Knowledge Of Anatomy Research Articles

Frozen Section Histoanatomy of the Peritarsal Eyelid.

Mohs surgery of eyelid skin cancers requires detailed knowledge of anatomy for precise surgery and accurate evaluation of histology. To review the histology of the peritarsal eyelid using frozen sections as encountered intraoperatively by Mohs surgeons. The authors review the literature describing the anatomy and histology of the peritarsal eyelid from the lens of a Mohs surgeon. Histology from select Mohs cases is used to frame the discussion of the microanatomy of this region. The peritarsal eyelids contain a unique mixture of skin, muscle, tarsus, glandular tissue, and conjunctiva. The histologic appearance of many of these structures differs from skin found outside of this anatomic region. Tumors of the eyelid and periocular region may mimic normal histologic structures found within the peritarsal eyelid. The peritarsal eyelids have unique anatomy and associated histologic structures. Knowledge of the detailed histoanatomy is required for confident execution of Mohs surgery in this anatomic region.

Contribution of Unani Physicians in Tashrīḥ al-Raḥim (Anatomy of the Uterus): A Systematic Review

The Unani System of Medicine pioneered in Greece and was developed by Arabs into an elaborate medical science based on the frame work of the teaching of Buqrāṭ (Hippocrates) and Jālīnūs (Galen). Since that time Unani Medicine has been known as Grek-o-Arab Medicine. Tashrīḥ-al-badan (Anatomy) is one of the oldest basic sciences. In Alexandria (1st recorded school of anatomy) where the renowned anatomical teachers Herophilus and Erasistratus dissected the human body and described many of its structures. Herophilus (335-280 B.C.) and Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) were the earliest who emphasized about the knowledge of human anatomy and laid the foundation of the subject, Tashrīḥ-al-badan (Anatomy). Galen's description of the "one-sex model" depicted the female and male reproductive organs as homologous anatomical structures, with differences only in location, size, and complexity. Woman is given prime importance in our classics since ancient times as it is the root cause for progeny. This paper enlightens the admirable work done by Unani physicians, who compiled their observations and research work about Tashrīḥ al-Raḥim (anatomy of uterus) which is present in our ancient Unani literature. To compile the contribution of Unani physicians in anatomy of uterus we search and collect the material from Unani classical reference books Al-Qānūn fi’l Ṭibb, Kāmil al-Ṣanā‘a al-Ṭibbiyya, Al-Manṣūrī fi’l Ṭibb, Modern books, Journal, Research Paper, and Online resources etc.

RL-TEE: Autonomous Probe Guidance for Transesophageal Echocardiography Based on Attention-Augmented Deep Reinforcement Learning

Ultrasound image acquisition in conventional transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) requires complex manual operation of the probe in the esophagus based on the interpretation of ultrasound images and in-depth knowledge of the cardiac anatomy. In this work, we formulate the TEE probe guidance task as a reinforcement learning (RL) problem, and present the first learning-based solution to 3-DOF control of a TEE probe based on the ultrasound image feedback, named RL-TEE, in order to mimic the visual search and navigation strategies of expert echocardiographers. The probe-tissue interaction in TEE is carefully modeled in our framework by considering both the requirements for navigation towards the standard views and compliance in the esophageal environment. Furthermore, we propose a hybrid deep Q-network model that augments a convolutional neural network backbone with self-attention mechanisms to better capture spatial information in ultrasound images to guide navigation decisions. The presented methods are preliminarily validated in a TEE simulation environment built with data from 25 subjects to acquire four standard views of the heart. Our results show that the proposed method can effectively learn to accurately and compliantly guide the probe movement for TEE standard view acquisition tasks and has a good generalization ability to unseen patient data. <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Note to Practitioners</i> —The motivation of this paper is to realize 3-DOF movement guidance of a TEE probe to acquire the standard views of the heart based on the real-time images, which can be applied to existing robotic control systems or used to assist novice echocardiographers in TEE examination, thereby relieving operator workload and improving ease of use. This paper suggests a novel approach that uses the deep RL technique to achieve automatic interpretation of TEE images and intelligent guidance of the probe movement. The RL framework is designed to take into account both the navigation efficiency and compliance with the esophageal environment for the targeted intracorporeal application. A hybrid deep Q-network model that augments a convolutional neural network with attention mechanisms is designed to better capture spatial information from ultrasound images to predict the probe movement. The effectiveness of the framework is preliminarily validated in extensive experiments in a simulation environment built with real patient data. The proposed method can be applied in clinical use to provide real-time TEE probe guidance for novice echocardiographers, and can be integrated with a robotic system to fully automate the TEE acquisition, thereby relieving the doctors from tedious manual operation to focus on the diagnosis and treatment.

