Kinship Research Articles

Describing the food choices of Aboriginal children attending an afterschool cultural program from two different knowledge systems: The importance of Country, community, and kinship.

This study describes a program co-created with Aboriginal communities to strengthen cultural ties with the children. Food data are reported from two knowledge systems (lenses): Western and Aboriginal relational, focused on Country, community, and kinship. A cultural program was undertaken with primary school children of Aboriginal heritage, on Yuin nation, over 10 weeks including culturally appropriate practices (painting, bushtucker, and dance). We report mixed method food outcomes framed by Western (quantitative) 24-h recall and Aboriginal relational methods (qualitative) captured by cultural images, yarning and continuous consultation methods to expose lessons from community and Country, to extend kinship. In total, 111 children (79 providing food data) across three regional communities commenced the program. A storying approach to food data collection and interpretation was preferred. The number of serves of seafood products, such as fish increased, vegetable consumption improved, intakes of dairy improved in quality and energy intakes from discretionary foods decreased across the programs. Qualitative data exposed six themes: Eating with family, competing agendas, food as medicine, applying cultural practices, food choices driven by 'post-invasion tradition' and community events, which deepened our understanding of the food data. Teaching the importance of the ocean and water saw participants engage with family in practices such as fishing to improve overall awareness of culture through food. The kinship system in a cultural context supported positive shifts towards accessible food choices driven by messages from Country. While the changes cannot be isolated to the program, cultural immersion drove change and strength-based reporting.

The experiences of familial mental illness stigma among individuals living with mental illnesses.

Persons with mental illnesses may experience stigma from their immediate family members in addition to other forms of stigma. Using semi-structured interviews, we investigated experiences of familial mental illness stigma among 15 people diagnosed with mental illnesses in a mid-sized city in Canada. We identified five themes that speak to participants' experiences of familial mental illness stigma and ways to reduce it. The themes include the following: diagnosis as a 'double-edged sword,' potential familial isolation, familial stigma as societal stigma localized, stories of acceptance, and confronting potential familial mental illness stigma. Participants' narratives indicate that familial mental illness stigma is rooted in the broader social or public stigma, which sees its way into familial relations as well. This stigma takes various forms, including relationship bias or unfair treatment, breakdown in romantic relationships, loss of status, verbal and emotional abuse, exclusion from decision-making, and alienation within their immediate and extended families. Familial mental illness stigma experiences negatively impact participant's psychological well-being and personal empowerment. However, participants also shared ways that family members create supportive environments or actively confront or prevent stigma. Overall, this study has contributed to knowledge on mental illness stigma, particularly familial mental illness stigma from the perspective of participants living with a mental illness in a high-income country. Suggestions for future research include a focus on strategies to prevent ongoing familial mental illness stigma and large-scale studies to explore familial mental illness stigma to understand why families might perpetrate stigma.

The mutation process on the ancestral line under selection

We consider the Moran model of population genetics with two types, mutation, and selection, and investigate the line of descent of a randomly-sampled individual from a contemporary population. We trace this ancestral line back into the distant past, far beyond the most recent common ancestor of the population (thus connecting population genetics to phylogeny), and analyse the mutation process along this line.To this end, we use the pruned lookdown ancestral selection graph (Lenz et al., 2015), which consists of a set of potential ancestors of the sampled individual at any given time. Relative to the neutral case (that is, without selection), we obtain a general bias towards the beneficial type, an increase in the beneficial mutation rate, and a decrease in the deleterious mutation rate. This sheds new light on previous analytical results. We discuss our findings in the light of a well-known observation at the interface of phylogeny and population genetics, namely, the difference in the mutation rates (or, more precisely, mutation fluxes) estimated via phylogenetic methods relative to those observed in pedigree studies.

