Knowledge Of Anatomy Research Articles

Principles of reconstruction. Like with like and flap thinning: two essential tools

The "like with like" and the "flap thinning" are two workhorse principles the surgeon must keep in mind to achieve a functional and cosmetic reconstruction of the hand. These principles are underpinned by a thorough knowledge of anatomy and functional hand units, with a wide range of reconstructive procedures that must be finalized to the necessity of the impaired structures. "Like with like" means that a lost tissue must be replaced with another one that can be compared in appearance and function. In addition, good cosmetic is often associated with good function because the complex attempt to get a proper aesthetic always traduces itself into a better functional reconstruction. "Flap thinning" is essential because soft tissue injuries of the hand represent a more difficult reconstructive challenge than similar injuries elsewhere, and the need for thin tissue to wrap the superficial noble structures of the hand is constant. However, the procedure of thinning a flap can be dangerous and must adhere to the vascular architecture of the flap. This paper aims to review and briefly summarize the current literature in this field.

Cerebellar pathology in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: current status and future directions.

Recent decades have witnessed significant progress in understanding mechanisms driving neurodegeneration and disease progression in multiple sclerosis (MS), but with a focus on the cerebrum. In contrast, there have been limited studies of cerebellar disease, despite the common occurrence of cerebellar symptoms in this disorder. These rare studies, however, highlight the early cerebellar involvement in disease development and an association between the early occurrence of cerebellar lesions and risk of worse prognosis. In parallel developments, it has become evident that far from being a region specialized in movement control, the cerebellum plays a crucial role in cognitive function, via circuitry connecting the cerebellum to association areas of the cerebrum. This complexity, coupled with challenges in imaging of the cerebellum have been major obstacles in the appreciation of the spatio-temporal evolution of cerebellar damage in MS and correlation with disability and progression. MS studies based on animal models have relied on an induced neuroinflammatory disease known as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), in rodents and non-human primates (NHP). EAE has played a critical role in elucidating mechanisms underpinning tissue damage and been validated for the generation of proof-of-concept for cerebellar pathological processes relevant to MS. Additionally, rodent and NHP studies have formed the cornerstone of current knowledge of functional anatomy and cognitive processes. Here, we propose that improved insight into consequences of cerebellar damage in MS at the functional, cellular and molecular levels would be gained by more extensive characterization of EAE cerebellar pathology combined with the power of experimental paradigms in the field of cognition. Such combinatorial approaches would lead to improved potential for the development of MS sensitive markers and evaluation of candidate therapeutics.

GLENOHUMERAL DISLOCATION, ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION, EPIDEMIOLOGY, MECHANISMS OF ACTION, CLASSIFICATION, CLINICAL PRESENTATION, IMAGING PRESENTATION, TREATMENT AND COMPLICATIONS

Introduction: Acute shoulder injuries that are common here include acromioclavicular joint injuries, clavicle fractures, glenohumeral dislocations, proximal humerus fractures and rotator cuff tears. Glenohumeral dislocations are frequently attributed to contact sports, as well as bicycle accidents, falls and high-impact trauma. Patients present several specific characteristics that will depend on the type of dislocation. Objective: to detail the current information related to glenohumeral dislocation, in addition to its description, epidemiology, classification, clinical evaluation, imaging presentation, treatment and complications of the different types of glenohumeral dislocation. Methodology: a total of 32 articles were analyzed in this review, including review and original articles, as well as clinical cases, of which 20 bibliographies were used because the other articles were not relevant for this study. The sources of information were PubMed, Google Scholar and Cochrane; the terms used to search for information in Spanish, Portuguese and English were: glenohumeral dislocation, shoulder pain, upper limb dislocation, shoulder reduction, shoulder dislocation. Results: Shoulder dislocations are usually anterior. In recurrent anterior dislocation, most recurrences occur in the first 2 years and mostly in males. Age at the time of initial dislocation has the greatest influence; incidence is not related to the duration or type of immobilization. The approximate recurrence rate in all age zones is 50%, however it increases to 89% in 14 to 20 year olds. Conclusions: The shoulder joint is frequently associated with dislocations, accounting for a large percentage of all dislocations, with anterior shoulder dislocations being more common. Anatomical, clinical and imaging knowledge play an important role in the diagnosis, allowing a better classification of the type of dislocation, which has a better impact on the treatment. The immobilization and physiotherapeutic approach will vary depending on the pathology, the age of the patient, the existence of recurrence and other complications. KEY WORDS: glenohumeral dislocation, shoulder reduction, shoulder dislocation.

