Knowledge Of Nosocomial Infections Research Articles

Knowledge and perception of nosocomial infections among patients in a Nigerian hospital

Nosocomial infections are infections that are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among hospitalized patients, and can lead to higher healthcare costs and longer hospital stays in both developed and developing countries. The objectives of the study were to identify the level of knowledge and perception of patients on nosocomial infection, and to determine the factors affecting the knowledge and perception of patients on nosocomial infection in Federal Medical Centre, Ebute-Metta, Lagos (FMC). A cross-sectional research design was used in carrying out the research among in-patients of FMC where an interview-based semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Patients’ knowledge was categorised as good (≥ 70% score), fair (50–69%) and poor (< 50% score) while perception was grouped as positive and negative. Independent sample T-test and One-way Analysis of Variance was used to assess statistical difference in knowledge scores between categorical variables with 2 and 3 groups respectively. A total of 102 patients gave consent to participate in this study of which 46.1% were male, 27.5% were aged between 38 and 47 years and 69.6% were married. About 24% did not know what is meant by nosocomial infections while 53.9% stated that all hospital-acquired infections are preventable. Less than 19% strongly disagreed that making alcohol rubs mandatory for all visitors would decrease the incidence of nosocomial infections while all strongly agreed that if left untreated, such infections can become life-threatening. Overall, 15.7% showed good knowledge while most patients showed fair knowledge (71.6%) and a negative perception (51%) of nosocomial infections. There was a significant difference in patients’ knowledge of nosocomial infections based on age (0.012). There was also a statistically significant association between age and perception of patients towards nosocomial infections (p = 0.031). This study showed that most patients had fair knowledge as well as negative perception towards nosocomial infections. Age, had an influence on patients’ perception and knowledge of nosocomial infection.

Knowledge and practice of infection control during radiology procedures among radiography undergraduates in Sri Lanka

IntroductionSufficient knowledge and adherence to infection control measures are essential for healthcare workers to effectively combat healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs). Radiography undergraduates should stay updated and proficient in their infection control practice. This study aimed to assess knowledge and practice of infection control measures during radiological procedures among radiography undergraduates in Sri Lanka. MethodA web-based, descriptive, self-administered, cross-sectional study was conducted. The questionnaire collected data on demographic, knowledge and practice related to infection control measures from radiography undergraduates. ResultsA total of 167 radiography undergraduates returned the completed questionnaire. The majority (88%) have never participated in infection control programs. The mean knowledge and practice scores were 58% and 41.1%, indicating moderate and poor levels, respectively. A significant difference was observed in the overall knowledge of infection control when considering the academic year (p = 0.001) and the duration of clinical exposure (p = 0.01). There was no significant difference between practice and gender, age, ethnicity, academic year and duration of clinical exposure (p > 0.05). ConclusionsThe results of this study indicate that knowledge of nosocomial infection was moderate and practice was inadequate among most of the radiography students surveyed. This highlights the need to reassess the educational components of radiography programs to incorporate practical and comprehensive teaching, learning and monitoring of infection control measures.

Knowledge of nosocomial infections, standard precautions, and source of information among physiotherapy undergraduates in Sri Lanka; an observational study

BackgroundPhysiotherapists and physiotherapy undergraduates have direct contact with patients which make them transmitters of infections if they do not follow standard precautions. Hence, the purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge of nosocomial infections, standard precautions, and source of information among physiotherapy undergraduates in Sri Lanka.MethodsAn observational Google based survey study was conducted among 294 physiotherapy undergraduates, of which there were 103 in University of Peradeniya, 103 in University of Colombo, and 88 in General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University. The Infection Control Standardized Questionnaire comprising three domains: knowledge of nosocomial infections, standard precautions and hand hygiene was used for data collection along with a self-constructed data sheet for socio-demographic information and source of information.ResultsParticipants achieved mean knowledge of 67.1 ± 16.8, 84.4 ± 14.7 and 66.4 ± 15.4 for nosocomial infections, standard precautions, and hand hygiene respectively. Of the total sample, 225 (76.5%) achieved adequate level of total knowledge. Eighty-three of them (28.3%) equally mentioned, formal teaching at faculty and informal sources as the most important source of knowledge. There was no significant impact of university and the duration of clinical exposure on knowledge of nosocomial infections, standard precautions, hand hygiene and total knowledge. The study year has a significant impact on standard precautions (P = 0.004) and total knowledge (P = 0.035) and final years had highest knowledge compared to the other study years.ConclusionKnowledge of nosocomial infections and infection control measures were satisfactory among the physiotherapy undergraduates in Sri Lanka. Further developments of formal sources of information about nosocomial infections are recommended.

