Knowledge Of Anatomy Research Articles

Captive Bolt Gun-Related Vascular Injury: A Single Center Experience.

This article investigates the clinical and radiological characteristics of captive bolt gun head injuries, a rare form of low-velocity penetrating brain injury. Eleven consecutive patients were included in the study. Vascular injuries and the rate of infection were systematically analyzed. Radiological findings reveal common bolt trajectories in the anterior cranial fossa, with identified risk factors for a poor outcome including trajectory crossing midline, hematocephalus, and paranasal sinus involvement. Only one patient had a good outcome. Despite meticulous microsurgical techniques, this study highlights often unfavorable clinical outcomes in captive bolt gun injuries, with vascular injury identified as a potential contributing risk factor for a poor outcome. Knowledge of variant vascular tree anatomy and corresponding vascular territory is important. To avoid potential vascular injuries, a complete removal of bone fragments was not always performed and it did not increase the rate of infection, challenging the conventional wisdom advocating for the complete removal of bone fragments. These findings contribute novel insights into captive bolt gun-related injuries, paving the way for further research.

One-Point Technique in Brainstem Cavernous Malformation Surgery: Evaluation of Approaches and Outcomes From a Different Perspective.

Brainstem cavernous malformations (BCMs) are a distinct clinical entity that carry a high risk of patient morbidity because of location and risk of hemorrhage. Surgical management of these lesions requires intimate knowledge of surgical anatomy and skull base approaches. This article is intended to highlight a modern approach for the treatment of BCMs, with an emphasis on the use of the one-point technique to guide resection. We describe a case series of BCMs treated through a variety of skull base approaches, describing our decision-making strategy. We review the concept of the one-point technique focusing on the safest access to the malformation through 2 representative cases and also perform a retrospective review of 32 consecutive patients who underwent BCM resection to present outcomes and the comparison of two-point vs one-point techniques. Consecutive series of 32 patients in whom the one-point technique was used is presented. In 8 patients (25%), the traditional two-point technique would suggest a different trajectory than the one-point technique. Postoperative MRI confirmed complete resection in 30 patients (95%), and 29 patients (91%) had modified Rankin Scale (0-2) at follow-up. All patients in whom the one-point technique guided a different trajectory had gross total removal of the cavernous malformation, with one patient having long-term new neurological impairment from the surgery. There were no mortalities. Despite surgical advances in recent decades and more widespread understanding of surgical anatomy and safe entry zones, surgical resection of BCMs remains a formidable challenge. While not necessarily the shortest access, the one-point technique offers a safe approach considering all the different modalities in our armamentarium and can be used as part of a strategy to determine the optimal approach to resect BCMs.

The Ethmomaxillary Sinus-A False Duplicate Maxillary Sinus.

Functional endoscopic sinus surgery consistently benefits from good anatomical knowledge and modern imaging techniques. Ethmoid air cells migrate in specific topographical sites near the ethmoid. Posterior ethmoid air cells that descend into the maxillary sinus (MS) are ethmomaxillary sinuses (EMSs) that into the superior nasal meatus. Few previous studies found EMSs in 0.68% to 16.48% of cases. An EMS differs from a Haller's infraorbital cell nearing the ethmoidal infundibulum. A posterior ethmoid air cell intercalated between the ethmoid, MS and sphenoidal sinus is a Sieur's cell, but it could also be regarded as an EMS. An EMS should be discriminated from a maxillary recess of the sphenoidal sinus. An EMS could determine Onodi's maxillary bulla into the MS. The false duplicate MS described by Zuckerkandl consists of a MS draining into the middle nasal meatus adjoined by an EMS draining into the superior nasal meatus. These are separated by the ethmomaxillary septum. The latter may be confused with an intrasinus septum of the MS if the drainage pathways are not adequately documented. Therefore, a case-by-case anatomic identification of the pneumatic spaces nearing the MS should be performed before surgical endoscopic approaches of the nose and sinuses.

Techniques for subretinal injections in animals.

Subretinal injections are not commonly performed during clinical treatment of animals but are frequently used in laboratory animal models to assess therapeutic efficacy and safety of gene and cell therapy products. Veterinary ophthalmologists are often employed to perform the injections in the laboratory animal setting, due to knowledge of comparative ocular anatomy between species and familiarity with operating on non-human eyes. Understanding the different approaches used for subretinal injection in each species and potential complications that may be encountered is vital to achieving successful and reproducible results. This manuscript provides a summary of different approaches to subretinal injections in the most common animal model species, along with information from published literature and experience of the authors to educate novice or experienced surgeons tasked with performing these injections for the first time.