Complications during Vaginal Sacrospinous Fixation along with McCall Culdoplasty in Stage III and IV POP

In Bangladesh, about half a million women are suffering from stage III or IV pelvic organ prolapse (POP). With traditional surgical methods, there is a chance of recurrence, especially of apical prolapse. Sacrospinous fixation (SSF) along with MacCall Culdoplasty during vaginal hysterectomy can reduce this recurrence rate enormously. This study was designed to identify, manage as well as to prevent per-/post-operative complications during SSF. The study period was from August 2017 to December 2021 at Kumudini Women’s Medical College and Hospital, Bangladesh. Total 335 stage III and IV utero-vaginal prolapse cases were included in this study. The surgeries performed were vaginal hysterectomy followed by modified McCall Culdoplasty and right-sided vaginal sacrospinous ligament fixation (SSF) along with anterior and posterior fascial closure and perineorrhaphy. A standard data collection sheet was used to record the information. Per-operatively, main complications were hemorrhage (3.57%) due to vessel injury and rectal injury (0.90%). The immediate early postoperative complication was buttock pain (24%). Of these, in 97.53% cases, pain subsided within 6 weeks with analgesic and counselling. Only one patient had recurrence of apical prolapse within 1st week of operation. It should be concluded that with proper knowledge of anatomy and careful surgical technique, most of the complications can be avoided. Bangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol, 2022; Vol. 37(2): 90-97

Flipped classroom assisted by Rain Classroom for anatomy practical classes: Challenges and opportunities of anatomy education.

Anatomy practical classes are an essential part of learning human anatomy. The flipped classroom teaching model has been used in medical education in recent years. However, its precise impacts on anatomical knowledge acquisition and learning outcomes remain controversial. With the development of information technology, new educational tools, such as Rain Classroom, have recently attracted much interest. The Rain Classroom is an application that can easily connect students and teachers through smartphones or computers. However, whether and how to apply it to the flipped classroom in anatomy practical classes needs to be evaluated. In this study, we designed a teaching model of flipped classroom assisted by Rain Classroom and carried it out in anatomy practical classes at our university. Results showed that the final exam scores of the experimental group were significantly improved, compared with the control group (p < 0.01); the final exam score was significantly correlated with both the pre-class quiz score (p < 0.05) and the in-class quiz score (p < 0.001). Student satisfaction was measured by a questionnaire on a Likert scale of 1-5. All the mean scores were greater than 4.5, indicating that most students had positive attitudes toward this teaching model. The present study suggests that the Rain Classroom helps support students throughout the learning processes of the flipped classroom, and the model of flipped classroom assisted by Rain Classroom could improve students' learning efficiency and ultimately increase their exam performance in anatomy practical classes.

Sphenoid sinus in the Holstein cow: A sectional and 3D reconstructive anatomical study.

Cattle disorders affecting the sphenoid sinus are underreported, likely due to difficulties in imaging and lacking topographic knowledge. This study aimed to provide a detailed description of the normal anatomical and morphometric features of the cattle sphenoid sinus. Twelve healthy adult Holstein cow heads were used, and the sinus was examined using CT, anatomical sectioning and 3D modelling. The sinus was bilaterally detected in all animals but exhibited structural asymmetry and significant interindividual differences in morphological characteristics. Three parts of the sinus were defined, namely the rostral, median and alar parts, which conform to the morphological structure of the sphenoid bone. The rostral part was bilateral in shape and located on the orbit wall of the presphenoid bone in all animals. The median part, which pneumatized the body of the sphenoid bone, was observed bilaterally in seven animals, while the alar part, which pneumatized the wing of the sphenoid bone, was formed bilaterally in four animals. The sinus volume and surface area were 11 ± 8 cm3 and 49 ± 30 cm2 , respectively. These findings may aid in the diagnosis of cattle sphenoid sinus disorders and contribute to the knowledge of regional anatomy for radiologists and clinicians.

