Kingdom Of Great Britain Research Articles

Soft power concept of the United Kingdom and its reflection in the Republic of Moldova

This article explores the concept of soft power and its evolution in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in the 21st century. The concept of soft power, has gained widespread popularity in recent decades among both researchers and politicians and civil servants. The emergence and rapid development of this concept is due to scientific research conducted by the representative of the neoliberal school of international relations Joseph Nye, an American foreign policy specialist and professor at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. Thus, soft power can be defined as the political activity of state and public institutions and organizations, in the long run, both in traditional and modern diplomacy, designed to protect and achieve national interests, by creating a positive image of the state on the international arena and the formation in other countries of friendly and influential communities. The United Kingdom is the country that ranks first in most surveys and a paper conducted by renowned research institutes and has extensive experience in using soft power resources to promote the image of the state.

THE CASE OF THE COUNTERFEITER ADAM BOGUSZ (1868‒1870)

Summary. The purpose of the research is to introduce into the scientific circulation the history of the activity of the counterfeiter Adam Bogusz, who played a significant role in the financial sabotage of the British against Russian Empire during the second half of the XIX century. The research methodology is defined by a set of general scientific methods, citations of the archival materials are given in the original language. The scientific novelty is that for the first time the main stages and the result of the activity of the counterfeiter Adam Bogusz are fully covered. Conclusion. In the first quarter of the XIX century the increase of the number of detected counterfeit credit notes brought to the Russian Empire from Kingdom of Great Britain has seriously alarmed the authorities. The investigation has gradually gained a national level of importance. In the 1820s, the Russian authorities resorted to careful tracking of all Jews who went through the Kingdom of Poland and could potentially carrycounterfeit credit notes for spending them in Russia. Attempts to transport so-called "English" counterfeiting in Poland were also recorded across the border with Prussia, the appearance of such citizens with a high degree of authority and trust them fake Prussian documents. In October 28, 1868 the Governor of Warsaw received the report from the Chief of the Radzewski County on available credible records of a salesman who fabricated in London as early as 1864 fake ten Russian ruble credit notes by a Polish-born owner of an estate in Olganowo, Włocław County of Warsaw – Adam Bogusz, who was selling them in the Prussian province – the Grand Duchy of Poznan to the sheep traders. On January 11, 1870, the Warsaw Penitentiary Court sentenced the seller of the counterfeit banknotes – Adam Bogusz – to deprivation of all rights and freedoms and exile to Siberia for six years of hard labor. But he was not the only one whose case was notorious for investigating a financial subversive activity from London.

Momentos antes de la Independencia

We analyze the colonial moment that the Viceroyalty of Peru had using the qualitative approach and the constructivist critical paradigm. The 18th century is a time of political definitions in Europe, despite the fact that Spain was involved in worldwide war conflicts, especially with England. The Bourbons had better administration and as a result a better economy to the detriment of the native communities where the colonies were located. In the international context Spain is worn out by the war with the United Kingdom of Great Britain, Fernando VII ceases to be popular to be unfriendly and hated by the Spanish people who defeated the French invasion of the Bonapartes, all this context had an impact on independence of the Spanish colonies in America.

The language planning policy in Ireland and Irish-language books: A hundred year perspective

An element of a nation’s state policy is to support the use of a particular language or languages while prohibiting the use of other languages or their varieties in certain situations – usually formal. This is in the realm of language planning of which there are two basic types. Corpus planning involves establishing a standard language and promoting it among the language users. Status planning supports the use of a particular language through granting it the status of official language or auxiliary language in a given state or region, most often in the spheres of education, administration, services and media. This article discusses the Irish-language book in the context of language planning in Ireland. Particular observations are made from a perspective of a hundred years after most of Ireland seceded from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland to form an autonomous state (1922), which required the establishment of new national policies.

Agreement between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the United States of America on Access to Electronic Data for the Purpose of Countering Serious Crime

On October 3, 2019, the United States and the United Kingdom signed an innovative international agreement on international assistance in criminal matters. The agreement, which has not yet entered into force, will enable law enforcement authorities in either country to request and obtain electronic communications content data directly from service providers located in the other country. It is intended to obviate the need, with respect to e-evidence, for resort to the slower and more cumbersome mutual legal assistance treaty (MLAT) in force between the two countries.