Non-coresident family as a driver of migration change in a crisis: the case of the COVID-19 pandemic

Changes in U.S. migration during the COVID-19 pandemic show that many moved to less populated cities from larger cities, deviating from previous trends. In this study, building on prior work in the literature showing that the abundance of family ties is inversely related to population size, we analyze these migration changes with a focus on the crucial, yet overlooked factor of extended family. Employing two large-scale data sets, census microdata and mobile phone GPS relocation data, we show a collection of empirical results that paints a picture of migration change affected by kin. Namely, we find that people migrated closer to family at higher rates after the COVID-19 pandemic started. Moreover, even controlling for factors such as population density and cost of living, we find that changes in net in-migration tended to be larger and positive in cities with larger proportions of people who can be parents to adult children (our proxy for parental family availability, which is also inversely related to population size). Our study advances the demography-disaster nexus and amplifies ongoing literature highlighting the role of broader kinship systems in large-scale socioeconomic phenomena.

Region-Specific Genetic Diversity of Black Rats (Rattus rattus Complex) in Southeast and East Asia Shaped by Rapid Population Expansion Events.

Among the six mitochondrial DNA lineages of the black rat (Rattus rattus Complex; RrC), lineages II and IV are widespread in Southeast and East Asia. This study explored their demographic history using 17 new sequences from the Miyako Islands in the Ryukyu archipelago, together with 178 publicly available cytochrome b sequences. We defined six and two haplotype groups showing rapid population expansion signals in Lineages II and IV, respectively. The six haplotype groups of Lineage II were represented by haplotypes from 1) Myanmar/Bangladesh/Northeast India, 2) Laos, 3) Thailand, 4) Indonesia/Philippines, 5) Vietnam/southern China, and 6) the Ryukyu archipelago. These expansion times were estimated using time-dependent evolutionary rates to be 115,300 years ago (ya), 128,500 ya, 9600 ya, 10,600 ya, 7200 ya, and 1400 ya, respectively, although all had large confidence intervals. The two groups of Lineage IV were recovered from the mainland and islands of Southeast Asia with predicted expansion times of 197,000 ya and 5800 ya, respectively. These results suggest that climatic fluctuations during the last 200,000 years of the Quaternary, affected the population dynamics in subtropical areas at different times. Furthermore, the results of the younger rapid expansion events of RrC suggest the possibility of agricultural advancement and dispersal of Neolithic farmers to different areas within the mainland and islands of Southeast Asia during the Holocene. A subset of rats from the Miyako Islands were found to have the same lineage IV haplotypes as those in Southeast Asia, suggesting a recent introduction of these new lineages.

Politik Dinasti di Negara Demokrasi

Dynastic politic is the biggest challangein building a valuable democracy in a government order. Which the dynastic politic can be seen from the occurrence of a power held by family and kinship group. This phenomenon can be a material for common thoughts, especially the elites and stakeholders by putting forward alternative solution that refer to the rules. In the persvective of democracy, general election and local election are one of the answer that will be able to give birth to people’s desire to get qualified candidates for leaders. The dynasty’s political strategy was used as a tool to secure power by placing family or relative in certain posts in the formal (government) or informal (projects or business) fields. If this continues, the dynastic politic will develop rapidly and the pros contras will emerge in the midst of implementing a government based on Pancasila democracy. this study aims to determine the influence of political dynasties on the development of Pancasila in Indonesia.

Understanding Traditional Malay Communities In Riau Using The Levi-Strauss Framework Of Structuralism

Riau is one of the provinces in the middle of the island of Sumatra. Geographically, Riau's land stretches from the slopes of Bukit Barisan to the coast of the Strait of Malacca. Many traditional Malay settlements are found along the Kampar River, Rokan River, Kampar River, and Indragiri River. Malays are very dominant in Riau Province, but there are also various other ethnic tribes such as Chinese, Banjar, and others. This study will examine the typology of Malay settlements in Riau Province. Typology is the study of types, that is, the attempt to conduct a review of types based on certain criteria. In this case, the framework of Levi-Strauss structuralism is the basis for a review of typology. Levi-Strauss believes that structuralism based on structural studies developed in culture, such as myths, beliefs, language, and symbols can be used as a reference for understanding a society including in the study of traditional settlements. This study uses literature research methods. The stages of the literature review are determining research topics, collecting information and data through various materials and scientific papers, discussion, and writing. Learn from various information about Malay settlements in Riau Province such as the Koto Sentajo settlement, Akit Tribe settlement, Kampung Dalam settlement, Siak Hulu settlement, and Rokan Hulu Defense Village settlement. Culture played an important role in the formation of these traditional Malay settlements. Each Malay settlement formed its distinctive features based on the cultural structure that was developed and adopted. Different cultural elements such as Malay dialects, social strata structures, customary institutions, rituals, inheritance, and kinship systems affect different typologies of traditional Malay settlements.