Tomographic Evaluation of Bone Height Between the Mandibular Canal and the Inferior Cortex of the Mandible Related to Bicortical Screws Fixation

Study Design: Original Article. Objective: The surgical treatment of mandibular fractures has undergone several changes over the past 100 years, since the use of wires and intermaxillary fixation, until today where most of the fractures are treated with internal fixation using plates and screws. For the correct use of this hardware, the surgeon must have adequate knowledge of jaw anatomy to prevent complications during the insertion of screws like in fractures of the mandibular body and angle, when the screws of the plate installed in the compression zone can damage the inferior alveolar nerve within the mandibular canal. Methods: To minimize this complication, 66 hemimandibles of adult patients were analyzed in CT scans and manipulated with Dental Slice® software, (BioParts®, Brazil) and measured the shortest distance from the inferior cortex of the mandibular canal to the inferior cortex of the mandibular body during the path of the inferior alveolar nerve, since the mandibular foramen until the mental foramen. Results: The result obtained showed a wide variation of the shortest distance measured (3.52 mm–11.5 mm) with an average of 7.99 mm. Conclusion: The conclusion demonstrated a minimum distance of 3.52 mm below the cortical mandibular canal to the lower border of the mandible and should be considered as a safety margin during the application of fixing the material in the region of the mandibular body.

A visuospatial and kinesthetic 3D-printed model of inguinal anatomy improves applied anatomy knowledge

A visuospatial and kinesthetic 3D-printed model of inguinal anatomy improves applied anatomy knowledge

Female near-TME: standardization of proctectomy in women with ulcerative colitis

Traditionally, 2 surgical techniques for proctectomy in ulcerative colitis have been used: total mesorectal excision (TME), and close rectal dissection (CRD). Recently, our research group has proposed the standardization of the Near-TME technique, which unites the advantages of both methods. It decreases the risk of pelvic autonomic nerve injury and reduces the volume of mesorectal remnant. When performing the Near-TME, the anatomical landmarks differ between men and women, especially in the anterolateral hemicircumference. The objective of this paper is to standardize the Near-TME technique in women (Female Near-TME) using characteristic surgical-anatomic landmarks of the female pelvis based on illustrations and a real case treated laparoscopically.This technique should be carried out by surgeons with experience in inflammatory bowel disease surgery and extensive knowledge of surgical anatomy.

Approaches to the Middle Cerebellar Peduncle for Resection of Pontine Cavernomas.

The expanded retrosigmoid approach with splitting of the horizontal cerebellar fissure provides a more direct and shorter route for central and dorsolateral pontine lesions while minimizing retraction of tracts, nuclei, and cerebellum. 1-4. The middle cerebellar peduncle is partially covered by the petrosal surface of the cerebellum. The horizontal cerebellar fissure (petrosal fissure) divides the petrosal surface of the cerebellar hemisphere into superior and inferior parts. Splitting the petrosal fissure separates the superior and inferior petrosal surfaces and exposes the posterolateral middle cerebellar peduncle (posterior and lateral to the root entry zone of CN5). 1-4. Expanded retrosigmoid craniotomy is performed, including unroofing of the sigmoid sinus; petrosal fissure is split to expose the posterolateral middle cerebellar peduncle; entry point for resection of the cavernoma is identified; nims stimulator stimulator is used to confirm the absence of tracts and nuclei; myelotomy is performed; and cavernoma and its draining vein (but not the developmental venous anomaly) are removed using a combination of traction and countertraction against gliotic plane. Wide splitting of the horizontal cerebellar fissure minimizes retraction or resection of the cerebellum and offers the best angle of attack. Knowledge of brainstem anatomy and use of intraoperative navigation are critical to avoid complications. Far lateral through the middle cerebellar peduncle is a variant that can be used to resect pontine cavernomas if a caudocranial trajectory is preferred.The patient consented to the procedure and to the publication of her image.

Percutaneous helical plate fixation in humeral shaft fractures with proximal extension