Assessment of nurses’ knowledge and practice regarding nosocomial infection at 250 bedded Mohammad Ali Hospital, Bogura, Bangladesh

Background: Nosocomial infections, otherwise known as Hospital-acquired infections, are infections that are not present or incubating when the person is admitted to a healthcare facility (WHO, 1988). In other words, infections are considered nosocomial if they first appear 48 hours or more after hospital admissions or 30 days after discharge (Wikipedia 2007). Hospital-acquired or Nosocomial infection is the result of the transmission of pathogenic organisms to a previously un-infected patient from a source in a hospital's environment. The prevalence of nosocomial infection in developed countries is much lower than in developing countries, and studies show it is 15.5 per 100 patients in Europe and USA. In Intensive care units, the prevalence rate was 48 per 1000 patients. The most common infection was surgical site infection, which was 5.6 per 100 surgical procedures. Nosocomial infection significantly impacts the health of hundreds of millions of people and is considered a major global issue today by all stakeholders (Basson, 2006). Objective: The aim was to assess nurses’ knowledge and practice regarding nosocomial infection at 250 Bedded Mohammad Ali Hospital, Bogura, Bangladesh. Methodology: This descriptive type of cross-sectional study design was used. A 120 sample size that was purposive sampling followed those who met the inclusion criteria to assess the knowledge and practice regarding nosocomial infection. The instruments for data collection were a semi-structured questionnaire and a self-report method composed of three parts: Demographic variables, knowledge and practice-based information on nosocomial infection. Results: The findings of the present study revealed that the majority of the 55% were between 31-40 years, 91% were female, 96% were Muslim, and 63% were a Diploma in nursing in professional education. Regarding nurses’ knowledge, an average of 40% had a moderate knowledge of nosocomial infection. It is expected that the study will provide a better understanding of the uses of contraceptive methods. Conclusion: it is clear that nosocomial infections are a significant problem for both developed and developing countries. To achieve good health for every patient in the hospital, it is essential for all nurses to have a moderate level of nurse’s knowledge on nosocomial infections and to practice standard protocols so that the spread of infection in any healthcare setting can be minimized. However, the nosocomial infection does not create a significant problem if maintained adequate aseptic precautions during any procedure. Senior staff Nurses, as a part of the health care team, play an essential role in providing care to both infectious and non-infectious patients in the same ward.

Evaluation of the Fourth Years’ Study on Knowledge of Nosocomial Infection in B. Sc. Gonda SCPM School of Nursing and Auxiliary Medicine

Evaluation of the Fourth Years’ Study on Knowledge of Nosocomial Infection in B. Sc. Gonda SCPM School of Nursing and Auxiliary Medicine

Assessing knowledge of nosocomial infection among Omani student nurses: a cross-sectional study.

The total cost and negative health associated with nosocomial infection are high and early interventions are required. Assessing students' knowledge about nosocomial infection may contribute to solving this issue. The present study aimed to assess the level of knowledge of nosocomial infection among student nurses and to identify their main sources of information on the topic. A total of 330 student nurses at Sultan Qaboos University completed the online survey, which included participants' demographics and the Infection Control Standardized Questionnaire (ICSQ). The results of the study reveal the average total corrected score of the participants was 51.53 (SD=0.89) out of 100, with a minimum score of 16 and a maximum score of 96. Female students had a higher average score (13.9, SD=4.34) than male students (11.6, SD=3.2); t(328)=5.35. The student nurses did not have a sufficient level of knowledge about nosocomial infection. This calls for a review of nursing curricula to pave the way for more pragmatic teaching of infection control.