Efficacy and safety of a transaortic approach to midventricular and apical septal myectomy

ObjectiveThe study objective was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a transaortic approach to midventricular and apical septal myectomy in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with left ventricular outflow tract or midventricular obstruction. MethodsFrom January 2018 to August 2023, 940 patients underwent transaortic septal myectomy at the Cleveland Clinic, of whom 682 (73%) had midventricular or apical resection. Patients who underwent isolated basal myectomies were excluded. Templated operative reports designated septal regions resected as basal (opposition to mitral valve up to the leaflet tips), midventricular (leaflet tips to just beyond the papillary muscle heads), and apical (apical third of the ventricle). Myocardial resection specimen weights, intraventricular gradients, and clinical outcomes were assessed. ResultsOf the 682 patients, 582 (85%) had basal plus midventricular resection and 78 (11%) had basal, midventricular, and apical resection. Mean preoperative intraventricular gradient was 102 ± 41 mm Hg. Median resection weight was 10 g (15th, 85th percentiles: 7, 15), and mean postoperative intraventricular gradient was 16 ± 10 mm Hg, with 625 (96%) patients achieving gradients 36 mm Hg or less. There were no iatrogenic mitral or aortic valve injuries. Permanent pacemaker placement was required in 38 patients (5.6%), of whom 8 (1.2%) had normal preoperative conduction. Operative mortality occurred in 1 patient (0.1%) after an intraoperative ventricular septal defect. ConclusionsMost patients undergoing septal myectomy for relief of obstruction required resection beyond the basal septum. With specialized instrumentation, detailed imaging and knowledge of variable septal anatomy, resecting midventricular and apical septal muscle can be safely and effectively achieved through a transaortic approach.

Sensate immediate breast reconstruction.

As breast cancer therapies and associated oncologic outcomes continue to improve, greater attention has been placed on quality-of-life issues after breast cancer and breast cancer risk-reducing treatments. The loss of sensation that typically occurs after mastectomy can have significant negative psychological, sexual, and functional impact on patients after surgery. Further, injury of nerves not only leads to numbness, but can also cause chronic neuropathic pain, which can be very debilitating to affected patients. In order to minimize these impacts, there is expanding uptake of surgical approaches that preserve nerves at the time of mastectomy and reconstruct injured nerves either during mastectomy or during delayed reconstruction. These advances have been facilitated by anatomic studies investigating different variants of intercostal anatomy and better understanding the course of the nerves innervating the mastectomy skin and nipple-areolar complex (NAC). With improved knowledge of the intercostal nerve anatomy, surgeons are able to carefully preserve nerves at the time of mastectomy, thus improving sensory outcomes. Additionally, nerve reconstruction techniques have advanced, particularly with newer nerve allograft technologies, which allows for nerve reconstruction to be done both at the time of mastectomy, as well as in a delayed fashion. The focus of this article is to describe the current state of sensory preservation and immediate reinnervation at the time of mastectomy and the advances that have allowed for these new approaches.

880 Extraction of a Metal Arrow Entering the Skull Base Using a Three-Surgeon Combined Microscopic and Endoscopic Approach

INTRODUCTION: Low velocity penetrating brain injuries (PBI) present both a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge in management particularly in operative planning for the extraction of the impaled foreign body. METHODS: A 3-surgeon combined microscopic-endoscopic approach with the use of intraoperative ultrasound, angiogram, and C-arm localization was done. This involved a 5-part procedure: internal carotid angiography; parieto-occipital vertex craniotomy with ultrasound-guided localization; right transciliary cranio-orbito-zygomatic osteotomy transciliary approach; endoscopic guided advancement and extraction of foreign body and endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal repair of skull base defect. RESULTS: The rationale for the procedures borders on obtaining information on the relationship of the arrow to the major vessels at the base of the brain, visualization of the arrow’s entry into the skull, guidance on the point of exit as the arrow was pushed upwards towards cortex and extracted it from the surface, and the integrated use of a basal approach for actual visualization of the shaft of the arrow. The patient remained clinically and neurologically stable post-operatively and was discharged after 10 days. He was back to pre-morbid functional status during follow-up at the outpatient two weeks after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Presented is a successfully managed case of low-velocity PBI. The knowledge of surgical anatomy combined with the different concepts and principles of neurosurgery led to the development of combined techniques that can be used and may further be improved in the management of these injuries.

