-gram analysis for the newly compiled translation corpora followed. Consistent patterns were observed in the two translators’ multiple translation texts. The stylistic features found for each translator in this study can be used in translator attribution analysis: 1) when one or more of the two translators in question is considered to be the probable translator of an anonymously translated text and 2) by comparing the translator(s)’s stylistic traits with the anonymously translated text.

A Research on the Korean Translation of Chinese Serial Verb Constructions

A Research on the Korean Translation of Chinese Serial Verb Constructions

Metacognitive Rating Scale: A Study Applying a Korean Translation to Individuals with Schizophrenia.

Metacognition is a higher-level cognition of identifying one’s own mental status, beliefs, and intentions. This research comprised a survey of 184 people with schizophrenia to verify the reliability of the metacognitive rating scale (MCRS) with the revised and supplemented metacognitions questionnaire (MCQ) to measure the dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs of people with schizophrenia by adding the concepts of anger and anxiety. This study analyzed the data using principal component analysis and the varimax method for exploratory factor analysis. To examine the reliability of the extracted factors, Cronbach’s α was used. According to the results, reliability was ensured for five factors: positive beliefs about worry, negative beliefs about uncontrollability and danger of worry, cognitive confidence, need for control, and cognitive self-consciousness. The negative beliefs about uncontrollability and danger of worry and the need for control on anger expression, which were both added in this research, exhibited the highest correlation (r = 0.727). The results suggest that the MCRS is a reliable tool to measure the metacognition of people with schizophrenia.

│「일본 메이지 산업혁명 유산의 해설전략 이행 실태 보고 서(2020.11.30)」(번역)

│「일본 메이지 산업혁명 유산의 해설전략 이행 실태 보고 서(2020.11.30)」(번역)

Selective activation of language specific structural representations: Evidence from extended picture-word interference

How do bilingual speakers represent and use information that guides the assembly of the words into phrases and sentences (i.e., sentence structures) for languages that have different word orders? Cross-language syntactic priming effects provide mixed evidence on whether bilinguals access sentence structures from both languages even when speaking just one. Here, we compared English monolinguals, Korean-immersed Korean-English bilinguals, and English-immersed Korean-English bilinguals while they produced noun phrases (“the lemon below the lobster”), which have different word orders in English and Korean (the Korean translation word order is [lobster][below][lemon]). We examined when speakers plan each noun using an extended picture-word interference paradigm, by measuring articulation times for each word in the phrase with either the distractor word “apple” (which slows the planning of “lemon”) or “crab” (which slows the planning of “lobster”). Results suggest that for phrases that are different in linear word order across languages, bilinguals only access the sentence structure of the one language they are actively speaking at the time, even when switching languages between trials.

존 로스의 중국어 성경주석 및 한글 번역본에 대한 역사적 연구

This article explores the seven Bible commentaries of the Rev. John Ross of Manchuria, published in Chinese in the early 1900s. It aims to uncover its historical background, the issues in their bibliographic information, and the Korean translations on the five New Testament commentaries. This study investigated the reports of the General Conference of the Protestant Missionaries of China held in 1890 and the China Centenary Missionary Conference in 1907, <the Conference Commentary> that Ross and the selected Protestant missionaries in China authored, the most influential Chinese Bible versions in the late nineteenth century, and the Korean translations of the commentaries that both the Dongyangsuhwon and the Korean Religious Tract Society published in the early nineteenth century. As the results of the study, this article ascertains that the Rev. Alexander Williamson’s suggestion of ‘an annotated Bible’ ended up with <the Conference Commentary>. The article also identifies that Ross’s commentaries, comprised of translation and his own writing, were published in various editions to reflect the difference in the term for ‘God,’ and while the Bible version used for the Old Testament was the Delegates’ Version, the one for the New Testament was the Easy Wenli version translated by the Rev. Griffith John in 1898. The Dongyangsuhwon located in Korea translated and published the five New Testament commentaries, and the Korean Religious Tract Society later revised and published the translated Commentary on Jude. Neither publication revealed Ross’s name, the original author of the Chinese version, in the translations. This article suggests that the study of the Rev. John Ross might be expanded through the subject-matter of Bible commentary and that <the Conference Commentary> could have contemporarily and historically influenced Christian life and theology in both China and Korea.

Joseon physician Heo Joon's Smallpox Medicine and 'Syndrome differentiation'.