A commentary on a flawed public health investigation.

The possibility of hepatitis C being transmitted between dental patients was the genesis of an extensive and expensive look-back investigation conducted by an Ontario Public Health Unit. This investigation was performed with a minimal knowledge of nosocomial infections of dental origin, an enthusiastic reliance on untested checklist indicators and an absence of any of the criteria justifying such an investigation. As a consequence, the entire exercise was based on the false premise that an infection control lapse had occurred. This commentary will address these flaws, and other aspects of the Public Health Unit's response that detracted from its credibility. The provision of a realistic assessment of disease transmission in dentistry should result in Public Health Units conducting informed and mutually beneficial inspections of dental practices.

Evaluation of Awareness and Nosocomial Infection Control Practices Among Radiological Technologists (Radiographers) in Palestine

Nosocomial infection (hospital-acquired infections) is considered a significant concern for the global health care system. The present study aims to assess radiographers' overall knowledge about nosocomial infection control practices (ICP) in southern West Bank hospitals. A descriptive cross-sectional self-administered questionnaire was conducted. The assessment questions' primary scope was intended to evaluate the overall knowledge of the participated radiographer about ICP and was accomplished in three phases; assess the general knowledge of nosocomial infection, knowledge in the primary infection prevention standards, and knowledge of ICP in the radiology department. The final data analysis was performed by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), and it included 40 radiographers from private and public hospitals. For the first phase, the participants' main knowledge score was 62.0%; the second phase's main knowledge score was 68.4%, whereas the third phase's main knowledge score was 77.8%. The mean overall awareness was 70.09%, which translated as a moderate awareness. The study also assessed the overall knowledge of the participated radiographer in accordance with participants characteristics; the study indicates no correlation between the awareness of radiographers in nosocomial infection due to the gender, age, and working experience of the radiographers (p = .850, p = .581, p = .038, respectively), while it shows a statistically significant difference in radiographers with long working experiences (62.5%) compared with (37.5%) among radiographers with relatively shorter experiences (p = .038) which reflects that radiographers with longer working experience have more awareness of the ICP.

The contribution of medical educational system of the College of Medicine, and Health Sciences of the University of Gondar in Ethiopia on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of graduate students of Health Sciences in relation to the prevention and control of nosocomial infections during the academic year of 2018

BackgroundNosocomial infection, also called a hospital-acquired infection, is an infection acquired during admitting patients in health care facilities. Nosocomial infection can be prevented and controlled by giving training to those responsible. This study aimed to assess the contribution of the medical education system on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the graduate students of health sciences about the prevention and control of nosocomial infection in the College of Medicine and Health Sciences at the University of Gondar in the Academic Year of 2018.MethodAn institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among all graduate health science students posted in the different departments at the University of Gondar in the College of Medicine and Health Sciences from February to June 2018. A total of 422 study participants were included. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.ResultsOut of a total of 422 respondents, only 40% have taken training for infection prevention; out of which 39% had taken the training for a year ago. Moreover, only 35.5% have good knowledge of nosocomial infections as a result of the training; and only 32.5% have good understanding of the practical training given on prevention and control. Only 36% have good attitude towards its prevention and control.ConclusionThe result shows that only a few of the respondents have taken the infection prevention training. Yet, a smaller proportion of them had good knowledge, attitude, and practice on nosocomial infections. Hence, the Medical Education System should give more attention to the training of the nosocomial infection control by developing different strategies to prepare the students on these issues before they start their clinical attachment.