Trans family systems framework: Theorizing families' gender investments and divestments in cisnormativity

AbstractObjectiveThis article calls on family scholars to take seriously how families are invested and divested in maintaining and reproducing cisnormativity.BackgroundFamilies can be a prime institution for the reproduction of cisnormativity. For transgender and nonbinary family members, families' investment in cisnormativity can generate ambiguous and toxic familial relations. Yet, family studies have not developed an adequate framework to examine how and why cisnormativity operates within families.MethodThe authors engage with empirical and theoretical work on gender, intersectionality, and families to examine how cisnormativity operates within family dynamics and processes. This article also focuses on work about trans people and families to capture how cisnormative processes within families affect trans people's familial relations.ResultsThe authors advance a trans family systems framework to show how families' cisgender investments and divestments shape familial processes. The concept of cisnormative compliance is introduced to capture the beliefs and practices of obedience established by family members for the purpose of reproducing cisnormativity. Family studies can move forward in studying these cisnormative processes through documenting how gender accountability shapes family dynamics, implementing new methods, furthering an intersectional analysis, and exploring complexities of space and place.ConclusionTo reimagine gender and families, family scholars need to study and foreground how cisnormativity shapes family dynamics and processes.

Social Embeddedness, Power Balance, and Local Governance in China

Why are informal institutions beneficial to local governance in some context but harmful in others? This research argues that local governance outcomes are jointly determined by social embeddedness – the extent to which local community leaders connect with their community members through informal ties, and power balance – the extent to which political power is balanced among local ruling elites to prevent it being captured by informal groups. We test our theory by investigating how informal lineage groups interact with formal political power to influence village governance in China. Using a four-round survey (2005–2016) in rural China, we find that village political leaders whose power is oligopolistically shared by two large clans distributed higher land-taking compensation to land-dispossessed households, while village leaders whose power is monopolized by one large clan paid less. This is because socially embedded village officials from the monopolized ruling clan are better able to fragment collective resistance, buy off aggrieved villagers, and collude with the state. The research reconciles the positive and negative perspectives of the role of informal institutions in local governance and highlights the effect of social embeddedness on local governance is conditional on the balance of power among local ruling elites.

Navigating trust: The clash of clan culture and conventional management

AbstractHow does a mismatch between management and cultural norms lead to decreased engagement and productivity? Within both Germanic and Mediterranean cultural spheres, trust dynamics mirror deeply ingrained kinship patterns, which evolve slowly over time. The inclination to trust within one's own kin group is notably stronger among Mediterranean populations compared to their Germanic counterparts. Even as these populations migrated to regions such as Latin America and the United States, the distinct trust patterns persist. Germanic managerial methodologies rely heavily on trust‐based behaviors inherent to Germanic cultures, which may not find resonance within the Mediterranean cultural context. Consequently, such managerial approaches often prove less effective within Mediterranean clusters. In contrast, management practices that prioritize kinship dynamics, commonly seen among Mediterranean peoples, foster an environment of trust, teamwork, and a sense of collective responsibility. This approach necessitates fewer bureaucratic controls and cultivates heightened levels of engagement and performance in the workplace. These assertions draw from a synthesis of historical accounts, business literature, anthropological studies, as well as empirical evidence from sources such as the World Values Survey Wave 6 data and field research conducted over a 2‐year period within a Brazilian samba school setting.

