Komi Region Research Articles

Численность населения Республики Коми: от переписи населения 1897 г. к переписи населения 2021 г.

This article examines the population censuses conducted in the Russian Empire, the USSR and the new Russia; it reveals the peculiarities and methodological apparatus of each population census, presents the main questions of census lists, their comparability with previous censuses, notes new questions and explains their application. Thus, in the 2010 population census, the term “household” was introduced in the question on kinship (property) with other persons living with the respondent; in the question on marriage status, the concepts “officially divorced” and “separated” were differentiated; the levels of education and the presence of a degree were highlighted; the results of population censuses are given according to statistical data for the Komi Republic. The results of the population censuses of 1939 and 1959, which made it possible to assess the scale of forced migration to the Komi region, are separately considered. For each population census, the timing of its conduction and the critical moment are given, it is explained why certain population censuses were carried out not in the “zero” year, as is customary in most countries of the world, but in other years. Particular attention is paid to the 2021 census, it has been postponed for one year due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Socio-psychological factors of peasant migration in the Komi region in the second half of the XIX- early XX centuries

Socio-psychological factors of peasant migration in the Komi region in the second half of the XIX- early XX centuries

Изменение системы налогообложения крестьян Коми края в XVIII веке

The work deals with the study of changes in the taxation system of peasants of the Komi region in the XVIII century. In place of the household comes the poll system, which has radically changed not only the taxation system, but also the distribution of monetary taxes. The nomenclature of taxes and fees, their dynamics were determined, the specifics of changes in tax policy were revealed, etc. As shown by the study of monetary taxes on the territory of the Komi region (Yarensk, since 1780, and Ust-Sysolsk Uyezds), the peasantry paid poll taxes, quitrent and all kinds of «mundane» monetary taxes in favour of the state. They did not remain unchanged and were constantly increasing. New emergency taxes and fees have been introduced. As a result, it was concluded that the strengthening of the tax press led not only to a deterioration in the economic situation of the peasants, but also activated the population to search for new sources of income.

Брачная структура населения Коми края в конце XIX века

Based on materials of the First General Population Census of the Russian Empire, the marital structure of the population of the Komi Region is considered. A comparison of the marital status of rural and urban population is carried out. The gender and age differences in marital structure are analyzed. As a result of the study, the proportion of all categories of marital status, both men and women, were determined by individual age groups. Peculiarities in the demographic behavior of the population due to ethnicity and social status are revealed. In rural areas, the younger marriageable age up to 20 years was significantly dominated by people who had never been married, which was a consequence of the fairly mature marriageable age that had developed in the Komi Region. A tendency was also revealed to increase the number of widows among women from the age of 30-39, with the sharpest jump at the age of 50. Among men, the number of widowers increased slightly, a jump in this category of persons was observed in the age group of 60 years and older. The asymmetry of marital status was more pronounced in the urban population in the age groups of 40 years and older than in the rural population.

Отличительные черты индустриализации Коми АССР в 1927-1937 годы

Based on the documentary sources and scientific papers of Soviet and modern researchers, the paper analyzed why the industrialization of the Komi ASSR proceeded independently of the main strategic plans of the USSR. The first five-year development plans of the Komi region did not take into account the industrialization vector of the USSR aimed at a shift to a new technological paradigm. The wrong impressions about the role of the region in the economic system did not allow to archive the actual potential of the Komi region. The country was in dire need of oil and coal but the central planning authorities and scientific institutions did not see prospects for development of deposits on the Komi territory. Only the non-economic system of GULAG (Chief Administration of Corrective Labour Camps) by attracting a great deal of resources managed to work through the general skepticism about mineral resources of the region, and the Pechora brigade of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR determined a new position for the Komi region on the economic map of the country.

Санитарные условия, медицинское обслуживание и инфекционные болезни в Коми крае во второй половине XIX-начале XX века

The paper examines the sanitary conditions and medical care of the population in the Komi region in the second half of the XIX-early XX centuries and summarizes the factual material on incidence of infectious diseases among the inhabitants of the region. The paper presents factors that influenced morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases, analyzes measures to improve the sanitary and epidemic situation in the region.
 The general situation with infectious diseases and morbidity strongly influenced the life time and mortality rate of population in the study period. The introduction of sanitary and hygienic concepts and rules, development of the system of medical institutions, vaccination and control of epidemics apparently started to have a decreasing effect on the mortality from infectious diseases. The total mortality rate of the population remained high but the mortality of the urban population by the beginning of the XX century began to decrease gradually. Such relatively simple measures as the abandonment of surface water consumption, construction of public wells and improvement of principal sanitary and hygienic conditions, significantly contributed to the decreased mortality cases from infectious diseases.