Pengaruh Penyuluhan Metode Demonstrasi terhadap Pengetahuan Infeksi Nosokomial pada Pasien Rawat Inap

Nosocomial infections, known as Healthcare Associated Infections (HAIs), occur throughout the world. The patient's family has an important role in the prevention of Nosocomial Infection by improving handwashing behavior well, but the implementation of handwashing in the patient's family has not run optimally because many patient families do not know how to wash their hands properly. This study used a pre-experimental design with the design of one group pretest-posttest test design, the sample performance in this study was carried out by a Non-probability sampling technique with a purposive sampling analysis of this study using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. The subjects in this study were families of hospitalized patients in the Flamboyan Room Negara Hospital which numbered 92 people. The measuring instrument used in this study used a knowledge questionnaire on nosocomial infections. There were influences before and after the extension of the demonstration method with the family characteristics of inpatients, most of the education level was junior high school, with the most adult age range 26-45 with a male gender. There is an influence on the extension of the demonstration method on the knowledge of nosocomial infections and this counseling can increase the knowledge of families of inpatients in the Flamboyan Room Negara Hospital in 2019.

Knowledge, Attitudes and Practice Among Nurses with Respect to Transmission of Nosocomial Infections in Public Hospitals Throughout Trinidad and Tobago

<h3>Background</h3> The aim of the study was to assess knowledge of, attitudes towards, and safety practice among public hospital nurses in Trinidad and Tobago with respect to nosocomial infections. <h3>Methods</h3> A cross-sectional study was conducted among a convenience sample of 135 nurses working in public hospitals throughout Trinidad and Tobago. The data collection instrument was a self-completed questionnaire. Statistical analysis - SPSS (Version 21) Methods - Descriptive (frequency and percentage distribution) Inferential (interval estimation(95% CI). Hypothesis testing (Chi-square tests, ANOVA), Prediction and Binary Logistic Regression <h3>Results</h3> The results showed that whereas the majority had good knowledge of nosocomial infections, only 38.0% had a good attitude with respect to risk factors; and only 41.3% practiced safe behaviours. While no predictors of knowledge, attitudes, and practice were identified, there was significant association between level of knowledge and attitude levels (p = 0.007), and practice (p= 0.014); there was no significant association between attitude and practice (p = 0.326). <h3>Conclusions</h3> The fact that the nurses in this cohort were quite knowledgeable with respect to nosocomial infections but their attitudes and practices were not in step with their knowledge is an observation that is common in developing countries in which studies of HAIs have been conducted. The findings of this study suggest a need for ongoing efforts that help to increase knowledge, encourage change in attitude, and promote safe practice among public hospital nurses in Trinidad and Tobago.

HUBUNGAN PENGETAHUAN BIDAN TENTANG INFEKSI NOSOKOMIAL DENGAN TINDAKAN PENCEGAHANNYA PADA PASIEN BEDAH SEKSIO SESAREA

Nosocomial infection is an infection obtained by patients who are undergoing treatment in a hospital. Nosocomial infections stem from non-invasive measures. Prantara that cause nosocomial infections are microorganisms, medications and the environment. Where, is a factor causing nosocomial infection that is the focus of this study is midwives who are less aware of personal’ hygiene. This study aims to determine the relationship of knowledge of midwives about nosocomial infections with prevention measures in cesarean section surgical patients at Imelda General Hospital Medan. This research is a quantitative study with a correlational research design with Cross Sectional approach, where sampling is done with a total sampling technique with a total of 31 midwives, and data collection is done using a questionnaire. The results of the study of midwife knowledge about nosocomial infections are mostly knowledgeable, 21 people (67.8%), while the majority of prevention measures are good, 19 people (61.3%). The results of the study were tested using the Spearman Rank test to see the relationship between knowledge of midwives about nosocomial infections and their preventive measures in post-cesarean section patients, the results obtained with a probability value (p) = 0.011 (p &lt;0.05), which means there is a relationship where (r) = 0.452, it means that the strength of the relationship is sufficient and this relationship is positive which means that if the midwife's knowledge of nosocomial infection is sufficient, the more sufficient value of infection prevention measures is obtained.