In this research, I have tried to overview the diagnosis and treatment of smallpox performed by Heo Joon, a representative physician of Joseon dynasty. In order to accomplish this, I analyzed the smallpox related contents shown in the Essentials of Smallpox translated in Korean and a comprehensive medical book Treasured Mirror of Eastern Medicine, both written by Heo Joon. In examining these sources, I found out that Heo Joon used a medical method called 'Syndrome differentiation' in treating smallpox. Next, I compared the medical cases of smallpox left behind by physicians before and after Heo Joon, so as to shed light on the meaning Heo Joon's smallpox medicine has in the history of medicine. Heo Joon read the Compendium of Smallpox published by the Joseon government and medical books newly imported from Ming China, in order to write the Essentials of Smallpox. His goal was to concentrate all the knowledge related to smallpox in just one book. One aspect that was considered was that this book's target reader did not know anything about smallpox and could not read the Chinese letters. Heo Joon, to solve this problem, collected and organized the essentials of previous medical information and at the same time provided Korean translations. For Heo Joon, the main point of smallpox medicine was to discriminate the good or bad state of prognosis through the looks and colors of the smallpox, and to distinguish the lightness or heaviness of the symptoms through the concomitant symptoms. And such thoughts materialized into judging deficiency and excess, distinguishing concomitant symptoms, and discriminating similar symptoms. Not long after the Essentials of Smallpox was published, Treasured Mirror was published. As a comprehensive medical book that covered many diseases, Treasured Mirror had to have a coherent theoretical system on diagnosing diseases and treating them. What Heo Joon regarded as the most important content, namely discrimination and distinguishment of the looks and symptoms of smallpox, was included in Treasured Mirror in the name of 'Syndrome differentiation'. There are not any specific Heo Joon's medical case left today, so we do not know how much his smallpox medicine contributed to uplifting the cure rate of smallpox in reality. However, comparing the case in the Compendium of Smallpox to case recorded by later physicians such as Park Jinhee, Ryu Sang, syndrome differentiation proposed by Heo Joon was not only succeeded by physicians of later generations but also contributed greatly to the success in treating smallpox. Heo Joon did not know about the pathology, causes of the smallpox, discovered by biomedicine. Even considering this, his medical contribution is clear. Based on the visible symptoms of smallpox and medical accomplishments of the previous eras, he organized and compactly proposed the causes, progression, distinguishing concomitant symptoms, treatments for symptoms development, etc. of the smallpox. In addition, in order to overcome the limit of simple symptomatic treatment, he entitled the chapter of medical thought of analysis symptoms 'syndrome differentiation' present in the previous medical books. It was the advent of Joseon's edition of smallpox medicine based on syndrome differentiation.

『셩경젼셔』(1911)의 번역대본 가능성 -+ 출애굽기 4:13을 중심으로 -

Most Korean Bibles have translated Exodus 4:13 as “Moses said, Oh Lord, Please send a capable man.” since the first publication of The Korean Bible (『셩경젼셔』) in 1911 and The Korean Revised Version (『셩경개역』) in 1938. We notice that these translations are certainly not based on MT, which is the main basis for the translation of the Old Testament. This study identifies the translation issue of the verse, and tries to find out the plausible source texts for the Korean Bibles, especially for The Korean Bible.<BR> In the case of Exodus 4:13, all English Bibles were based on MT without exceptions. Our study indicates that our Korean Bibles seem to be translated according to the LXX instead of MT. According to MT, Exodus 4:13 would be ‘Please send someone whom you want to send.’ Moses simply asks that he does not want to lead the Exodus, and that God should send somebody else other than himself.<BR> Furthermore, our Korean translation of Exodus 4:13 seems to be derived from the Japanese Bible (Meiji Version, 1877). This study shows that the translation committee members seem to use neither MT nor LXX, and that they certainly used English, Chinese, and the Japanese Bibles. Even though all the Chinese and English Bibles seem to translate Exodus 4:13 according to MT, whereas The Korean Bible translated it in a similar way to LXX and the Japanese Bible. This shows that among the source texts for The Korean Bible Japanese Bible could have played a certain role as far as the Exodus 4:13 is concerned. Therefore, Japanese Bible would be one of the possible candidates for the source text for The Korean Bible. In the future, further studies would be necessary to secure this plausible suggestion for the source texts for the translation of the Korean Bible. Specifically Dutch Bible Statenvertaling (1637) and Spanish Bible Sagradas Escrituras (1569) need to be studied to search for more possible source texts.

Results of Active Middle Ear Implantation in Patients With Mixed Hearing Loss After Middle Ear Surgery: A Prospective Multicenter Study (the ROMEO Study).