Г.М. Буров - первооткрыватель и основоположник исследований мезолита Европейского Северо-Востока

Grigory M. Burov (22.09.1933 - 24.02.2013), a graduate of the Kiev University, arrived in Syktyvkar in 1957. He worked in the Komi Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR until 1968. Subsequently, he worked in Ulyanovsk and Simferopol.
 However, the period of his work in the Komi Region turned out to be the most productive .G.M. Burov is a discoverer of numerous sites of the Mesolithic, Early Metal and Early Iron Age of the previously unexplored Vychegda territory. G.M. Burov analyzed and published materials from Komi all the subsequent years of his life. 
 The Vis 1 (Mesolithic) and Vis 2 (mid I millennium A.D.) peatbogs discovered by G.M. Burov in the vicinities of the Sindor village have gained worldwide fame. The exemplary paleogeographic studies were carried out in the Sindor microregion. The leading geobotanist and peat specialist S.N. Tyuremnov and other scientists compiled pollen diagrams, described profiles of peatlands, restored the historical courses of the Vis and Simva Rivers. They also obtained a series of direct radiocarbon datings of wooden artifacts.
 A unique collection of items made of wood, bark, and grass was obtained at the Vis 1 peatbog. It included fishing tools - fragments of nets and a fishing spear; hunting tools - bows, arrows, a spear; means of transportation - skis, sledge runners, a paddle; household items including a box of birch bark, mats of wood shakes. Many items are decorated with carved geometric ornaments. The sculptural head of an elk on one of the skis is particularly noteworthy. 
 G.M. Burov was the first of the researchers who justified the cultural differentiation of the Mesolithic sites of the European North-East. He identified two cultural types: the Kama-Pechora type dating back to the VIII-VII millennium B.C., and the Vis type (the second half of the VII-VI millennium B.C.). The Middle Vychegda Mesolithic culture identified by him belongs to the Kama-Pechora type.

Book Heritage in the Collection of the National Museum of the Komi Republic

The Scientific Library of the National Museum of the Komi Republic is one of the oldest libraries in the region. For more than 110 years of its history, a unique book collection has been formed, containing rare printed editions of the mid-18th - early 20th centuries from private collections of famous scientists, public figures, writers, teachers, as well as books and periodicals of scientific, educational and other government institutions of both the Komi region and Russia. The purpose of the article is to outline the main stages in the history of the Scientific Library of the National Museum of the Komi Republic collection, designed to identify and expose its unique rare editions for visitors.The first stage (1911-1919) is connected with the activities of the Ust-Sysolsk local historians and the Arkhangelsk Society for the Study of the Russian North, the second (1920-1930) was conducted by the Society for the Study of the Komi Territory. The third stage is limited by the period of the Great Patriotic War. Archaeographic expeditions for to collect handwritten books and early printed publications became significant for the fourth (1960s-1970s) period.In 2011, a new stage began in the life of the library, associated with the transfer of the book stock to the building of the Literary Museum named after I. Kuratov, one of the departments of the museum. When creating the space of the Literary Museum, a special place was assigned to the scientific library: the combination of the educational resource of the exposition and the scientific library with the reading room and book storage. Research activity is one of the main directions in the work of the library. Studies are actively carried out aimed at scientific and bibliographic description and examination of rare editions, identification, attribution and cataloging of book signs. Publications covering the results of researches become the concluding summing up both at the regional and Russian levels. The priority direction is a wide demonstration of their collections using computer technologies, which contributes to the expansion of opportunities for public access to rare book collections and allows expanding the list of visitors.

Организация архивного дела в Коми области в 1920-е гг.

The article is to show the organization of archiving in the Komi region in the 1920s. Thus, the following tasks have been solved: considering the conditions for formation of the regional archive and archives of organizations, their activities in acquisition and preservation of archival materials, role of regional and uezd authorities in the management of archives. A number of fundamental works are devoted to the history of national archiving formation in the 1920s; however, the organization of archiving in various regions has been studied insufficiently. The relevance of the study is enhanced by the Komi Republic archiving celebrating its centenary anniversary in 2022. The accumulated historical experience can be successfully applied today. This is especially true of the period under study, when the foundations of archiving were laid out, documents actively collected, criteria for interaction between the authorities and archival institutions determined. The article draws on published and unpublished sources deposited in the fonds of the National Archive of the Komi Republic. They are well known to researchers; however, a number of documents have not yet been presented to scholars, these are being introduced into scientific use for the first time. In addition to archival sources, published sources have also been used. In 1922, the Komi Regional Archive was opened in Ust-Sysolsk (Syktyvkar). One of the reasons for the appearance of the first archival institution in the Komi region was the first decrees and resolutions of the Soviet government in the field of archiving. The local history movement played an important role, as well as enthusiasm of some representatives of the national intelligentsia. The opening of the archive was accompanied by certain difficulties: there was practically no funding, not enough qualified personnel, etc. Only by the end of the studied period, the situation improved somewhat: district archives were opened, training of archival workers began. Considering the organization of archiving in the Komi region in the 1920s, it should be noted that archival construction began, the regional archive was acquiring and describing documents, measures were taken to preserve unique sources and to use documents for the purposes of national economic. At the same time, there was no archiving in organizations and institutions, no conditions for storing documents, almost no personnel.