Assessment of nurses’ knowledge of nosocomial infections transmitted through contact

Abstract Introduction. Due to frequent contact with sick people, the hands of healthcare professionals are the most popular way of transmitting pathogens from patient to patient and from hospital to patient. Hand hygiene is crucial when it comes to reducing HCAI (healthcare-associated infections). Aim. The aim is to analyze the professional knowledge of nurses about nosocomial infections transmitted through contact. Its main assumption is the evaluation of this knowledge in the context of preventing the spread of nosocomial infections. Material and method. A proprietary questionnaire consisting of questions was used to assess the knowledge of medical personnel. The survey contains 25 questions based on the principle of “true/false”. The reliability of the scale was measured and assessed with the Cronbach’s alpha test at the level of 68.4%. Results. Factors adversely affecting the general level of knowledge in the field of hand hygiene turned out to be older age (p=0.012), longer work experience (p=0.023) and the lack of higher education (p=0.048).

COMPARISON OF THE KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PERFORMANCE OF HOSPITAL MANAGERS IN BUSHEHR PROVINCE ABOUT NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS

Objective: Nosocomial infections are one of the social and economic medical problems in developing countries, which contribute to the spread of infectious diseases and long hospitalization and mortality among patients. The aim of this study was evaluating the knowledge, attitude and practice of hospital managers in Bushehr Province in the field of nosocomial infections. Methods: The study was a descriptive – analytic carried out on 52 managers of hospitals governmental and non – governmental in Bushehr Province in 2018. The world health organization questionnaires were used to collect knowledge, attitude and practice data. Data was analyzed by SPSS software version 20. This is a descriptive-analytic study conducted o n 52 managers of governmental and semi-private hospitals in Bushehr province in 2018. The needed data on knowledge, attitude and performance was collected by 3 questionnaires published by the World Health Organization. The collected data was analyzed by SPSS statistical software version 20. Results: The results of this study showed that 11.54% of managers had good knowledge of nosocomial infection, 67.31% had good attitude and 42.31% of managers had advanced level of performance. There was not any significant association between knowledge and Practice and also knowledge and attitude; but there was a significant association between, attitude and practice (p<0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, although managers’ attitude towards nosocomial infections is quite good, most of them had not desirable knowledge and practice to prevent them. Considering the important role of managers in prevention of nosocomial infections, it is very important to pay more attention to the training of this group in order to improve the management of infection control in hospitals. Peer Review History: Received 16 February 2018; Revised 20 April; Accepted 5 May, Available online 15 May 2018 UJPR follows the most transparent and toughest ‘Advanced OPEN peer review’ system. The identity of the authors and, reviewers will be known to each other. This transparent process will help to eradicate any possible malicious/purposeful interference by any person (publishing staff, reviewer, editor, author, etc) during peer review. As a result of this unique system, all reviewers will get their due recognition and respect, once their names are published in the papers. We expect that, by publishing peer review reports with published papers, will be helpful to many authors for drafting their article according to the specifications. Auhors will remove any error of their article and they will improve their article(s) according to the previous reports displayed with published article(s). The main purpose of it is ‘to improve the quality of a candidate manuscript’. Our reviewers check the ‘strength and weakness of a manuscript honestly’. There will increase in the perfection, and transparency. Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.5/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.5/10 Reviewer(s) detail: Dr. Taiwo O Elufioye, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, toonitaiwo@yahoo.com Dr. George Zhu, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, sansan4240732@163.com Similar Articles: THE EFFECT OF HOSPITAL MANAGERS' SUCCESSION PLANNING ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE: A CASE STUDY OF SHOUSHTARI MATERNITY HOSPITAL IN SHIRAZ IN 2017