Aortic Arch:Embryology and Remodeling

A right aortic arch and aberrant subclavian artery result from an interruption in the remodeling of the pharyngeal arch arteries. We occasionally encounter this anatomical variation during angiography. Patients with disorders such as Down syndrome and congenital heart disease show a high incidence of an aberrant right subclavian artery, and this anomaly can cause symptomatic esophageal or tracheal compression. The root of the aberrant artery may show dilatation(referred to as a Kommerell diverticulum), dissection, intramural hematoma, or rupture necessitating cardiac intervention using a surgical or endovascular approach. Neurointerventionalists should have working knowledge of the anatomy to rapidly understand the anatomy and ensure a safe procedure. A left transradial approach should be considered if prior knowledge of the aberrant subclavian anatomy is available.

Adaptive Fusion of Deep Learning With Statistical Anatomical Knowledge for Robust Patella Segmentation From CT Images.

Kneeosteoarthritis (KOA), as a leading joint disease, can be decided by examining the shapes of patella to spot potential abnormal variations. To assist doctors in the diagnosis of KOA, a robust automatic patella segmentation method is highly demanded in clinical practice. Deep learning methods, especially convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been widely applied to medical image segmentation in recent years. Nevertheless, poor image quality and limited data still impose challenges to segmentation via CNNs. On the other hand, statistical shape models (SSMs) can generate shape priors which give anatomically reliable segmentation to varying instances. Thus, in this work, we propose an adaptive fusion framework, explicitly combining deep neural networks and anatomical knowledge from SSM for robust patella segmentation. Our adaptive fusion framework will accordingly adjust the weight of segmentation candidates in fusion based on their segmentation performance. We also propose a voxel-wise refinement strategy to make the segmentation of CNNs more anatomically correct. Extensive experiments and thorough assessment have been conducted on various mainstream CNN backbones for patella segmentation in low-data regimes, which demonstrate that our framework can be flexibly attached to a CNN model, significantly improving its performance when labeled training data are limited and input image data are of poor quality.

Revisiting the microsurgical anatomy of the sagittal stratum and surgical implications: fiber microdissection and tractography study.

The term "sagittal stratum" was coined by Heinrich Sachs in 1892 to define a parasagittally oriented white matter layer at the temporo-occipital cortex. Although this term has been widely used for more than 100 years, the description, classification, borders, and involved fibers of the structure vary among authors and remain imprecise. Through fiber microdissection and tractography, the authors aimed to define the sagittal stratum and resolve the uncertainty by revealing the relationship of this structure to other cerebral white matter pathways and the orientation of fibers in it. Twenty postmortem human cerebral hemispheres were prepared according to Klingler's method. Fiber dissections were performed under a surgical microscope and with microsurgical techniques. The results of dissection at each step were photographed with 2D and 3D imaging techniques, and 3D photogrammetry techniques were used to create a 360° model. Diffusion tensor imaging and 7T high-resolution MRI were used to confirm the findings. This study revisited the 3D organization of white matter tracts in the sagittal stratum through fiber microdissection and tractography. The microneuroanatomical structure of the sagittal stratum and its special organization with fibers from all three fiber systems are demonstrated. The authors' findings revealed that the sagittal stratum has two layers consisting of four different fiber tracts. Its external layer consists of a long association fiber and a commissural fiber, while its internal layer consists of intertwined projection fibers, including temporo-parieto-occipitopontine fibers and the posterior thalamic peduncle. Detailed microdissection also showed the location of the posterior thalamic peduncle in the most medial site of all posterior hemispheric projection fibers. The structure of the sagittal stratum is distinctive in that it contains all three main fiber systems: association, commissural, and projection. Because of its expansive location in the temporal and occipital lobes, it can be damaged by most neurosurgical pathologies and procedures. The authors emphasize the significance of preserving the sagittal stratum during surgical interventions while also challenging the notion of a "silent" brain, suggesting that the current inability to fully comprehend cerebral function contributes to this misconception. Detailed knowledge of the complex white matter anatomy of the sagittal stratum can guide neurosurgeons in surgical planning and the selection of appropriate surgical approaches with intraoperative orientation for safe surgery and less comorbidity.