Land and economic function of the peasants’ community of the Komi region in the XVIII century

Introduction. The article studies of the history of the community and its functions, with land-economic being one of the main ones. For a number of centuries, it determined the life and world order of every peasant family, village and parish, and ultimately created a solid foundation for the development of the state, where the peasantry was the main producer of agricultural products, and agriculture was the basis of the economy. The relevance of the topic is also enhanced by the lack of research on the history of the peasant community of the Komi Region in the XVIII century. The purpose of the article is to consider the land-economic function of the peasant community of the Komi region in the era of late feudalism. To achieve it, the following items were considered: the role and place of the peasant “world” in solving land disputes and conflicts both inside the parish and outside it were studied. Materials and Methods. The research methodology is based on a systematic approach, with other relevant methods such as system-structural, historical, formal-legal and others to be employed. They formed the basis for the analysis of published and unpublished documents. Results and Discussion. The study of published and unpublished documents shown that on the territory of the Komi Territory (Yarensky and Ust-Sysolsky counties), there were the black-collar and later state peasantry. At the time under study the role of the community as a land-economic organization became more complicated, which was due to a number of government measures. They led to an increase in peasant land shortage and poverty. Land redistribution, which the authorities considered as a solution, did not become widespread. Conclusion. In the XVIII century, during the settlement of land-economic relations, the community of peasants of the Komi region acquired a number of specific features. Firstly, along with the mundane land use, the individual actively developed. Secondly, by the end of the study period, the peasants’ community itself became an active participant in land operations. It rented out, entered into contracts with individuals, breeders, merchants, for the use of certain sections of the “mundane” land fund.

Исторический очерк о соляных трубах (скважинах) Сереговского солеваренного завода (XVII-XIX века)

The article presents the features of drilling and construc¬tion of salt pipes (wells) for the extraction of brines at the Seregovo saltworks – the first industrial enterprise in the Komi Region during the 17th–19th centuries. On the basis of historical and archival research, it was established that the brine-lifting pipes had a depth of 158–331 m and were in operation from 20 to 200 or more years. The drilling of dislocated Permian rocks and the equipment of wells with casing pipes could last up to 18 years. Each of the production salt pipes was re-equipped many times. The design of the wooden (pine or larch) casing strings of the wells was of the same type. The drilling and casing of the first ancient pipes were carried out by pipe makers of the saltworks in accordance with the old Russian instructions for salt pipes drilling of the 16th–17th centuries. The arti¬cle presents the first data on of the chemical composition of Seregovo underground brines. The mineralization of Permian sodium chloride brines, which were used for salt production, varied from 15 to 140 g/l.

Сведения о Коми крае в книге «Russia seu Moscovia itemque Tartaria. Commentario topographico atque politico illustratÆ», напечатанной в городе Лейдене в 1630 году

The paper introduces into scientific circulation a new West European historical source of the XVII century describing the geography of the Komi region, the ethnic situation and peculiarities of the economic activity of the local population, as well as the role the region played in the transit route to Siberia. The connection of this source with earlier Western evidence about the Komi region is considered; the original Latin text, its Russian translation and comments providing a more complete understanding of the text are given. The study of the source allows us to conclude that although some of the information in it is borrowed from earlier authors of the XVI century, other parts of the information are original, not found anywhere else.

