Komi Region Research Articles

Смертность населения Коми края в конце XIX – начале XX в.: возрастной состав умерших

The article describes some mortality rates of the population of the Komi Region in the late XIX-early XX century. The age composition of the deceased is revealed, with a distribution by gender. During the studied time, mortality was characterized by a significant concentration in younger age groups. The mortality rate of children under the age of five years averaged 55–70 % of the total number of deaths in the region.

REVISITING THE ISSUE OF WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION IN NATIONAL-STATE BUILDING THE KOMI AUTONOMY IN 1920–1930s

The study of the gender aspect in the personnel policy of the RCP (b) – ACP (b) during the period of the Soviet power establishment is one of the most interesting historical issues. The article discusses the experience of involving women in the political life of the Komi Autonomous Region – the Komi ASSR in the first years of statehood formation. On the example of creating women’s organizations in the party-state apparatus and their participation in delegate meetings, the first experience of women’s socialization into the “new life” is summarized. The article presents as well the results of analyzing the social-demographic and social-professional information about women-participants of Komi regional party conferences held during the specified period. The study was carried out using such sources as questionnaires and registration lists of women-delegates containing personal data on their age, nationality, party experience, social position, education level. Documents and materials of sixteen party conferences were processed – from January 1922 to January 1940. Based on the study of social characteristics of activists of the women’s movement it is established that mainly representatives of the indigenous nationality took part in the work of the supreme governing body, of whom a significant part belonged to the peasant community. In the composition of the women’s delegate corps of the 1920s there were more women who had secondary education, while at the regional conference held in the 1930s, mainly delegates with primary level of education were present. Personal data obtained from the archival sources give the opportunity to form a generalized social portrait of women, occupying the managerial positions in the party-state authorities. Most of them were communists of indigenous nationality, employees by their social status; they had a secondary or higher education and had the teaching background. The author analyzes their movement through the ranks which changed the social status of the women’s movement activists. However, despite the comprehensive women’s involvement in the socio-political life of the Komi region, in the community of the supreme party-state leadership there was a considerable gender asymmetry.

Regional features of the formation of public organizations in the Komi region in the 1920s–1930s

Introduction. The work considers regional features of the establishing public organizations in the Komi region in the 1920–1930s. Materials and Methods. The research methodology is based on a complex approach using systematic, structural, historical, formal, legal and other methods. The main materials were both published and unpublished documents. Results and Discussion. During the estimated period, public life both in the center of the country and in the peripheries was very active. Immediately after the Civil War, in the Komi region, the establishment of public organizations solved the problems of education, enlightenment and upbringing of citizens of a new country. The experience of organizations that had existed before 1917 was employed. They had successfully established themselves for a long time and could contribute to building socialism and strengthening the power of the ruling Communist party. New public organizations were created in those areas where the authorities needed to expand their influence and strengthen their positions. The branches of public organizations were actively created in the peasant milieu. Conclusion. The regional features of the formation of public organizations include the fact that public organizations involved not only the intelligentsia of the region, but also the peasantry. Also, it was a significant coverage of the members. Each region of the Komi region had several branches of various public organizations. The unique feature of their activities were determined by the national basis in the case of Komi.

PROBLEMS OF RESETTLEMENT IN THE KOMI REGION IN THE LATE XIX-EARLY XX CENTURY AND THE EXPEDITION OF P. I. SOKOLOV

Three stages of studying the problem of the possibility of settling the Komi region are considered. At the initial stage, during the second half of the XIX century, the problems of resettlement were considered in the context of the formation of a new - Pechora - uyezd and the need for its settling, the development of identified reserves of natural resources, the creation of new communication routes within the Northern region, and exits to Siberia. In the first five years of the XX century, while preserving the former motives, single expeditions were organized to study "agricultural colonization" and "Temporary rules for the formation of resettlement sites" were approved, directly affecting Ust-Sysola Uyezd. It was in this uyezd that the first areas were identified that, from the point of view of official researchers and officials, were of interest for resettlement. Their position was opposed by leaders of the local Zemstvo institutions. The starting point of the third stage was the agrarian reform of P. A. Stolypin in 1906. By results of a number of expeditions, first of all under the leadership of P. I. Sokolov in 1908-1909, almost 750 thousand tithes in the territory of 12 volosts of Ust-Sysola Uyezd were defined for settling. The beginning of the wide colonization of the Komi region was close to realization. K. F. Zhakov, famous Komi scientist, actively opposed such a scenario of events and convinced the members of the Arkhangelsk society for the study of the Russian North that he was right. Plans for the practical development of sparsely populated areas of the Komi region were unrealized, not so much because of the protests of scientific and public figures, but because of the clumsiness of the bureaucratic state machine, the lack of active and energetic supporters, the involvement of the Central authorities in resettlement projects in Siberia and because of the death in 1911 of the initiator of all agrarian reforms of the early XX century, P. A. Stolypin.