Normal Anatomy and Variants of the Anterior Cerebral and Anterior Communicating Arteries

The anterior cerebral artery(ACA)and anterior communicating artery(AcomA), two important arteries of the cerebral hemisphere, are involved in various disorders, including aneurysms, steno-occlusive diseases, and arteriovenous shunts, among other such conditions. Additionally, these vessels contain normal variants associated with their embryology and development. The ACA particularly shows characteristic variants such as a persistent primitive olfactory artery and an infraoptic course, among other such variations, which is attributable to the fact that it is embryologically older than the middle and posterior cerebral arteries. Aneurysm formation is associated with these variants. Therefore, knowledge of the normal anatomy and variants is important for diagnosis and treatment of conditions involving these arteries. In this article, we describe the normal anatomy and variants of the ACA and AcomA, focused on their embryological development.

Adrenal Vein Sampling: Tips and Tricks.

Adrenal vein sampling (AVS) is the standard method for distinguishing unilateral from bilateral sources of autonomous aldosterone production in patients with primary aldosteronism. This procedure has been performed at limited specialized centers due to its technical complexity. With recent advances in imaging technology and knowledge of adrenal vein anatomy in parallel with the development of adjunctive techniques, AVS has become easier to perform, even at nonspecialized centers. Although rare, anatomic variants of the adrenal veins can cause sampling failure or misinterpretation of the sampling results. The inferior accessory hepatic vein and the inferior emissary vein are useful anatomic landmarks for right adrenal vein cannulation, which is the most difficult and crucial step in AVS. Meticulous assessment of adrenal vein anatomy on multidetector CT images and the use of a catheter suitable for the anatomy are crucial for adrenal vein cannulation. Adjunctive techniques such as intraprocedural cortisol assay, cone-beam CT, and coaxial guidewire-catheter techniques are useful tools to confirm right adrenal vein cannulation or to troubleshoot difficult blood sampling. Interventional radiologists should be involved in interpreting the sampling results because technical factors may affect the results. In rare instances, bilateral adrenal suppression, in which aldosterone-to-cortisol ratios of both adrenal glands are lower than that of the inferior vena cava, can be encountered. Repeat sampling may be necessary in this situation. Collaboration with endocrinology and laboratory medicine services is of great importance to optimize the quality of the samples and for smooth and successful operation. ©RSNA, 2024 Test Your Knowledge questions for this article are available in the supplemental material.

Interactive maps of nerve-organ anatomy and function on the SPARC Portal

The integrated maps viewer of the SPARC Portal ( https://sparc.science ) provides interactive, modular, and continually-updated visualizations of nerve-organ anatomy and function. SPARC data and knowledge is registered onto two-dimensional flatmaps, and three-dimensional anatomical organ and whole-body scaffolds. Flatmaps are zoomable maps built from a range of sources and portray anatomy and nerve knowledge of a given species, and scaffold maps are geometric models able to represent the spatial distribution of connectivity knowledge, observed data, and computational models. These maps, and their annotations, are published as SPARC datasets and they are available for public viewing using the map viewers on the SPARC Portal ( https://sparc.science/maps ).The map viewers provide visual interfaces for exploring data and tools in the context of knowledge about neural connectivity. Visualization on the viewer can be customized using different settings. Search can be conducted on both the flatmap and scaffold maps to find and highlight specific features. Data and literature sources and other relevant information of a network and connectivity can be explored comprehensively based on standardized annotations. Multiple maps can be visualized simultaneously using a split-pane display system. Users are able to dynamically create permalinks to specific views, allowing knowledge and corresponding visualization to be shared and cited. Development of the map viewers are on-going and new features continue to be deployed to the SPARC Portal. Subject-specific vagus nerve exploration on the flatmaps and whole-body scaffolds is a key feature planned to be available later this year. This work is supported by the NIH SPARC program under award number OT3OD025347. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Interdisciplinary Management of Skull Base Tumors.

Endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery has gained acceptance worldwide. Comparative analysis has demonstrated that endoscopic skull base surgery may have advantages for many pathologies of the anterior skull base, e. g., sinonasal malignant tumors; pathologies of the central skull base, e. g., pituitary adenomas, craniopharyngiomas; well-selected cases of planum sphenoidale and tuberculum sellae meningiomas; or for clival lesions, e. g., chordomas, chondrosarcomas, or selected meningiomas. Over the past three decades, interdisciplinary surgical teams, consisting of otolaryngologists and neurosurgeons, have provided detailed anatomical knowledge, suggested new approaches or modifications of established surgical techniques, and offered continued surgical education. A review of pertinent literature was conducted with an emphasis on interdisciplinary endoscopic surgery of skull base lesions. Based on the authors̓ surgical experience in two different interdisciplinary endoscopic skull base centers, the authors classify approaches for endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery, describe indications, and key anatomic landmarks for common pathologies, and highlight surgical techniques to avoid complications. Interdisciplinary endonasal endoscopic surgery combines surgical expertise, improves resection rates for many pathologies, and minimizes morbidity by reducing the incidence of surgical complications.

Internal Carotid Artery:Development and Anomalies

This chapter outlines the cerebrovascular developmental anatomy with emphasis on the internal carotid artery(ICA), which is important for optimal endovascular treatment of cerebrovascular system disorders. Gene expression, neural crest cells, and pharyngeal arches play key roles in the embryonic development of the carotid arteries. Evolutionary inheritance in vertebrates contributes to the formation, regression, and segmental structure of these arteries. We present examples of current mutations with regard to their segmental nature; ICA mutations are discussed primarily with regard to their developmental origin from the first to third pharyngeal arches and the role of the ductus caroticus. This comprehensive review highlights the importance of understanding the developmental and anatomical nuances of the ICA to aid with accurate diagnosis and management of vascular anomalies in the clinical setting. We have focused on the complexity associated with ICA mutations, particularly those associated with the third pharyngeal arch and the need for a solid foundation of developmental and anatomical knowledge to accurately identify and interpret their significance in the adult phenotype.

DART: DEFORMABLE ANATOMY-AWARE REGISTRATION TOOLKIT FOR LUNG CT REGISTRATION WITH KEYPOINTS SUPERVISION.

Spatially aligning two computed tomography (CT) scans of the lung using automated image registration techniques is a challenging task due to the deformable nature of the lung. However, existing deep-learning-based lung CT registration models are not trained with explicit anatomical knowledge. We propose the deformable anatomy-aware registration toolkit (DART), a masked autoencoder (MAE)-based approach, to improve the keypoint-supervised registration of lung CTs. Our method incorporates features from multiple decoders of networks trained to segment anatomical structures, including the lung, ribs, vertebrae, lobes, vessels, and airways, to ensure that the MAE learns relevant features corresponding to the anatomy of the lung. The pretrained weights of the transformer encoder and patch embeddings are then used as the initialization for the training of downstream registration. We compare DART to existing state-of-the-art registration models. Our experiments show that DART outperforms the baseline models (Voxelmorph, ViT-V-Net, and MAE-TransRNet) in terms of target registration error of both corrField-generated keypoints with 17%, 13%, and 9% relative improvement, respectively, and bounding box centers of nodules with 27%, 10%, and 4% relative improvement, respectively. Our implementation is available at https://github.com/yunzhengzhu/DART.

Physiological Knowledge Loss in Fourth-Year Nursing Students

There is a growing concern that nursing students struggle to retain adequate physiological knowledge throughout their program to meet their entry to practice competencies. However, how much and what knowledge is lost and when this occurs over a four-year undergraduate Bachelor of Science in Nursing program remains to be evaluated. Moreover, physiological knowledge retention has not been studied as extensively as anatomical knowledge retention in health care disciplines, including nursing programs (Narnaware, Y., 2021). Most of these studies are conducted after graduation (Aari et al., 2004) or focused on very limited systems (Pourshanazari et al., 2013). The present study aims to evaluate the level of physiological knowledge loss by nursing students in the fourth year between completing their physiology course in first-year nursing and fourth-year Critical Care nursing course . To evaluate physiological knowledge loss in the fourth year, nursing students were quizzed on ten organ systems using the online quizzing platform- Kahoot. Approximately nine to eleven knowledge and comprehension-level multiple-choice questions were delivered via kahoot. Then, these scores were compared to first-year quiz scores on the same content to determine overall knowledge loss over three years. Using SPSS II, the data was analyzed, and means were compared using 2-sample t-tests. The scores are described for each organ system by reporting the mean and standard deviation (±SD) with statistical significance set at P < 0.05 for all tests. The mean score of questions from all organ systems in year one was 62.89 ± 10.49 (±SD). Comparing that score to matched test items evaluated in the Critical Care course, there is a decrease in the overall mean score from 62.89 ± 10.49 (±SD) to 47.69 ± 8.23 (±SD). This equates to a 15.2% knowledge loss or 84.8% retention rate within three years. Organ-specific knowledge loss was highest for fluid and electrolytes (30.7%), hormones (28.6%), defences (22.5%), and reproductive physiology (22.5%), followed by renal physiology (19.7%). Knowledge loss was comparatively lower for blood (15.9%), inflammation (11.2%), vascular (7.5%) and respiratory physiology (4.7%). However, this loss was lowest for digestive physiology (-3.7%). The results of this study demonstrate a lower level of knowledge loss overall, with variations in loss being system-specific. The level of knowledge loss in the present study was significantly lower than previously reported in medical and allied health students (Pourshanazari et al., 2013) and lowest than anatomical knowledge retention levels in the same population (Narnaware and Neumeier, 2021). However, compared to the third year, knowledge loss in the fourth year is not significantly different (Narnaware et al., 2021). Applied for Teaching Physiology Section- Travel Fellowship Award. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Morphometric Study of Lumbar Vertebral Pedicles by Using Computed Tomography among Adults in Kano, Nigeria