BackgroundHumeral shaft fractures with extension to the proximal third are increasingly frequent and technically more demanding. Surgical management of proximal metaphyseal junction humeral fractures is challenging. The aim of this study was to assess the safety, reproducibility, and possibility of early and completed rehabilitation in the percutaneous treatment with helical plates in humeral shaft fractures with proximal extension. Patients and methodsThis was a descriptive, retrospective, single-centre cohort study based on consecutive patients with proximal metaphyseal junction humeral fractures (MIPO-helical-plate-Broggi's cohort). Surgical technique (minimally invasive approach and osteosynthesis): percutaneous treatment with a twisted plate (helical plates). Study variables: i): Intraoperative and postoperative (up to 1 year after surgery) safety; ii) Reproducibility of the surgical technique [number (percentage) of patients with surgical technique success]. The surgical technique success was defined as the recovering without neurovascular, implant failures and infection issues after one year follow up; and iii) Early and completed (3 months) rehabilitation [number (percentage) of patients]. A descriptive analysis was performed. ResultsBetween April 2010 to January 2022, we received 443 humeral shaft fractures at our unit. Of these, 350 fractures were treated surgically. 157 (44.9%) were treated using the minimally invasive approach and osteosynthesis technique with extramedullary implants, of which 46 (46/157, 29.3%, 9 men and 37 women) were performed with almost orthogonally twisted Philos® helical plates. The median (range) age was 67 (51–94) years. Study outcomes: i) Safety: None intraoperative events were gathered. No neurovascular, implant failure and infection issues were reported one year after surgery.; ii) Reproducibility of the surgical technique: only 1 failure (2%, 95%CI:0–11%), who was reoperated; and iii) Early and 3 month of rehabilitation was completed in 45 (98%, 95%CI:89–100%) patients. Forty-five (98%, 95%CI:89–100%) patients recovered their previous function the year after surgery. ConclusionsThe treatment of humeral shaft fractures with proximal extension based on a minimally invasive approach and osteosynthesis: percutaneous treatment with a twisted plate (helical plates), as this is a submuscular and extraperiosteal technique, is a safe and reproducible technique, and promotes early rehabilitation. In our opinion, it is surgical technique whose main requirement is a good knowledge of topographic anatomy.

The Rising Tide of Point-of-Care Ultrasound (POCUS) in Medical Education: An Essential Skillset for Undergraduate and Graduate Medical Education.

As point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) becomes an integral component of healthcare, both undergraduate and graduate medical POCUS education is urgently necessary in curricula. Despite the apparent need of POCUS curricula, there remains a lingering question: Are there evidence-based benefits to POCUS training in undergraduate and/or graduate medical education settings? Qualitative review of research was conducted to identify common themes for benefits of POCUS and the requirements and/or characteristics for effective POCUS educational curricula. Results for undergraduate medical education were separated into preclinical and clinical education. In preclinical POCUS education, POCUS education improves anatomy education and physical examination skills for sonographic assessment of abdominal, reproductive, cardiovascular, and renal structures. Further enhancement can be achieved via simulation devices that are generalized ultrasound simulation mannequins, one defined body region such as the abdomen, or local regions of interest such as the femoral triangle. In clinical undergraduate POCUS education, benefits involved greater performance on knowledge tests and general ultrasound competency in emergency medicine, surgical, family medicine, and physical medicine and rehabilitation clerkships. These studies also found improved comprehension of specific POCUS examinations such as those for ultrasound-guided injections, FAST, eFAST, and RUSH. Further integration of POCUS education into graduate medical education was found to successfully improve ultrasound knowledge and competency in both academic and military internal medicine residencies. One limitation of this study is that this article is a review resulting in no specific intervention being introduced. The resultant hypothesis of this systematic review cannot be tested; rather evidence-based recommendations are restricted to the currently available literature within the searched databases. From this review, it was found that the inclusion of a properly integrated POCUS curriculum can result in greater confidence in ultrasound use, increased knowledge of anatomy and basic sciences for various organ systems, improved ultrasound knowledge and performance in clinical clerkships, and offers improved confidence and knowledge in ultrasound during residency.

Anatomical Prior-Based Automatic Segmentation for Cardiac Substructures from Computed Tomography Images.

Cardiac substructure segmentation is a prerequisite for cardiac diagnosis and treatment, providing a basis for accurate calculation, modeling, and analysis of the entire cardiac structure. CT (computed tomography) imaging can be used for a noninvasive qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the cardiac anatomy and function. Cardiac substructures have diverse grayscales, fuzzy boundaries, irregular shapes, and variable locations. We designed a deep learning-based framework to improve the accuracy of the automatic segmentation of cardiac substructures. This framework integrates cardiac anatomical knowledge; it uses prior knowledge of the location, shape, and scale of cardiac substructures and separately processes the structures of different scales. Through two successive segmentation steps with a coarse-to-fine cascaded network, the more easily segmented substructures were coarsely segmented first; then, the more difficult substructures were finely segmented. The coarse segmentation result was used as prior information and combined with the original image as the input for the model. Anatomical knowledge of the large-scale substructures was embedded into the fine segmentation network to guide and train the small-scale substructures, achieving efficient and accurate segmentation of ten cardiac substructures. Sixty cardiac CT images and ten substructures manually delineated by experienced radiologists were retrospectively collected; the model was evaluated using the DSC (Dice similarity coefficient), Recall, Precision, and the Hausdorff distance. Compared with current mainstream segmentation models, our approach demonstrated significantly higher segmentation accuracy, with accurate segmentation of ten substructures of different shapes and sizes, indicating that the segmentation framework fused with prior anatomical knowledge has superior segmentation performance and can better segment small targets in multi-target segmentation tasks.