Apex Nasi: What’s Happening near the Tip of the Nose?

The apex nasi (colloquially, the tip of the nose) is an anatomically complex region that can be divided into 2 parts: the soft tissue/cartilaginous framework of the most anterior-inferior aspect of the nose and the anterior nasal cavity. Detailed knowledge of local anatomy is helpful to characterize pathology and understand patterns of disease spread. Although many lesions of the apex nasi are readily assessed on physical examination, CT and MR imaging can provide important, often complementary, information about this region. CT well demonstrates osseous anatomy, while MR imaging offers increased specificity for certain conditions, given its superior soft-tissue contrast. Regarding specific pathologies of the region, because cutaneous cancers are common and often involve the apex nasi, they will be discussed in detail, along with potential imaging pitfalls such as perineural tumor spread or coexistence with rhinophyma. Certain rare non-neoplastic or developmental lesions, notably nasolabial cysts and pyriform aperture stenosis, are unique to this region. Vascular lesions such as angiosarcoma and venous malformation may involve the apex nasi, as may nasal septal hematoma and abscess, the latter necessitating immediate treatment. Given the high prevalence of rhinoplasty, the imaging appearance of cosmetic nasal implants and selected rare procedural complications is shown.Learning Objective: To describe the anatomic landmarks of the external nose and anterior nasal cavity and to illustrate common and uncommon pathologies in these locations.

Minimally invasive keyhole approach for supramaximal frontal glioma resections: technical note.

The authors aimed to review the frontal lobe's surgical anatomy, describe their keyhole frontal lobectomy technique, and analyze the surgical results. Patients with newly diagnosed frontal gliomas treated using a keyhole approach with supramaximal resection (SMR) from 2016 to 2022 were retrospectively reviewed. Surgeries were performed on patients asleep and awake. A human donor head was dissected to demonstrate the surgical anatomy. Kaplan-Meier curves were used for survival analysis. Of the 790 craniotomies performed during the study period, those in 47 patients met our inclusion criteria. The minimally invasive approach involved four steps: 1) debulking the frontal pole; 2) subpial dissection identifying the sphenoid ridge, olfactory nerve, and optic nerve; 3) medial dissection to expose the falx cerebri and interhemispheric structures; and 4) posterior dissection guided by motor mapping, avoiding crossing the inferior plane defined by the corpus callosum. A fifth step could be added for nondominant lesions by resecting the inferior frontal gyrus. Perioperative complications were recorded in 5 cases (10.6%). The average hospital length of stay was 3.3 days. High-grade gliomas had a median progression-free survival of 14.8 months and overall survival of 23.9 months. Keyhole approaches enabled successful SMR of frontal gliomas without added risks. Robust anatomical knowledge and meticulous surgical technique are paramount for obtaining successful resections.

TA2Viewer: A web-based browser for Terminologia Anatomica and online anatomical knowledge.

TA2Viewer is an open-access, web-based application and database for browsing anatomical terms and associated medical information on a computer or mobile device (https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/). It incorporates the official digital version of the second edition of Terminologia Anatomica (TA2) as published by the Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology (FIPAT), and adopted by the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) and other associations. It provides a dynamic and interactive view of the Latin and English nomenclatures. The organizational hierarchy of the terminology can be navigated by using a scrollable, expandable, and collapsible structured listing. Interactive search includes the official TA2 terms, synonyms, and related terms. TA2Viewer also uses TA2 term information to provide convenient access to other online resources, including Google web and image searches, PubMed, and Radiopaedia. Using cross-references from Wikidata, which were provided by the Wikipedia community, TA2Viewer offers links to Wikipedia, UBERON, UMLS, FMA, MeSH, NeuroNames, the public domain 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy, and other data sources. In addition, it can optionally use unofficial synonyms from Wikidata to provide multilingual term searches in hundreds of languages. By leveraging TA2, TA2Viewer provides free access to a curated anatomical nomenclature and serves as an index of online anatomical knowledge.

Enhancing neuro-ophthalmic surgical education: The role of neuroanatomy and 3D digital technologies - An overview.