Abstract Context: Precise anatomical knowledge of lumbar pedicle dimensions is necessary to make a clinical diagnosis of lower back pain, and any structural deviation of the pedicles may result in interference with the weight transmission mechanism and compression of neural structures. Aim: To evaluate the morphometric dimensions of lumbar vertebral pedicles among normal adults in Kano by using computerized tomography scan images. Materials and Method: This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study that was conducted in the radiology department of Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH). This study was conducted over 1 year and included 110 adults aged 18–75 years involving both sexes in Kano, using their CT scan images from L1 to L5, following IRB ethics approval. Each vertebral pedicle was measured in transverse and sagittal planes. The measurements included the pedicle width (PW), sagittal pedicle height (SPH), and the pedicle chord length (PCL) of individual pedicles. The mean and standard deviations for each measurement parameter were determined, and parametric correlation tests were performed to determine the relationships between age, sex, and ethnicity. Statistical Analysis Used: Data analysis was performed using the statistical software package IBM SPSS Statistics version-23 for Windows. The significance level was considered at P < 0.05. Results: Mean PW size increased craniocaudally along the lumbar spine from L1 (7.49 ± 1.52 mm) to L5 (14.31 ± 1.93 mm). A gradual decrease in mean SPH sizes from L1 (14.53 ± 1.32 mm) to L5 (11.73 ± 1.38 mm) was noted, while mean PCL showed an irregular “U” pattern, with the smallest size at L4 (44.63 ± 3.42 mm) and highest at L2 (46.80 ± 3.85 mm). All measured dimensions were significantly higher in the right pedicles and among male subjects (P < 0.05). Age and ethnicity did not consistently affect pedicle dimensions (P > 0.05). Conclusion: This study observed right pedicle dimensions and male subjects as having significantly larger pedicle diameters, with age and ethnicity not having a significant effect on pedicle sizes across all vertebral levels.

Segmentation and Volumetric Analysis of Heart from Cardiac CT Images.

Cardiac CT is a valuable diagnostic tool in evaluating cardiovascular diseases. Accurate segmentation of the heart and its structures from cardiac CT and MRI images is essential for diagnosing functional abnormalities, treatment plans and cardiovascular diseases management. Accurate segmentation and quantitative assessments are still a challenge. Manual delineation of the heart from the scan images is labour-intensive, time-consuming, and error prone as it depends on the radiologist's experience. Thus, automated techniques are highly desirable as they can significantly improve the efficiency and accuracy of image analysis. This work addresses the above problems. A new, image-driven, fast, and fully automatic segmentation method was developed to segment the heart from CT images using a processing pipeline of adaptive median filter, multi-level thresholding, active contours, mathematical morphology, and the knowledge of human anatomy to delineate the regions of interest. The algorithm proposed is simple to implement and validate and requires no human intervention. The method is tested on the 'Image CHD' DICOM images (multi-centre, clinically approved single-phase de-identified images), and the results obtained were validated against the ground truths provided with the dataset. The results show an average Dice score, Jaccard score, and Hausdorff distance of 0.866, 0.776, and 33.29mm, respectively, for the segmentation of the heart's chambers, aorta, and blood vessels. The results and the ground truths were compared using Bland-Altmon plots. The heart was correctly segmented from the CT images using the proposed method. Further this segmentation technique can be used to develop AI based solutions for segmentation.