Партийное руководство избирательными процессами в Коми автономной области в 1920-е годы

The relevance of studying forms and methods of party management of electoral processes during elections to executive and legislative authorities in the 1920s is beyond doubt. The administrative command system was formed then; the party became a guiding force in society. Despite significant achievements of Russian scientists in studying the Communist Party activities, there are not enough works devoted to electoral processes in national and regional historiography, which enforces the relevance and novelty of this work. The article is to showcase party management of electoral processes in the Komi Autonomous Region in the 1920s. It uses archival documents deposited in the National Archive of the Komi Republic. These are regulatory documents of plenums and congresses, paperwork of the Komi Region Party Committee, as well as documents on personnel. Most of these have been introduced into scientific use for the first time. It is known that the Constitution of 1924 lacked articles on suffrage, elections, etc. All electoral processes were based on the Constitution of 1918. They were three-stage. Peasants, who made up the majority of the population of the Komi Autonomous Region, directly elected deputies of village Councils (Soviets). Some of them became participants of volost congresses. At volost congresses, delegates were elected to uezd congresses and therefrom to regional congresses. Volost and uezd executive committees were also formed there. Consequently, the Bolsheviks paid most attention to selection of delegates at volost and uezd level. Resolutions of the Central Committee of the CPSU (B), circulars and resolutions of the Komi Regional Party Committee were devoted to this. Instructors and agitators were sent there. On the basis of party documents, the selection of communist delegates was carried out. Communist congress factions were formed from them. After the elections, election campaigns results were analyzed at plenums of the Komi Regional Party Committee with subsequent discussion on the ground. The studied materials allow us to conclude that organization of elections at all levels of government developed in line with political guidelines and with direct party involvement. On the one hand, there was strict compliance with all party directives coming “from above,” and on the other, a clear “us” and “them” division. It was a conscious policy aimed at legal support of state power.

The system of county administration in the Komi Region at the end of the XVII – first half of the XVIII century

Introduction. The work studies the system of county administration on the territory of the Komi Region at the end of the XVII – first half of the XVIII century. This period was characterized by significant transformations based on changing the system of public administration from voivodeship- clerical into collegiate. It was actively implemented in the highest and central authorities, not only changing the document management system, but also forming a new state apparatus. The situation was different in the county voivodeship offices, such as, the voivodeship office in Komi Region. Materials and Methods. The main research methods were system-structural, historical, formal-legal, etc., which became basic in the analysis of published and unpublished documents. Results and Discussion. As shown by the study of published and unpublished documents on the territory of the Komi Region (Yarensky uyezd), populated with black-collar and later state peasantry, there was no transition from the voivodeship – clerical to the collegiate system of management and office management at the time under study. The collegiate model of public administration, formulated in the new administrative legislation, could not displace the Voivodeship model. The clerical system evolved according to its own laws and demonstrated viability, and the collegiate system was forced to adapt to the requirements of the reforming tsar. This was especially evident when the county office carried out the document management. Conclusion. Carrying out the reforms of the beginning of the XVIII century, the authorities on the county level could not organize the transformation of the clerical service and management and was not ready for changes. As a result, the clerical office work was maintained along with the collegiate one. Collegiate office work was actively introduced and developed in the central office. On the ground, for example, the Yarensky uyezd, clerical office work continued to be preserved, and collegiate one became dominant only by the middle of the XVIII century.

About ROKK's work in the Northern Territory

The attention of all organizations of the ROKK is focused on servicing logging, logging and timber rafting, the main leading industry in the region. The most distant organizations of the ROKK a are in the Komi region, in the Nentsky district along the Pechora and the coast of the Arctic Ocean, in the Menzezhsky and Onega districts.

PRESCHOOL CAMPAIGN AS AN ELEMENT OF CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL CAMPAIGN OF THE LATE 1920S - EARLY 1930S: BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE KOMI-ZYRYAN AUTONOMOUS OBLAST

The paper discusses the features of the phenomenon of "Preschool campaign" as part of the cultural revolution in Soviet Russia. General trends in the development of preschool education in Soviet Russia are described. The main attention is paid to the peculiarities of the "Preschool campaign" in the Komi-Zyryan Autonomous oblast. The problems of formation and development of the preschool system, their financing, material resources forming, training, organization of food, medical care and improving the methodology of working with preschoolers are analyzed. The authors point to ways to attract the population to the problems of public preschool education. It was revealed that the implementation of the "Preschool campaign" was accompanied by measures to promote a new, Marxist-Leninist ideology. The ideological component has become a mandatory component of all measures to expand the system of pre-school institutions and develop methods of pre-school education. The researchers believe that the implementation of the "Preschool campaign" in the Komi autonomy, even if various shortcomings were identified, contributed to large-scale changes in the system of upbringing of young children, and the activation of women workers in the social and production life of the region. It was identified that pioneer, Komsomol, Trade Union and party organizations played an important role in conducting the "Preschool campaign". The authors note the development of methods of working with preschoolers as a positive phenomenon. The improvement of methodological assistance consisted not only in practical assistance to teachers, but also in showing the best experience through the press. It is shown that in order to overcome the shortage of professional staff for preschool institutions in the Komi region, they went beyond the existing short-term pedagogical courses and sometimes attracted casual workers. In 1931, a pre-school Department of the Syktyvkar Pedagogical College was opened. During the "Preschool campaign" in the Komi-Zyryan Autonomous oblast, it was possible not only to open a significant number of new pre-school institutions, to diversify the measures of pre-school education in towns and rural areas, but also to force population to reconsider it views on raising children.