Clinical findings in patients with vertebrobasilar insufficiency

The vertebrabasilar (VB) system plays an essential role in the circulation of main structures of nervous system. As a part of Circle of Willis, it is responsible for major compensatory abilities of brain circulation in some hemodynamic disorders. On the other hand, some pathological diseases, involving VB system, could be fatal or could lead to severe injuries and functional wastes in the patient. Many variations and anomalies in VB system are common cause of hemodynamic disorders and vascular disease such as atherosclerosis. The good knowledge of variations and anatomy as well, allows us to understand pathophysiology and pathogenesis in those disorders, which in combination with specific clinical symptoms, helps us in making the fast and accurate diagnosis. This is fundamental for starting proper treatment.

Flexor hallucis longus. A cadaveric study of its distal insertion

Objective: Describe flexor hallucis longus (FHL) distal insertion. Methods: Ten cadaver feet were dissected to evaluate FHL distal insertion, the width of insertion, and the distance between insertion borders and medial-lateral phalangeal borders. Results: All specimens showed a lateral tendon fascicle inserted more lateral and distal than the main insertion. The mean lateral and medial insertion distance to the phalangeal border was 3 mm and 5.2 mm. The FHL long axis was 12.36% laterally deviated at the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint and 14.07% at the interphalangeal (IP) joint. Conclusion: The FHL has a closer insertion to the lateral phalanx border, and its long-axis midpoint is laterally located in relation to the IP and MTP joint. The detailed knowledge of the FHL true anatomy. The discovery of a lateral deviated axis, a lateral fascicle, and a lateral footprint.

Ultrasound versus MRI in the evaluation of the thumb metacarpophalangeal joint.

An intricate and unique combination of ligamentous, fibrocartilaginous, and osseous structures stabilize the thumb metacarpophalangeal joint. Both ultrasound and high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging are extremely useful in evaluating these critical structures. This article reviews common injuries of the thumb metacarpophalangeal joint, while highlighting the merits, limitations, and pitfalls of the two imaging modalities. A clear appreciation of each method, paired with anatomic knowledge, will lend greater confidence and accuracy to diagnosing impactful injuries and guiding intervention.

The use of Zuckerkandl's tubercle as an anatomical landmark in identifying recurrent laryngeal nerve and superior parathyroid gland during total thyroidectomy: a prospective single-surgeon study.

To determine the incidence and characteristics of Zuckerkandl's tubercle (ZT), and its relationship with recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) and the superior parathyroid gland (SPG) in the setting of total thyroidectomy. A total of 421 patients (mean (min-max) age: 45.6 (18-78) years, 76.2% were females) who had total thyroidectomy were included in this prospective single-surgeon thyroidectomy series study. Patient demographics and thyroidectomy indications (benign and malignant) were recorded in each patient. The presence, grade and laterality of ZT, and its relationship with RLN and SPG were recorded during surgery. Most of the thyroidectomy indications (69.1%) were related to a malignant disease. The ZT was unrecognizable in 41(9.7%) of 421 patients. In 380 patients with identifiable ZT, the grade 2 (46.3%) ZT was the most common finding. Majority of ZTs (92.9%) were unilaterally located (right-sided: 64.9%; left-sided: 35.1%). In majority of the cases (83.2%), the RLN was found to lie medial to ZT. Overall, SPG was identified in close proximity to ZT in 66.6% of patients (Class 2 [0.5-1 cm from ZT] in 46.6% and Class 3 [<0.5 cm from ZT] in 20.0%). SPG was more likely to be identified in close proximity to ZT when the grade of ZT was higher, which was found to be located 0.5-1 cm from the ZT in 56.9% and 42.7% of grade 2 and grade 3 ZTs, respectively, and <0.5 cm from the ZT in 46.1% of grade 3 ZTs. In conclusion, this prospective single-surgeon thyroidectomy series study indicates the likelihood of localizing the RLN medial to ZT, and the SPG in close proximity to ZT during total thyroidectomy operations. Hence, the ZT can be used as a reliable and constant landmark to localize both the RLN and the SPG during thyroid surgery, which enables minimizing the risk of iatrogenic injury to RLN, while ensuring a parathyroid-sparing thyroidectomy. The thyroid surgeon should have complete knowledge of thyroid gland anatomy and embryogenesis and should follow a careful and meticulous approach particularly for dissections around larger ZTs, given the increased likelihood of SPG and RLN to be in close proximity.