Феодализм в Коми крае: структура и хронология

Феодализм в Коми крае: структура и хронология

Половозрастная структура населения Коми края (по материалам Первой всеобщей переписи населения Российской империи 1897г.)

Половозрастная структура населения Коми края (по материалам Первой всеобщей переписи населения Российской империи 1897г.)

Library science in the Komi region in the second half of XIX – early XX Centuries and its impact on public consciousness

Introduction. The aim of this work is to examine librarianship in the Komi region, and its influence on the formation of public consciousness in the second half of XIX—early XX centuries. Currently, the history of libraries is considered in general and special papers. However, a number of questions remained outside the scope of researchers, namely the data on the history of librarianship in Komi region in the context of studying issues related to the impact of the development of librarianship on social consciousness Materials and Methods. To achieve the goal, the author used both unpublished historical sources, and published works. Archival documents are known to specialists, who studies the history of culture of the Komi people, as well as the history of Orthodoxy. However, for the first time they are considered from the perspective of the formation and development of civil society in the region. Results and Discussion. In the second half of XIX-early XX centuries in the region there were private, social, clerical, monastic libraries and libraries of educational institutions. Replenishment of the latter was at the expense of the Ministry of Public Education and donations, and of the clerical and monastic libraries through the Vologda spiritual Consistory, the Synod and the Ministry of Public Education. Private libraries were replenished independently, at the expense of personal funds. All of them allowed the population to meet cultural needs and interests, to build communication, as well as to form independent judgments. With the help of volunteers, the libraries carried out cultural and religious functions, educated the population of the region. All this led to the transformation of forms of social consciousness, which was an indicator of the development of civil society. The transformation of social identity has led to the development of civil society and the revitalization of its activities. Conclusion. The creation of a wide network of libraries contributed, to a certain extent, to the destruction of the cultural isolation of the Komi region and its inclusion in the intercultural communication of Imperial Russia.

Traditional ethnocultural communities in Soviet cinema: «Hunting and reindeer breeding in the Komi region»

Introduction. Visually-anthropological experiments in Russia have more than a century of history, reflected, in particular, in the corpora of Soviet ethnographic films in the 1920s – 1930s. This article, based on textual and visual materials, introduces information about the ethno-film «Hunting and Reindeer Breeding in the Komi Region» (1927) as a multi-layered visual-anthropological document. The paper considers the specific features of film history on the evolution among Komi hunters and reindeer herders during the period of cultural and economic transformations in the USSR in the second half of the 1920s, created in the mentioned film, in the context of the Soviet film production. Materials and Methods. Due to the specifics of silent cinema, the final film «Hunting and Reindeer Breeding in the Komi Region» is a kind of cinema-text consisting of approximately the same number of film frames and text captions interspersed in the narration. That is why the method of analyzing the film as a visual-text work was its research transcript – presentation in the form of a film text. Results and Discussion. Based on the archival data and published works of contemporaries, the authors traced the evolution of the film project in connection with parallel processes in the state national-cultural policy and in ethnographic science. Conclusion. Considering the film in the socio-historical context, the authors conclude the phenomenon of ethnographic film as an effective form of research knowledge, which allows fixing the cultures of what is being filmed and shooting, and broadcast in time not only actual events, but also their so important for anthropological study emotional context; as well as the potential of cinema as an informative historical source.