Влияние российской модернизации на систему управления в Коми крае в XVIII в.

The article addresses major issues of influence of the modernization on the management system in the Komi region in the 18th century The relevance of the study is due to the fact that today in historical science there are a number of interesting concepts explaining interaction and mutual influence of all levels of government, both central and local. This refers to the theory of modernization, which allows us to identify local variants in regional management and to emphasize their alternativeness against the industry morphology. In this case, the state actively included the annexed territories into socio-economic relations and active administrative and state construction. The Komi region, as well as its neighboring regions, experienced a transfer of management technologies from the center and its neighboring regions, which resulted in formation of several local forms of management. The first one was represented by heads of administrative structures, officials of the uezd administration. Their main functions were administrative and economic, judicial and supervisory. Their sphere of responsibility varied and changed to follow the trend of strict regulation of their activities; all adjustments were made exclusively by the governor. Alongside with this first group, there was peasant volost administration, which had been operating on the territory of the Komi region for a long time. Its main functions lay in solving fiscal, land, economic, residential and other issues. Both were administrating authorities, constantly changing in the studied period. The second local administrative structure was represented by managers and employees of industrial enterprises: Seregovo saltworks and Kazhym metal works (mines in Nyuvchim, Nyuchpas and Kazhym). The key functions of their employees were administrative and economic, supervisory, and supply ones. Their sphere of responsibility varied and was adjusted by the plant owners. Yet another local model, characteristic for the 18th century, was represented by officers and heads of garrison offices in military camps. Their main activity was solution of various defense and supply tasks. When analyzing the influence of modernization on these elements of management in the Komi region in the 18th century, its progressive convergence should be noted. There was a complex administrative and managerial framework. Its formation was influenced by impulses coming to the periphery (in our case to the Komi region) from the central government.

Динамика показателей смертности на Европейском Северо-Востоке России в конце ХIХ – начале ХХ в

The paper describes the dynamics of mortality of the population of the European North-East of Russia in the late XIX - early XX century. The total mortality rates of the population in the region are compared with the indicators for European Russia. The process of reducing the overall birth and death rates taking place at the all-Russian level, was not noted in the Komi Region. At the same time, the mortality rate of the urban population was significantly lower than that of the rural population. Throughout the studied period, high mortality was characterized by a significant concentration in younger age groups. The mortality rate of children under the age of one year averaged 45-50% of the total number of deaths in the region. At the same time, the process of reducing the proportion of deaths in older age groups has begun among the population of the region.

From the history of teacher training in the Komi region (to the 100th anniversary of the Syktyvkar Humanitarian and Pedagogical College named after I.A. Kuratov)

From the history of teacher training in the Komi region (to the 100th anniversary of the Syktyvkar Humanitarian and Pedagogical College named after I.A. Kuratov)

Языковые ошибки в переводе автобиографической книги Питирима Сорокина «A long Journey» на коми язык

Introduction: in modern linguistics, a branch of linguistics – translation studies – was formed. Its aim is to research the processes of translations from one language to other in different aspects. Based on the material of the Russian Finno-Ugric languages, this branch of science takes its first steps. In this article, we analyze the texts of the autobiography by P. Sorokin «A long Journey. The autobiography of Pitirim Sorokin» (1963) in the Russian and Komi languages; fragments of texts are compared with the original English text; language errors in translation were identified. Objective: to consider the language errors in the use of vocabulary in the text of the translation of P. A. Sorokin’s autobiography into the Komi language identified by systematic comparisons of fragments of texts in the English, Russian and Komi languages. Research materials: the texts of P. A. Sorokin’s autobiography published in separate books of different years. Results and novelty of the research: the article for the first time considers translation errors found in the text of the translation of the autobiography of the world-famous sociologist, a native of the Komi region, Pitirim Alexandrovich Sorokin into the Komi language, published as a separate book in Syktyvkar in 2013. The errors are analyzed on the basis of successive comparisons with the English-language original and the translation of the same book into the Russian, published in Syktyvkar in 1991. The analysis of the translation language (the first 40 pages of the autobiography) allowed us to conclude that the translation into the Komi language was not made from the original language, as it is stated in the bibliographic description, but from the Russian translation of the autobiography, since most of the translation errors from the Russianlanguage text were transferred to the Komi-language text.