Role of high-resolution ultrasound and magnetic resonance neurography in the evaluation of peripheral nerves in the upper extremity.

Upper extremity entrapment neuropathies are common conditions in which peripheral nerves are prone to injury at specific anatomical locations, particularly superficial regions or within fibro-osseous tunnels, resulting in pain and potential disability. Although neuropathy is primarily diagnosed clinically by physical examination and electrophysiology, imaging evaluation with ultrasound and magnetic resonance neurography are valuable complementary non-invasive and accurate tools for evaluation and can help define the site and cause of nerve dysfunction which ultimately leads to precise and timely treatment. Ultrasound, which has higher spatial resolution, can quickly and comfortably characterize the peripheral nerves in real time and can evaluate for denervation related muscle atrophy. Magnetic resonance imaging on the other hand provides excellent contrast resolution between the nerves and adjacent tissues, also between pathologic and normal segments of peripheral nerves. It can also assess the degree of muscle denervation and atrophy. As a prerequisite for nerve imaging, radiologists and sonographers should have a thorough knowledge of anatomy of the peripheral nerves and their superficial and deep branches, including variant anatomy, and the motor and sensory territories innervated by each nerve. The purpose of this illustrative article is to review the common neuropathy and nerve entrapment syndromes in the upper extremities focusing on ultrasound and magnetic resonance neurography imaging.

Perceptions of Selected Undergraduate Medical Students in the Philippines on the Effectiveness of the Combined Use of Plastinated and Formalin-preserved Brains in Neuroanatomy Education: A Cross-sectional Study

Background and Objective. Neuroanatomy is both terrifying to learn and problematic to teach, and the different methods of neuroanatomical education have their own strengths and weaknesses. In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated the perception of undergraduate medical students towards the combined use of plastinated and formalinpreserved brain specimen in their neuroanatomy course.Methods. A bridging program was designed for students whose medical education was interrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic in order to reinforce the knowledge and understanding of anatomy that they acquired in a virtual environment. A total of 175 first year medical students participated in this learning activity, which included seven stations in neuroanatomy spread across two hours, and covered the anatomy of the circle of Willis, brainstem, cranial nerves, spinal cord, internal cerebrum, and external cerebrum. To evaluate short-term learning, the students were asked to take a quiz containing 10 multiple-choice questions before and after the learning activity. In addition, the students also answered a survey containing 11 Likert-type questions asking about their perception of the learningactivity.&#x0D; Results. Following the learning activity, mean test scores increased from 4.73 (SD 1.74) to 5.32 (SD 1.52; mean difference 0.59, p = 0.008). Majority of the students (mean 81%, range 43-93%) had a neutral or positive perception of plastinated brain specimen, and on factor analysis, plastinated brain specimen were found to be both practical and useful for learning neuroanatomy. However, the participants perceived plastinated brain specimen alone to be insufficient for learning neuroanatomy, and a multimodal approach to learning neuroanatomy is ideal.&#x0D; Conclusion. Plastinated brain specimens were found to be an effective complement to formalin-preservedbrain, and these should be used by medical schools when designing neuroanatomy learning activities fortheir students.

Healing Hands: The Art and Science of Physiotherapy

Physiotherapy, often referred to as the "healing hands" of healthcare, occupies a unique and essential role in modern healthcare. This multidisciplinary field blends the art of compassionate care with the rigor of scientific inquiry, providing a holistic approach to healing. The art of physiotherapy is exemplified by the skillful touch of practitioners, guided by a profound understanding of individual patient needs and a therapeutic alliance built on empathy and trust. In contrast, the science of physiotherapy underpins evidence-based practices, with practitioners possessing a deep knowledge of human anatomy, physiology, and biomechanics. Physiotherapy's critical role in modern healthcare spans rehabilitation, chronic disease management, preventive care, sports performance enhancement, pain management, and geriatric support. It embodies a holistic approach to well-being, addressing not only physical symptoms but also the emotional and psychological aspects of health. This article explores the art and science of physiotherapy and its diverse roles in enhancing the quality of life for individuals across the globe.