Neuro-ophthalmology, bridging neurology and ophthalmology, highlights the nervous system's crucial role in vision, encompassing afferent and efferent pathways. The evolution of this field has emphasized the importance of neuroanatomy for precise surgical interventions, presenting educational challenges in blending complex anatomical knowledge with surgical skills. This review examines the interplay between neuroanatomy and surgical practices in neuro-ophthalmology, aiming to identify educational gaps and suggest improvements. A literature search across databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was conducted, focusing on the implications of neuroanatomy in neuro-ophthalmic surgery education and practice. The review synthesizes insights from both recent and foundational studies to highlight current understandings and future research directions, particularly in educational approaches. Findings indicate that 3D digital modeling and virtual reality have significantly enhanced neuroophthalmic surgical education by providing immersive and engaging learning experiences. For instance, detailed 3D brain atlases offer comprehensive resources for understanding the central nervous system's normal and pathological states. Although studies show that 3D and traditional 2D methods achieve similar post-test results, 3D methods notably improve engagement and motivation, suggesting a shift toward more interactive learning environments. Integrating both traditional and innovative educational tools is crucial for the progression of neuro-ophthalmic surgical training. This balance helps overcome educational hurdles and better prepare future surgeons. Continuous research and collaboration are essential to refine educational strategies, ultimately aiming to enhance patient care in neuro-ophthalmology.

The Utility of Anatomy Assessment in Preclinical Undergraduate Medical Curriculum: A Scoping Review Protocol

Anatomy has been taught predominantly in the preclinical years. However, little guidance exists for medical educators in designing appropriate assessments of anatomy knowledge. In general, medical schools implement and determine their own curricula and methods of assessment. The purpose of this scoping review is to examine the breadth of literature regarding the utility of anatomy assessments, which will be reported whether they have been investigated in terms of validity, reliability, practicality, feasibility, cost-effectiveness, and educational impact in the included resources. This scoping review will be conducted using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) scoping review guideline, and its protocol is outlined to systematically map the utility of anatomy assessments in preclinical undergraduate medical curricula over the past 20 years. Primary data will be searched from relevant studies, review articles, and grey literature sources between 2002 and 2023. The resource searching will be performed using the three-step search strategy, namely review search, study selection, and evidence charting, which will involve four electronic databases and two independent reviewers. As secondary research, this review does not require ethical approval. The review will not only permit better comparisons of anatomy assessment and foster meaningful evaluation of both medical students and teaching establishments to take place in the anticipation of ensuring the constructive alignment in anatomy education but also produce important information on the quality of anatomy assessment in the context of the undergraduate medical curriculum. The findings will be disseminated through journals and conferences targeting anatomy educators worldwide.

Mapping the Anatomy of the Human Lymphatic System.

While substantial anatomical study has been pursued throughout the human body, anatomical study of the human lymphatic system remains in its infancy. For microsurgeons specializing in lymphatic surgery, a better command of lymphatic anatomy is needed to further our ability to offer surgical interventions with precision. In an effort to facilitate the dissemination and advancement of human lymphatic anatomy knowledge, our teams worked together to create a map. The aim of this paper is to present our experience in mapping the anatomy of the human lymphatic system. Three steps were followed to develop a modern map of the human lymphatic system: (1) identifying our source material, which was "Anatomy of the human lymphatic system," published by Rouvière and Tobias (1938), (2) choosing a modern platform, the Miro Mind Map software, to integrate the source material, and (3) transitioning our modern platform into The Human BioMolecular Atlas Program (HuBMAP). The map of lymphatic anatomy based on the Rouvière textbook contained over 900 data points. Specifically, the map contained 404 channels, pathways, or trunks and 309 lymph node groups. Additionally, lymphatic drainage from 165 distinct anatomical regions were identified and integrated into the map. The map is being integrated into HuBMAP by creating a standard data format called an Anatomical Structures, Cell Types, plus Biomarkers table for the lymphatic vasculature, which is currently in the process of construction. Through a collaborative effort, we have developed a unified and centralized source for lymphatic anatomy knowledge available to the entire scientific community. We believe this resource will ultimately advance our knowledge of human lymphatic anatomy while simultaneously highlighting gaps for future research. Advancements in lymphatic anatomy knowledge will be critical for lymphatic surgeons to further refine surgical indications and operative approaches.