ObjectivesThis study was conducted to evaluate the user satisfaction, efficacy, and safety of round window (RW) vibroplasty using the Vibrant Soundbridge (VSB) in patients with persistent mixed hearing loss after mastoidectomy.Methods The study included 27 patients (mean age, 58.7 years; age range, 28–76 years; 11 men and 16 women) with mixed hearing loss after mastoidectomy from 15 tertiary referral centers in Korea. The VSB was implanted at the RW. The Korean translation of the Abbreviated Profile of Hearing Aid Benefit (APHAB) questionnaire and the Korean version of the International Outcome Inventory for Hearing Aids (K-IOI-HA) questionnaire were used to evaluate user satisfaction as the primary outcome. The secondary outcome measures were audiological test results and complication rates.ResultsThe mean scores for ease of communication (61.3% to 29.7% to 30.2%), reverberation (62.1% to 43.1% to 37.4%), and background noise (63.3% to 37.7% to 34.3%) subscales of the APHAB questionnaire significantly decreased after VSB surgery. The mean K-IOI-HA scores at 3 and 6 months after surgery were significantly higher than the mean preoperative score (18.6 to 27.2 to 28.1). The postoperative VSB-aided thresholds were significantly lower than the preoperative unaided and hearing aid (HA)-aided thresholds. There was no significant difference between preoperative unaided, preoperative HA-aided, and postoperative VSB-aided maximum phonetically balanced word-recognition scores. None of the 27 patients experienced a change in postoperative bone conduction pure tone average. One patient developed temporary facial palsy and two developed surgical wound infections.ConclusionRW vibroplasty resulted in improved satisfaction and audiological test results in patients with mixed hearing loss after mastoidectomy, and the complication rate was tolerable.

Roles and Functions of the Korean Bible Society’s Journal of Biblical Text Research in Bible Translation Projects

This article reviews various works in progress relating to the Journal of Biblical Text Research ( JBTR), which is published biannually by the Institute for Biblical Text Research (IBTR) of the Korean Bible Society (KBS), and proposes possible future roles and functions of JBTR in Bible translation projects. Since 1997, fifty volumes including three supplementary volumes have been published by JBTR, comprising a total of 611 articles. In reviewing these publications, this article specifically focuses on: (1) the initial roles and functions of JBTR; (2) the Korean Translation Workshops (KTW) 2003–2009 and the publications of JBTR; (3) JBTR for Korean Bible translation projects; (4) the influence of The Bible Translator ( TBT) on JBTR; and (5) the future roles and functions of JBTR in Bible translation projects. The article demonstrates how journals have contributed and can continue to contribute to Bible translation projects in Bible societies in cooperation with the United Bible Societies fellowship. In addition, further possible projects that the journal can meaningfully undertake in order to broaden its ministry and contribution will be discussed.

『실낙원』의 남북한 번역 양상 연구 – 사탄의 재현을 중심으로 –

This study examines the translations of Paradise Lost translated in South and North Korea. Using Mona Baker’s Narrative Theory and Framing Concept and Kathryn Batchelor’s Paratext Concept as the theoretical basis, this study explores the representation of Satan in the source text and analyzes how its aspects were reframed in the South and North Korean translations’ paratext and main body. It specifically reviews the paratext’s preface and the commentary on the work, and it analyzes Satan’s appearance, action, and speech in the main body. The analysis shows that reframing took place mainly through selective appropriation and labelling during the translation process. In the paratext, the South Korean translation frames Paradise Lost as a Christian poem. The North Korean translation however transforms the source text into a radical political poem and reframes it as a communist narrative. Whereas the South Korean translation tends to weaken the positive narrative of Satan, the North Korean translation strengthens the positive narrative of Satan and relates it to the North Korean political narrative. The transformed Satan in the North Korean translation shares similarities with the role model of an autonomous communist common in the North Korean literature.

강남역 살인사건 이후 젠더/여성/페미니즘 관련 번역서에 나타난 이데올로기의 변화 : 표지 이미지와 책제목을 기반으로

This study aims to show ideology in the front covers of translated feminist books that have been published since the so-called “Gangnam murder case”. For this purpose, the cover images and titles of 151 Korean translations are compared in detail with those of the original books and of 70 Korean translations published before the murder case, respectively. Findings show that the visual/verbal elements of the book covers are transcreated in a way that accentuates feminism, expands the female readership, or strengthens the emotional bond between author and reader. Specifically, the images and titles emphasise lexis evoking positive feelings, the first-person pronouns identifying the reader as a feminist, images with higher levels of sensory modality (but with lower levels of naturalistic modality), friendly illustrations (rather than actual images), rich colours with higher emotional temperature, typefaces conveying a good mood, and/or social actors encoded as friendly or active women. Many of these multimodal features differ from those of the book covers published before the post-2016 feminist movement.