ИМИДЖ ОРГАНОВ РЕГИОНАЛЬНОЙ ЗАКОНОДАТЕЛЬНОЙ ВЛАСТИ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ РЕСПУБЛИКИ КОМИ): ИСТОРИЯ И СОВРЕМЕННОСТЬ

The article examines the evolution of regional legislative power image by the example of the State Council of the Komi Republic. The author describes the historical stages of parliamentarism formation in the Komi region, considers the role of public relations in the sphere of public administration and their influence on the formation of the KR State Council’s image. Having analysed the opinions of the regional youth, the author estimates the existing image of the KR State Council, analyses it and proposes practical recommendations for its further optimization.

МЕЖКУЛЬТУРНЫЕ КОММУНИКАЦИИ В КОНТЕКСТЕ ИСТОРИИ РЕСПУБЛИКИ КОМИ 1930-1950-Х ГОДОВ

The article shows the process of crosscultural interaction of different nationalities in the context of political repressions by the example of the Komi region history. Attention is paid to the historical stages of multinationality formation within the territory of the Komi Republic. Basing on repressed scientists’, researchers’, soldiers’ fate, the mutual influence of various ethnic groups and their contribution to the Komi region development are shown. The content components of the model of crosscultural-communicative competence promoting better interaction of representatives of different cultures are highlighted.

КОРЕНИЗАЦИЯ ПАРТИЙНО-ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО АППАРАТА КАК ТАКТИЧЕСКАЯ ЗАДАЧА ОСУЩЕСТВЛЕНИЯ НАЦИОНАЛЬНО-ЯЗЫКОВОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ В КОМИ РЕГИОНЕ В 1920-1930-Е ГГ.

The article analyses the practice of indigenization of the state and party apparatus while realizing national language policy in the Komi region in the 1920-1930s. Relying on archival materials, some of which have been previously unknown, the author summarizes the data on the total number of the native personnel involved in the administrative bodies’ activity. The author points out that mono-ethnicity of the population allowed easy observation of formal requirements for recruiting and promoting the natives to leading positions, but the issue of using the Komi language in the work of the party and state bodies remained problematic.

Библиотеки Коми края как элемент формирования гражданского общества в национальных регионах имперской России. Вторая половина XIX — начало XX в.

The article considers the activities of libraries in the Komi region as an element of the civil society formation in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century. Published and unpublished historical sources are used to reconstruct the libraries’ activities. They are well known to experts, and yet some issues have never come to the researchers’ notice. The author proposes to include materials on the history of librarianship in the Komi region in the context of studying issues of everyday life and civil society formation in the region. In the studied period there were libraries of various types in the region: public, clerical, monastic, and those of educational institutions. The latter were replenished at the expense of the Ministry of National Education or by donation. Clerical and monastic libraries were sponsored by the Vologda Spiritual Consistory, Synod, and Ministry of National Education. In the second half of the 19th – early 20th century the libraries of the Komi region catered cultural needs of the population, organizations and unions and promoted civil society formation.

The Role of the Observer and the Concept of “Stone” in the Christian Tradition Spiritual Culture of Komi Region

The Role of the Observer and the Concept of “Stone” in the Christian Tradition Spiritual Culture of Komi Region

Национальный состав первых жителей населенных пунктов Коми края XVI века (к вопросу о русской колонизации)

Национальный состав первых жителей населенных пунктов Коми края XVI века (к вопросу о русской колонизации)

Interpretation of the artistic image in the art of Komi region: Soviet period

Interpretation of the artistic image in the art of Komi region: Soviet period

Criminal cases of local residents of Komi region accused of insulting the royal family (Based on SARF's materials)

The article deals with "The Penal Code – the first сriminal сode in the history of Russia, provided the criminal responsibility for insulting the ruling dynasty (article 246). The criminal cases of the residents of Komi region (namely Ust–Sysolsky Uyezd), who broke the law in the above-mentioned article are anylized in this article. This article based on SARF’s materials.