Anatomical variations in the superficial venous system of the neck: an image-based study using contrast-enhanced computed tomography.

The superficial venous system (SVS) of the neck receives blood from the face and oral cavity. The SVS comprises the anterior jugular vein (AJV), external jugular vein (EJV), and facial vein (FV). Comprehensive knowledge of the normal anatomy and potential variations in the venous system is valuable in surgical and radiological procedures. This study aimed to update the anatomic knowledge of the SVS using a radiographic approach, which is a beneficial data source in clinical practice. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography images of the neck of patients with head and neck cancer treated between 2017 and 2020 were retrospectively evaluated. Each side of the neck was counted separately. A total of 302 necks of 151 patients were enrolled in this study. The medial AJV was absent in 49.7% (75/151) of the patients on the left side, which was significantly greater than the 19.2% (29/151) on the right (p < 0.001). The left AJV drained into the right venous system in 6.6% (10/151) of the necks. In 48.3% (146/302) of the necks, the FV did not flow into the internal jugular vein but rather into the EJV or AJV; these findings were significantly more frequent than those reported in previous studies. The diameters of the veins were significantly larger when they received blood from the FV than when they were not connected to the FV. These findings indicate that the AJV has a rightward preference during its course. The course of the FV is diverse and affects the diameter of connected veins.

Validation and incorporation of digital entheses into a preliminary GLobal OMERACT Ultrasound DActylitis Score (GLOUDAS) in psoriatic arthritis

ObjectivesThe main objective was to generate a GLobal OMERACT Ultrasound DActylitis Score (GLOUDAS) in psoriatic arthritis and to test its reliability. To this end, we assessed the validity, feasibility and...

Development of a Student-centred Approach for Alternative Teaching Method Incorporating Human Palpation as Pedagogy Tools in Anatomy Education of the Appendicular System

Anatomy is one of the most important subjects for medical and health science students offered during pre-clinical years. A good knowledge in human anatomy determines their competency in the future. Unfortunately, memorising anatomy can be relatively challenging especially for junior students since they are not exposed to the nomenclature. Therefore, this study aimed to design and develop an anatomy curriculum to assist students in knowledge retention and translation into clinical settings. The development of this module was based on social cognitive theory (SCT) according to A-Analysis, D-Design, D-Develop approach which was adopted from A-Analysis, D-Design, D-Develop, I-Implement, E-Evaluate (ADDIE) Model, together with the content experts. Due to the concern of comprehending and practically applying anatomical knowledge, and short attention spans of students, the module was designed to alternate between lectures and practical sessions to maximise knowledge retention. The main focus on this curriculum module was on the gross anatomy of the appendicular system and ends with students being required to palpate and compare the differences between normal and pathological structures of the appendicular system. This curriculum effectively addressed the issue of short attention spans by incorporating hands-on experiences, and engaging students in tactile learning that enhanced focus and engagement.

Angiofibrolipoma em cão

Angiofibrolipoma is a histological variation of lipoma, a benign tumor with low occurrence in domestic animals. Its diagnosis is based on histopathological examination. The treatment of choice was surgical resection of the tumor, with the surgical challenge being the identification of the prostate and urethra, which were obscured by the mass. Despite being a benign neoplasm, the veterinary surgeon must possess rigorous knowledge of anatomy and reconstructive skills when there is involvement of important anatomical structures. This study aims to report a case of rapidly progressing angiofibrolipoma in the abdominal cavity of a dog treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the Oeste Paulista University.

The cavernous sinus: An anatomic study with clinical implication.

The management of lesions involving the cavernous sinus remains a formidable challenge. To optimize care for patients with tumors extending into this skull base region a detailed understanding of the surrounding osteology as well as neural and vascular relationships is requisite. This thesis examines the gross anatomy of the region and highlights important surgical implications drawn from these as well as previously published studies. A review of the historical scientific, anatomic, clinical, and surgical literature extending to the present (1992) relating to the cavernous sinus has been performed and discussed. Additionally, the author has performed and described cadaveric dissections revealing novel details about the macroscopic (dural and neurovascular anatomic relationships) and microscopic structure of the cavernous sinus. A series of cases of cavernous sinus pathologies that were addressed in an interdisciplinary surgical approach at the author's institution is also reported. Included in this report is a comprehensive review of the embryology of the cavernous sinus and its associated neurovascular structures. Cadaveric dissections have also revealed novel details about dural/meningeal compartments of the cavernous sinus as well as well as associated arterial, venous, and neural relationships. Microscopic observations also reveal novel fundamental insights into the components and structure of the cavernous sinus. Clinical examples from 20 patients illustrate the critical importance for clinical application of cavernous sinus anatomic knowledge to the surgical treatment of pathologies in this region. The cavernous sinus is a tripartite venous osteomeningeal compartment intimately neighboring vital structures including the optic tracts, pituitary gland, cranial nerves III, IV, V, V, VI, and the internal carotid artery. Surgical management of cavernous sinus lesions has and continues to evolve with increasing anatomic and clinical study as well as advancements in diagnostic and surgical methodologies. NA.