English

The study assessed potential sources of nosocomial infections as well as the knowledge of healthcare workers about these infections in a peri-urban polyclinic of Ghana. Swabs were taken in duplicates from beds in the wards, door knobs, sinks, nurses’ desks, taps handles, delivery beds, wound dressing rooms, and door and flashing handles of lavatories. After overnight incubation, the samples were serially diluted two times and the third diluent was used in culturing unto plate counting agar, MacConkey agar, blood agar and incubated at 35±2°C for 24 h. The plates were read for colonies and isolated colonies were identified. A simple random method was used to sample the respondents from the various departments in the Polyclinic. Structured questionnaires were administered to solicit their knowledge or understanding of possible causes of nosocomial infections and their perception of the efficacy of the cleaning processes employed in the facility as well as measures put in place to protect healthcare workers from these infections. Data collected showed that Bacillus spp. was the predominant bacterium isolated contributing 64.3% of the total isolate. Out of the 24 pathogenic organisms forming 35.7% of the total organisms isolated, Staphylococcus aureus (94.8%) formed the majority and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5.2%) was the least isolated. There was no significant difference between the number of isolates recorded before cleaning and after cleaning (P > 0.05) with almost the same number and type of organisms isolated in both cases. Apart from the orderlies who demonstrated little knowledge on nosocomial infections, all the other healthcare workers exhibited adequate knowledge of nosocomial infections. The seemingly high percentage of pathogenic isolates from our study site indicates a high potential risk of nosocomial infections in peri-urban polyclinics. Key words: Fomites, infections, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Hand washing among health workers in tertiary health facilities in Bayelsa State, Nigeria

Background: Hand washing is a cheap and effective method of preventing nosocomial infections by health workers, but it has not been given strong policy support for resource allocation. Objectives: To describe knowledge, attitude and practice of handwashing among health care workers and to identify the factors affecting the practice in tertiary health care facilities in Bayelsa State. Methods: Four groups of health workers who work directly with patients at the Niger Delta University Teaching Hospital and Federal Medical Centre, both in Yenagoa Local Government Area of Bayelsa state, were studied. A multi-stage sampling was conducted to select 224 respondents. Self-administered and interviewer-administered questionnaires were used to collect data which were then analysed on the Microsoft Excel programme.Response rate of 91.50% (205 respondents) was achieved. Krejcie and Morgan’s sample size formula was used at 95% confidence level. Results: 140 (68.30%) of all respondents had good knowledge of hand washing and about half have excellent hand washing practice. But only 44 (21.5%) had very good knowledge of nosocomial infections. The lack of materials such as soap, water and towels are limiting good hand washing practice. Conclusions: Although there is good knowledge of hand washing and of nosocomial infections as well as good attitude towards hand washing, they have no positive correlation with practice. Inadequate resources may be worsening nosocomial infections. Improved health policy for more health manpower and accessible resources for more regular hand washing are recommended.

Training needs based on job competency of new nurses in pediatrics of a tertiary hospital

Objective To understand the training needs of pediatric nurses in tertiary hospitals, in order to provide basis for scientific and reasonable training program. Methods Competency-based new nurses training needs questionnaire was used to investigate 130 new nurses and 51 head nurses from a tertiary children's hospital of Beijing by cluster sampling method from July 2014 to September 2015. Results New nurses thought that there were 83 items need to be trained. Head nurses thought that there were 87 items need to be trained. New nurses had more training needs than those of head nurses in the following aspects: patient state of emergency contingency plans, contingency plans for emergencies, specification of nursing documentation, nursing regulations, nosocomial infection knowledge and knowledge of occupational protection, standard of nursing quality, the contents and methods of shift, ten patient safety goals, application of ethics in clinical nursing work, working skills of on duty independently, communication skills, methods of nursing rounds and clinical work pressure and emotional soothing way, lecture skills, oral medication, patients' restraint and patient handling skills (P<0.05) . New nurses would like to take multiple teaching methods such as theoretical lecture, case analysis, demonstration teaching, scene simulation, watching video, experience exchanges and so on. Conclusions New nurses and head nurses have high demands for the training of new nurses. The training contents should be focused on and the training methods should be diversified. Key words: Pediatrics; New nurses; Training; Demand; Job competency

Survey on nosocomial infection knowledge of medical staff in a tertiary hospital of Beijing