The Kinship System Relationship in Traditional Architecture in the Village Prapau Semende South Sumatra

Arsitektur tradisional adalah hasil dari warisan budaya yang timbul dari kehidupan masyarakat tradisional, mencakup seni dan ilmu rancang bangun. Sebagaimana arsitektur tradisional di banyak daerah Nusantara lainnya, bangunan arsitektur tradisional di Semende menjadi bagian dari warisan budaya yang memiliki perbedaan dalam hal fungsi, ornamen, dan bentuknya, sering disebut sebagai Rumah Baghi. Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, masyarakat adat Semende telah membentuk hukum kewarisan yang kuat, yang tidak terlepas dari pengaruh sistem kekerabatan yang mereka anut dalam budaya mereka. Uniknya, dalam konteks ini, perhatian khusus diberikan pada kedudukan anak perempuan tertua sebagai prinsip dalam konsepsi adat yang dikenal sebagai Tunggu Tubang. Sistem kekerabatan ini membedakan mereka dari budaya lain dan memberikan ciri khas yang unik dalam hubungannya dengan arsitektur tradisional Semende. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji bagaimana sistem kekerabatan Tunggu Tubang memengaruhi wujud fisik arsitektur tradisional Semende. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif deskriptif dengan pengumpulan data melalui observasi lapangan, wawancara, dan studi literatur terkait. Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa dalam masyarakat adat Semende, sistem kekerabatan Tunggu Tubang tercermin secara jelas dalam arsitektur, yakni tata letak ruang dalam Rumah Baghi mencerminkan struktur sosial dan hierarki, ornamen eksterior menggambarkan simbolisme karakter perempuan dan sistem kekerabatan matrilineal, serta arsitektur tradisional mencerminkan prinsip-prinsip kewarisan matrilineal yang kuat.

Support System of Transnational Families in Guinzadan Bauo Mountain Province Philippines

This qualitative-descriptive research focusing on transnational families was conducted in Guinzadan, Bauko Mountain Province. Anchored on the Functionalist sociological theory and concepts on conflict theories, this study aims to describe the practices of the selected transnational families to establish what led to the new care regime in the structure of transnational family. Thus, this study looked into the conditions caused the moving out of the parent/s; the existing situations of transnational families; and the support system of these transnational families. Having identified the issues of transnational families, the researcher proposed a program to address the issues in the transnational families in this study. The findings show that the rise of transnational families in which the husbands or wives need to work in other countries modifies the structure of the family: households become fatherless or motherless while the grandparents, aunties, and uncles become the guardian or the head of the households. The condition of the households being left motherless or fatherless affirms the pervasiveness of transnational families, which in turn resulted in the new care roles, new parenting styles, and new support systems in the family structure. It is however interesting to note the patriarchal ideology as one of the enduring issues that run throughout the narratives of the informant; the kinship system as a push and pull factor of transnational families that strengthen their motivation to work abroad; and the functionalist theory that was manifested in the case of support system of these transnational families in maintaining the stability of the family as a primary institution. Consequently, an enrichment program for the community is needed to address the issues of transnational families, especially on the welfare of the children and the entire family.

Magma Evolution During Main‐Phase Continental Flood Basalt Volcanism: A Case for Recharge‐Evacuation‐Assimilation‐Fractional Crystallization in the Ethiopian Low‐Ti Province

AbstractLavas erupted in Continental Flood Basalt (CFB) provinces are not primary magmas; they are differentiated products that result from large volumes of melt migrating and stalling in the lithosphere prior to eruption, resulting in complex liquid lines of descent. Geochemical models can be used to constrain the various influencers of magma differentiation (recharge, assimilation, fractional crystallization (FC), eruption, and mixing). Temporal constraints for changes in plumbing system dynamics are recorded in the petrography and stratigraphy of the erupted lava flows. This study focuses on the flow‐stratigraphy preserved within the Oligocene Ethiopian low‐Ti flood basalt province, located on the NW Ethiopian Plateau. We present new bulk rock geochemistry from 107 lavas and interpret these data within a petrostratigraphic framework. Our model results suggest that both a deep (∼0.6 GPa) and shallow (<0.2 GPa) magmatic system are active throughout the main phase of volcanism. Our recharge evacuation assimilation and fractional crystallization models (REAFC) show that during the main phase of magmatism evacuation from both the deep (65%) and shallow (55%) systems reached an apex. During the terminal phases, magma evacuation from the deeper system ceases while evacuation from the shallow system is much reduced (25%). The degree of crustal contamination predicted by REAFC (4%–10%) is lower than previous estimates determined for this region using assimilation with FC only models (12%–25%). Our study highlights the importance of evaluating petrography while interpreting geochemical models in CFB.