Unpublished Poem of the 19th Century about Stephen of Perm, the Great Scribe of the 14th Century

The article introduces to the scientists an unpublished poem of the middle of the nineteenth century dedicated to the enlightener of the Komi region Stephen of Perm (died in 1396), who had created a new writing - the Old Perm alphabet (script) - in the course of Christianization of the local Finno-Ugric population. The analysis of the lengthy poetic text (about 1000 lines), written by an amateur poet, obviously a student of the local spiritual institution, leads to the conclusion that not only widely used he the local folklore tradition (at the time of writing of the poem yet unstudied), but was also familiar with the written monuments (“Zhitie Stefana Permskogo (The Life of Stephen of Perm)” written by his colleague Epiphanius the Wise in the end of the 14th - early 15th century, and its later editions, for example, the “Tale of Stephen of Perm” of the 18th century). The fact that the author of the poem was familiar with the monuments reflecting the ancient Komi written language is of special interest. Those monuments are the inscriptions on two icons of the 14th - 15th centuries, one of which is now lost. In addition, the text of the poem of Stephen of Perm and the baptism of the Komi-Zyrians was obviously influenced by the Russian poetry of the first half of the 19th century - the tales of A.S. Pushkin “The Dead Princess and the Seven Knights” and the tale of P.P. Yershov “Konyok-Gorbunok (The Humpbacked Horse)”.

Radiation effects in wild terrestrial vertebrates – the EPIC collection

The paper presents data on radiation effects in populations of wild vertebrate animals inhabiting contaminated terrestrial ecosystems. The data were extracted from the database “Radiation effects on biota”, compiled within the framework of the EC Project EPIC (2000–2003). The data collection, based on publications in Russian, demonstrates radiation effects in the areas characterized with high levels of radionuclides (Kyshtym radioactive trace; “spots” of enhanced natural radioactivity in the Komi region of Russia; territories contaminated from the Chernobyl fallout). The data covers a wide range of exposures from acute accidental irradiation to lifetime exposures at relatively low dose rates. Radiation effects include mortality, changes in reproduction, decrease of health, ecological effects, cytogenetic effects, adaptation to radiation, and others. Peculiarities of radiation effects caused by different radionuclides are described, also the severity of effects as they appear in different organisms (e.g. mice, frogs, birds, etc.).

The Eurosiberian Transect: an introduction to the experimental region.

An introduction is given to the geography of Russian forests and to the specific conditions of the study sites located along the 60° latitude east of Moscow (Fyedorovskoe) near the Ural Mountains (Syktivkar) and in Central Siberia near the Yennisei river (Zotino). The climatic conditions were similar at all three sites. The main ecological parameter that changes between European Russia and Siberia is the length of the growing season (230 d above 0 °C NE Moscow to 170 d above 0 °C in Central Siberia) and to a lesser extent precipitation (580 mm NE Moscow to 530 mm in Central Siberia). The experimental sites were generally similar to the regional conditions, although the Tver region has less forest and more grassland than the central forest reserve, and the Komi region has slightly less wetland than the study area. The Krasnoyarsk region reaches from the arctic ocean to arid central Asia and contains a significant proportion of non-forest land. The boreal forest of west and east Yennisei differs mainly with respect to wetlands, which cover almost half of the land area on the west bank. All sites are prone to disturbance. Heavy winds and drought or surplus water are the main disturbance factors in European Russia (a 15–20 yr cycle), and fire is the dominating disturbance factor in Siberia (220–375 yr for stand replacing fires). DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0889.2002.01342.x

The Eurosiberian Transect: an introduction to the experimental region

An introduction is given to the geography of Russian forests and to the specific conditions of the study sites located along the 60° latitude east of Moscow (Fyedorovskoe) near the Ural Mountains (Syktivkar) and in Central Siberia near the Yennisei river (Zotino). The climatic conditions were similar at all three sites. The main ecological parameter that changes between European Russia and Siberia is the length of the growing season (230 d above 0 °C NE Moscow to 170 d above 0 °C in Central Siberia) and to a lesser extent precipitation (580 mm NE Moscow to 530 mm in Central Siberia). The experimental sites were generally similar to the regional conditions, although the Tver region has less forest and more grassland than the central forest reserve, and the Komi region has slightly less wetland than the study area. The Krasnoyarsk region reaches from the arctic ocean to arid central Asia and contains a significant proportion of non-forest land. The boreal forest of west and east Yennisei differs mainly with respect to wetlands, which cover almost half of the land area on the west bank. All sites are prone to disturbance. Heavy winds and drought or surplus water are the main disturbance factors in European Russia (a 15–20 yr cycle), and fire is the dominating disturbance factor in Siberia (220–375 yr for stand replacing fires).