Objective To explore the nosocomial infection knowledge of medical staff in tertiary hospitals of Beijing, and identify the influencing factors of nosocomial infection knowledge among medical staff. Methods By random sampling method, 848 medical workers in a tertiary hospital were investigated by the self-designed questionnaire of medical workers′ knowledge about nosocomial infection control questionnaire. Results The average score of medical workers′ knowledge about nosocomial infection control was (68.78±11.70) . The univariate analysis on the influencing factors of nosocomial infection knowledge showed that, the scores of medical workers′ knowledge about nosocomial infection were significantly different among workers in different departments and with different professional titles (t=6.715, 53.166; P<0.05) . Conclusions The medical workers′ knowledge about nosocomial infection in tertiary hospitals is at a medium level. Aimed at the items with low knowledge score in different groups and different medical workers, we should enhance the training among medical workers to reduce the occurrence of nosocomial infection and the incidence rate of nosocomial infection. Key words: Medical staff; Knowledge; Infection control; Status survey; Tertiary hospital

A survey on the disposal of blood-contaminated tampon after dental extraction.

ObjectiveThis paper was to assess the risk for cross infection caused by blood-contaminated tampon after dental extraction and whether this risk was reduced after relevant education towards both dentists and patients.MethodsFrom December 2014 to April 2015, a survey was conducted in dentists and patients randomly before and after relevant education. The questionnaire is being revised for this survey based on learning from Chatzoudi and Franklin’ survey. This survey was approved by the institutional review board, and all participants were voluntary and all responses were anonymous.ResultsOnly 2.82 % of dentists provided patients with the postoperative-advices regarding how to dispose of blood-contaminated tampon at the first time and 47.10 % at the second time (P < 0.01). Only 1.41 % of dentists given special postoperative-advices regarding disposal of tampon to patients with blood-transmitted diseases at the first time and 24.64 % at the second time (P < 0.01). Before education, most patients were lack of nosocomial infection knowledge. After education, 22.4 % of patients threw the blood-contaminated tampon away in a proper way (P < 0.01). 66.67 % of them washed hands immediately and thoroughly after they touched the tampon (P < 0.05), 92.71 % knew the blood-contaminated tampon can cause cross-infection (P < 0.01), and 80.21 % knew how to dispose of the blood-contaminated tampon correctly (P < 0.01).ConclusionThe high risk of cross infection caused by blood-contaminated tampon is evident, and a series of measures is proposed to control it. There is a need to improve both dentists’ and patients’ awareness, enhance the education of doctors and perfect the policies and guidelines.

Effectiveness of an Educational Program on Nurses Knowledge about Nosocomial Infection: Case- Control Study

Objectives: the present study aims to find out the effectiveness of an educational program concerning the nurse's knowledge about nosocomial infection, and to find out the relationship between effectiveness of program and nurses year of experiences, level of education, and training course. Methodology: A quasi-experimental design study was carried out at Baghdad teaching hospital for medical ward, during the period of December, 20th 2013 to September, 30th of July 2014. The objectives of the present study are to assess the nurses knowledge about nosocomial infection in medical units and to find out the effectiveness of educational program on nurses knowledge. The study samples is composed of (60) nurses who have been actually working in the medical wards in Baghdad Teaching Hospital, those nurses are divided equally into the study and the control groups. Instruments: The researchers constructed the educational program and instruments in order to reach the aims of this study. The questionnaires consist of two parts; first is concerned with the demographic data for nurses; the second part is concerned with the assessment of the nurses' knowledge about nosocomial infection Statistical Methods: The data have been analyzed through the application of: descriptive frequency, percentages; mean of scores; and the inferential analysis that include: Analysis of variance and the researcher used the SPSS version 20 to analysis of data. Results: Most of the nurses 63.3% was females at age 20-29, in relation to marital status most samples was married, and graduated of nursing institute as educational level, 53.3% of nurses have (1-9) years of experience and majority of nurses included with training course in Iraq but not related to nosocomial infection, and the findings of present study revealed that there were statistical differences in nosocomial infection knowledge of nurses between pre and post program and between post study and post control group also there are statistical differences between level of education of nurses and nosocomial infection knowledge at P ≥0.05. Conclusion: the present study concluded that the educational program was effective on nurse's knowledge about nosocomial infection. Recommendation: The study recommends working to application of national program of nosocomial infection program at all health centers and continuous medical educational program for all staff in the health center, and continuous follow up to applying the program to prevent nosocomial infection after admission patients to hospital