Kaum dan Nagari: Eksistensi Kaum dalam Pembangunan di Nagari Pasia Laweh Kecamatan Palupuah Kabupaten Agam

Kaum is one of three forms of kinship groups in Minangkabau society. Kaum is a collection of several paruik, and suku is a collection of several kaum and nagari consists of at least four suku. The existence of paruik, kaum and suku in the lives of nagari people is still felt to this day. The existence of this group is still felt in Nagari Pasia Laweh, including in development activities. This research will look further at the existence of groups in development in Nagari Pasia Laweh, Palupuah District, Agam Regency. The research method used is qualitative with descriptive analysis. Data collection techniques use interviews and documentation. The results of the research show that the people of Nagari Pasia Laweh still live in groups called tribes. People are the most important element in development in Nagari Pasia Laweh, and every stage of development is carried out by people. sahino samalu motto makes all people want to be actively involved in development activities, in order to advance the nagari and meet the needs of the people.

Pemahaman Nilai-Nilai Dalihan Natolu Dalam Budaya Batak Toba dan Implementasinya Dalam Hidup Beriman Katolik

Dalihan Natolu is the basic philosophy of life for the Toba Batak tribe which is contained in three elements, namely respect, veneration and support. This unity cannot be separated from the life of the Toba Batak tribe. Dalihan Natolu's kinship system, namely somba marhula-hula (respect to uncle's family), manat mardongan tubu (being careful to siblings), and elek marboru (graciousness to our sisters), is a communal foundation that is closely related to each other. Each component in Dalihan Natolu is implemented according to their respective positions and roles. The values that exist in Dalihan Natolu have a correlation with the Catholic faith, namely theological virtues (faith, hope, and love) and cardinal virtues (prudence, justice, fortitude, and temperance).Theological and cardinal virtues are virtues that animate everyone to live Christian morals. Likewise, with the Dalihan Natolu values it can be understood that Christian morals are not just law implementation, but a response to God's call. Everyone's way and pattern of life must be adapted with the teachings of God. Thus, every person from any culture is able to reach the ultimate goal offered by God which is genuine happiness

Social reproduction in rural Chinese families: A three‐generation portrait

AbstractMuch of the existing debate on social reproduction focuses on capitalist social relations or is framed around the distinction between the Global North and Global South. Using China, whose unique post‐1949 developmental trajectory embraces both elements of socialism and capitalism, this article aims to breakdown the dichotomy between capitalism and other economic systems and instead draw attention to the ways in which households, the state and market are interdependent. Drawing upon an ethnography conducted in two rural villages and three‐generational life history data, this article explores how the organization of reproductive work evolved in rural families against the backdrop of wider political and economic transformations since 1949. Through an examination of the inter‐linkages between productive and reproductive activities across three generations, it reveals that unpaid reproductive work, performed unambiguously by women, has been central to China's economic modernization in both the Mao and Post‐Mao eras. The organization of this reproductive work among women inside the households of each generation since 1949 is influenced by a combination of factors including the patrilocal and patrilineal kinship system, the social welfare context and the economic processes of a particular era. While confirming existing scholarship on migration and agrarian change, by revealing the household as a site of gendered and intergenerational negotiation, this article disputes a linear generational power shift in agrarian transformations.

The Logic of Tong (Togetherness) or Why Guanxi Works in Chinese Societies?

Abstract This article provides an analysis of the cultural meaning of guanxi (關係) in Chinese societies, specifically in the context of a workplace situation in Taiwan. Guanxi is a concept based on Confucian ethics, which was originally a positive concept connoting human closeness, has transformed into a manipulative and instrumentally used variant called “guanxi-practice”(關係學). The article argues that an effective way to understand the cultural meaning of guanxi is to examine the Chinese kinship system, which shares similarities with interpersonal relationships in Chinese culture. The guiding principle of Chinese familial ethics, tong (同), refers to members sharing the same breath who are expected to offer emotional and financial support in times of need. The study analyses the exchange of guanxi-work among men in Taiwanese society to clarify the logic of guanxi operation. The study aims to contribute to the broader discussion on the cultural meaning of guanxi in Chinese societies, explaining why guanxi can empower and entitle participants to seek favors and benefit from one another.