Anatomical Ignorance Resulting in Iatrogenic Causes of Human Morbidity.

This article discusses how inadequate anatomy education contributes to iatrogenic causes of human morbidity and mortality. Through a review of the relevant literature, high-yield clinical cases were identified in which a lack of sufficient anatomical knowledge contributed to patient morbidity, such as abscess formation and neuropathy as a result of improper intramuscular injections, superior gluteal nerve injuries due to surgical procedures, and misdiagnoses due to physicians' inability to examine and correlate clinical and radiological findings. The importance of a multimodal learning approach in anatomy education for medical students, which includes the utilization of the cadaveric dissection approach to emphasize spatial understanding, is crucial for the development of competent physicians with a deep-rooted foundational knowledge of anatomy and related concepts, such as physiology, pathology, and radiology. It cannot be understated that anatomy education and a lack of knowledge of anatomy and related concepts may influence iatrogenic causes of human morbidity and mortality. Therefore, all efforts should be made to ensure that students develop a strong foundational anatomy knowledge during their preclinical years.

Using Multimedia Dissection Videos to Supplement Learning of Veterinary Anatomy in the COVID Era and Beyond: Student Perceptions and Benefits.

Anatomy is a foundation for veterinary medical education, yet its teaching has traditionally posed an academic challenge to students. Anatomy is a three-dimensional (3D) subject that students are often expected to learn using one- or two-dimensional learning resources. Visualization of structures and the transfer of images to animal specimens can impede knowledge acquisition and student confidence. As a response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the first-year anatomy course (Anatomy I) at The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine was delivered virtually in Autumn 2020. Instructors were challenged to create equivalent learning experiences without face-to-face interaction and cadaveric access. Fortunately, multimedia dissection videos were in production and supplemented students' learning of anatomic structures and dissection techniques. Videos included complete narration, explanations, diagrams, labels, and self-check opportunities. To evaluate the perceived effectiveness of the videos on student learning, the Anatomy I teaching team surveyed all first-year veterinary students following the course. Of the 104 students (64%) who completed the survey, 101 (97%) agreed or strongly agreed that the videos helped solidify their anatomy knowledge, skills, and understanding. The most helpful video characteristics included the demonstration of dissection techniques on a cadaver and the visualization of structures on 3D specimens. Students also appreciated the ability to review content at their own pace/convenience, a feature inherent to recorded (asynchronous) video-based instruction. These data suggest that video-based instruction may effectively supplement students' learning of veterinary anatomy and improve the transfer of knowledge, particularly when other forms of direct instruction are inaccessible.

Virtual reality simulators for temporal bone dissection: overcoming limitations of previous models

Temporal bone dissection is a critical skill for otolaryngology trainees: however, it is challenging to master due to the complex anatomy and limited exposure to cadaveric specimens. The aim of this review was to develop and evaluate a novel virtual reality (VR) simulator for temporal bone dissection, addressing the limitations of previous simulators reported in the literature. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases from inception to September 2022. The search was limited to studies that evaluated the effectiveness of VR simulators for temporal bone dissection. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. The results showed that VR simulators can significantly improve temporal bone dissection skills, including anatomical knowledge, instrument handling, and surgical performance. Compared to traditional training methods, VR simulation was associated with faster learning curves, better retention of skills, and greater confidence among trainees. However, some limitations of current VR models were identified, including the lack of haptic feedback, limited realism, and short duration of practice. VR simulators are a valuable adjunct to traditional methods for temporal bone dissection training. The recently developed VR simulator addressed the limitations of previous simulators and demonstrated its potential to enhance the training of clinicians in temporal bone dissection. Future directions for research include further validation of the simulator and exploration of its potential for use in clinical settings.