ENDODONTIC MANAGEMENT OF RADIX ENTOMOLARIS - A CASE REPORT

A successful endodontic treatment is the outcome of a comprehensive knowledge of the root canal anatomy. An understanding and awareness of the possibility and occurrence of unusual anatomy is vital to an effectivetreatment.Sometimes mandibular molars may have an additional root located lingually (radix entomolaris) or buccally (radix paramolaris). This case report is of successful endodontic managementof a mandibular molar characterized as radix entomolaris.

Necessity of Anatomy Education for Dental School Students Utilizing 3D and Virtual Reality Technologies: A Narrative Review

Members of dental academia are eager to embrace innovative tools for anatomy education. The proliferation of technological resources has facilitated the integration of virtual systems into dental and medical education. This is considered paramount for communicating the anatomical knowledge essential for safe and competent medical practice. Among these tools, three-dimensional (3D) anatomy models, virtual reality (VR) simulations, and haptic technologies are pivotal for educating students and training healthcare professionals. This narrative review discusses these topics based on published outcomes from the past decade, emphasizing their potential in anatomical learning and clinical practice, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. Substantial interest and positive impacts have been reported by educators and students regarding the utilization of 3D VR. 3D VR enables precise and high-resolution representations of organ structure, vascular formation, and nerve distribution. It enriches anatomical, clinical, and radiological learning and familiarizes individuals with the anatomical and radiological features of real patients. Furthermore, 3D VR ensures the continuity of anatomical and surgical training through online platforms, making the strategic deployment of these devices especially pertinent during quarantine. Therefore, dental education and clinical applications using 3D VR, augmented reality, and haptic technology are expected to become an unstoppable trend.

Contribution of CT scan to patient's radiation exposure in parathyroid SPECT/CT scintigraphy

IntroductionDual phase technetium-99mTc-methoxy isobutyl isonitrile (MIBI) single-photon emission computed tomography with computed tomography (SPECT/CT) may be the most accurate conventional imaging approach for localization of enlarged parathyroid gland (EPG). The imaging is based on the radiopharmaceutical (RP) retention in EPG compared to washout from normal thyroid and normal parathyroid glands. This study aimed to estimate and optimize the contribution of computed tomography (CT) scan and scan range to effective dose (ED) in dual-phase MIBI SPECT/CT parathyroid scintigraphy. MethodsThe study included seventy-four patients; thirty-seven with reduced and thirty-seven with extended CT scan range. The ED caused by the CT scan was calculated using Dose Length Product (DLP) data and estimated using the Imaging Performance Assessment of CT scanners (ImPACT) calculator. ResultsFor all patients, the contribution of CT to the ED in a combined SPECT/CT examination was 2.62 ± 0.29 mSv (48%). The contribution of CT to the total ED was 1.8 ± 0.18 mSv (33%) when using reduced and 3.44 ± 0.23 mSv (64%) when using extended scan range. The DLP and ED were statistically significantly different between the reduced and extended CT scan range (p < 0.001) in the first and second phases. The individual organ dose was reduced from 8% to 94%. ConclusionThe hybrid SPECT/CT improves the interpretation of nuclear medicine images and also increases the radiation dose to the patient. An adequately defined CT scan range on SPECT/CT imaging, can significantly reduce a patient's ED. Implications for practiceThe research findings showed that knowledge of anatomy, pathology and technology can provide optimising diagnostic procedures and reduce patient ED after SPECT/CT scans.

Use of Fluorescence Imaging in Liver Transplant Surgery.

Liver transplant surgery is a complex procedure that demands high knowledge of surgical anatomy and the precise recognition and preservation of structures. To address this, the use of fluorescence imaging has facilitated the identification of anatomical structures such as biliary ducts, arteries, and liver segmentation. Indocyanine green is among the most commonly utilized fluorescent agents, not just during surgery but also in the pre- and postoperative phases, where it is used to assess graft failure by measuring the plasma disappearance rate. New advancements such as artificial intelligence paired with fluorescence imaging have the potential to enhance patient outcomes. Additionally, technologies such as augmented reality and mixed reality could be integrated into surgical procedures, broadening the scope of possibilities for improving patient safety.