The Roots of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics: What Are the Evolutionary and Neural Bases of Human Mathematics and Technology?

Introduction: Neural exaptations represent descent via transitions to novel neural functions. A primary transition in human cognitive and neural evolution was from a predominantly socially oriented primate brain to a brain that also instantiates and subserves science, technology, and engineering, all of which depend on mathematics. Upon what neural substrates and upon what evolved cognitive mechanisms did human capacities for science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), and especially its mathematical underpinnings, emerge? Previous theory focuses on roles for tools, language, and arithmetic in the cognitive origins of STEM, but none of these factors appears sufficient to support the transition. Methods: In this article, I describe and evaluate a novel hypothesis for the neural origins and substrates of STEM-based cognition: that they are based in human kinship systems and human maximizing of inclusive fitness. Results: The main evidence for this hypothesis is threefold. First, as demonstrated by anthropologists, human kinship systems exhibit complex mathematical and geometrical structures that function under sets of explicit rules, and such systems and rules pervade and organize all human cultures. Second, human kinship underlies the core algebraic mechanism of evolution, maximization of inclusive fitness, quantified as personal reproduction plus the sum of all effects on reproduction of others, each multiplied by their coefficient of relatedness to self. This is the only “natural” equation expected to be represented in the human brain. Third, functional imaging studies show that kinship-related cognition activates frontal-parietal regions that are also activated in STEM-related tasks. In turn, the decision-making that integrates kinship levels with costs and benefits from alternative behaviors has recently been shown to recruit the lateral septum, a hub region that combines internal (from the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and other regions) and external information relevant to social behavior, using a dedicated subsystem of neurons specific to kinship. Conclusions: Taken together, these lines of evidence suggest that kinship systems and kin-associated behaviors may represent exaptations for the origin of human STEM.

Kinship practices at the early bronze age site of Leubingen in Central Germany

With the beginning of the Early Bronze Age in Central Europe ~ 2200 BC, a regional and supra-regional hierarchical social organization emerged with few individuals in positions of power (chiefs), set apart by rich graves with extensive burial constructions. However, the social organization and stratification within the majority of people, who represent the non-elite, remain unclear. Here, we present genome-wide data of 46 individuals from the Early Bronze Age burial ground of Leubingen in today’s Germany, integrating archaeological, genetic and strontium isotope data to gain new insights into Early Bronze Age societies. We were able to reconstruct five pedigrees which constitute the members of close biological kinship groups (parents and their offspring), and also identify individuals who are not related to individuals buried at the site. Based on combined lines of evidence, we observe that the kinship structure of the burial community was predominantly patrilineal/virilocal involving female exogamy. Further, we detect a difference in the amount of grave goods among the individuals buried at Leubingen based on genetic sex, age at death and locality but see no difference in the types of grave goods.

PENGEMBANGAN MASYARAKATLAPORAN HASIL OBSERVASI DAN WAWANCARADESA PULAU BETUNG KECAMATAN PEMAYUNG

Community development is a process undertaken by individuals, groups, or institutions to improve the quality of life and welfare of the community as a whole. In this research, observation can be done in various contexts, such as: Daily Activities, Observations of the daily activities of villagers, such as agricultural activities, work in the fields, trading in the local market, and household activities.Social Interactions, Observing interactions between villagers, such as communication in public places, community meetings, traditional ceremonies, and other social events. Economic Life - Observations of the economic patterns of the village community, including the dominant types of work, trading methods, and survival strategies. Culture and Tradition, Looking at local cultural practices, such as religious rituals, traditional ceremonies, arts, and traditional crafts that exist in the village.Social Structure, Understanding the social structure in rural communities, including value systems, social hierarchies, gender roles, and kinship systems. Through observations of villagers, researchers can gain deep insights into life and social dynamics in the village, which can be the basis for designing development programs, public policies, or further research on rural communities. The purpose of an interview is to gain deeper information, understanding, or perspective on a particular topic, subject, or phenomenon. Interviews can be conducted in a variety of contexts, be it in scientific research, journalism, job selection, surveys, or in counseling.