외국인 유학생의 한국어로 문학하기: ‘한국어번역과 글쓰기’ 수업 사례를 중심으로

This study examined the activities of foreign students in Korean, focusing on the case of ‘Korean translation and writing’ in KFL department of HUFS. This started from the worries about how Korean literature can be lively in university education for foreign students.<BR> For foreign students, ‘Korean literature’ cannot be left in the form of a deformed form, a text that shows Korean texts and Korean social culture. No matter what language it is used, literature is a linguistic text containing various thoughts and feelings of human beings, and has infinite possibilities in itself. Reading such literary works is an act of expanding the radius of life and constantly asking questions about oneself. It is also an act that can indirectly reflect oneself in things that have not been foreseeing and experiencing the possibilities of various lives to face in life. For foreign students, ‘Korean literature’ can have such utility.

희곡 『M.나비』 속 권력의 전복과 한국어 번역

This study analyzes the Korean translation of David Henry Hwang’s play, M. Butterfly, focusing on the characters’ honorific speeches, particularly on their use of Korean hearer-oriented honorific system. It is because one of the most important massages the original text carries is subversion of power in Orientalism and gender ideology, and its exposure through the relationship between the characters. Whereas in English, politeness or relative honorification is intermittently revealed in dialogue, in Korean language, the hearer-oriented honorific system is grammatically contained in every sentence. Therefore, it is very essential for translators of English dramas to complete Korean sentences with relevant hearer-oriented honorifics in order to show relationships between characters and to convey playwrights’ intended messages and effects to readers and audience. By analyzing the Korean hearer-oriented honorifics in the Korean translated text, this study examines how the Korean translation represents the power relations between the main characters in M. Butterfly and what effects it can bring to the Korean readers and audience.

Research on the Cultural Semantic Fuzziness of Chinese and its Korean Translation : The “Three Hundred Tang Poems” as an Example

Language is not only a social phenomenon, but also a cultural phenomenon. Language is the carrier of national culture. It is not only an important part of national culture, but also the main means of construction and inheritance of national culture. Restricted by national culture, fuzzy language embodies distinct national cultural characteristics in the semantic fuzzy area. The semantic fuzziness at the cultural level is also reflected in the translation process and the target text. In translating cultural fuzziness, the translator need not only pay attention to the fuzziness and the differences in cultural between the two languages, but also correctly understand the cultural semantics contained in the original work, so as to reproduce various cultural connotations in the original work in the target language.<BR> In view of this, this paper, based on the theory of fuzziness, constructs a Chinese Korean bilingual parallel corpus of “Three Hundred Tang Poems”, with the original texts and two versions of Korean translation. By corpus research methods, this paper investigates and analyzes the cultural semantic fuzziness in the “Three Hundred Tang Poems” and its two translation versions. It also examines translation activities and explores the translation strategies of cultural fuzzy semantics from the angle of natural language fuzziness. The translator’s handling of the cultural fuzziness in Tang poetry is a process of interaction between the target culture and the target culture at the linguistic and cognitive levels, and finally achieve the coexistence of foreignization and domestication.

중국 내 한국어 통·번역 인재 양성을 위한 교육 정책의 변화 -MTI와 CATTI를 중심으로-

본 연구는 한국어 통·번역 인재양성 정책을 중심으로 중국에서 실시되고 있는 ‘한국어전공 4급과 8급(TKM4/8) 시험’, ‘한국어 MTI 교육과정’ 그리고 ‘한국어 CATTI 시험’을 살펴보고자 한다. 중국의 외국어교육 정책의 변화 방향에서 한국어교육도 예외가 될 수 없다. 한국어교육은 20세기 소수민족 언어로서의 조선어와 외국어로서의 한국어라는 모호함을 벗어나 외국어 정책에 맞춰 TKM 시험이 실시되고, MTI 교육과정에 포함되었다. 그리고 2020년에는 국가 통·번역사 자격증인 CATTI에 한국어 편입되었다. 이로써 한국어는 다른 주요 외국어와 동일한 정책적 범주에서 다루어질 수 있는 기틀이 마련된 것이다. 하지만 CATTI의 한국어 편입이 모두 긍정적일 수만은 없다. 이 시험은 중국 정부의 교육 국제화 정책과 국가 공인 자격이라는 강한 경쟁력이 더해져 국내 한국어교육 현장에 적지 않은 영향력을 미치게 될 것이다. 그리고 이 문제는 한국어교육에서 TOPIK 6급 이상의 한국어 학습자에 대한 평가와 인증에 대한 준비가 필요함을 이야기 하고 있다.