موقف بريطانيا من قانون التجنيد الإجباري في العراق 1926-1932م

هذه الدراسة محاولة جادة لفهم قضية محلية في العراق، تحولت إلى أزمة بين العراق وبريطانيا. وتوضح بشکل جلي سياسة بريطانيا تجاه نمو الجيش العراقي وتطوره. إن إشکالية الدراسة التي يحاول البحث إثباتها، إن حکومة بريطانيا سعت وبکل الوسائل إلى تحجيم الجيش العراقي. في حين تتمحور أهمية الدراسة على بيان مواقف بعض المستشارين العسکريين البريطانيين التي تتناقض مع رؤى حکومتهم، أما فرضية البحث، فتنطلق من أن الخلاف البريطاني العراقي حول قانون التجنيد الإجباري، قد فضح الاستقلال الشکلي للعراق. وبغية عرض الموضوع بشکل علمي على وفق آخر الأطر الاکاديمية ولتحقيق الوحدة بين مباحثه من الناحية المنهجية، تضمنت الدراسة على مقدمة، وأربعة مباحث، وخاتمة، وقائمة مصادر. تناول المبحث الأول (الدعوات الأولى للتجنيد الإجباري في العراق). في حين توقف المبحث الثاني عند(الإصرار العراقي على التجنيد الإجباري والموقف البريطاني منه). أما المبحث الثالث، فقد درس(رؤية المستشار لوخ للتجنيد الإجباري في العراق). واختتم البحث بتتبع (معاهدة1930م وأثرها في الموقف البريطاني من التجنيد الإجباري). اعتمدت الدراسة على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي عبر تقصي الوقائع والأحداث وإعادة ترکيبها بحيث يقوم على استقراء الأحداث ورصد تفاعلاتها في المجتمع وعلى وفق ذلک، کان لابد الرجوع إلى بعض المصادر غير المنشورة وأبرزها الوثائق العراقية التي تقسم على قسمين غير المنشورة، والمنشورة. يمکن عد ملفات البلاط الملکي وسجلات وزارة الدفاع، في صدارتها. ورصدت وثائق وزارة الخارجية البريطانية(Foreign Office) ووثائق وزارة المستعمرات(Colonial Office) والتقارير البريطانية المنشورة تحت عنوان(Special Report by his Majestys Covernment in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the Council of the Leagne of Nations on the progress of Iraq during the period1920-1931) وبعض الکتب ذات الصبغة الوثائقية التي سيجدها القارئ في ثنايا البحث. Abstract: Conclusion in this study, the British role in the issuance of the Iraqi draft, which has been an important topic in the history of modern Iraq, has come to our attention. This study shows the results of its conclusions: British stands against the Iraqi governments issuance of compulsory recruitment law, for its desire to keepthe Iraqiarmy weak,with limited potential, so sought to put British advisers insurance supervision,so that Iraq remains in dire need of British military aid. And fear of the emergence of anti-British Iraqi, refuses to obey the leadership of the British advisers. Therefor, we find that these advisers supported his government against the issuance of the regulation, and the contrary and showed his desire to strengthen the Iraqi army, through the issuance of the list of compulsory recruitment.

Novo poglavlje u odnosima EU i UK - ambiciozno partnerstvo bez presedana ili prvi sporazum o trgovini i saradnji kojim se postavljaju prepreke i uklanjaju slobode

In this paper the author analyses the new relationship between the European Union and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Given the scope and complexity of the Trade and Cooperation Agreement, the intention was not to explain in detail all its aspects, but only the basic and most important provisions. First of all, those of the free trade agreement, but also in the areas where ties are being renewed, which would otherwise be interrupted by the withdrawal of the United Kingdom. Although it does not reflect the benefits of EU membership, the agreement certainly limits the negative consequences compared to the situation without it and provides much needed predictability and certainty, allowing Europe to leave Brexit behind and move on.

Brexit: Analysing Britain’s political and geostrategic considerations

Brexit is a watershed moment in the life of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland that significantly reflects its circumstantial national socio-political and psychological situat...

(Ne)opravdanost primene radnopravnih pravila o zaštiti od otkaza na samozaposlena lica

In this paper the rights of employees and self-employed persons and the distinction between them are analysed, with the special focus on dismissal protection. Using the comparative and normative method, the author analyses these legal questions in legal systems in Spain, Austria, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Nothern Ireland, and the United States of America, including the existence of the mid-category of semi-dependent self-employed persons in the first three abovementioned jurisdictions and practical consequences of their existence. Dismissal protection of self-employed persons represents a legal question that is not sufficiently researched in comparison to the dismissal protection of employees. The hypothesis of the author in this paper has been based on the opinion that self-employed persons who work for others are justifiably deprived of dismissal protection, unlike semi-dependent self-employed persons who are unjustifiably deprived of it, especially because the second mentioned category does not experience entrepreneurial risks and chances. Also, the question of dismissal protection of self-employed persons is very relevant when we consider the amount of misuse of this occurrence and cost savings which employers often have when employing them. In the end, de lege ferenda solutions and their implications for other legal systems are proposed by the author of the paper.

Osvrt na istorijat srpsko-britanskih odnosa

The upcoming year, 2022, marks a jubilee - 185 years since the establishment of official diplomatic relations between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland at the very beginning of its Victorian era, and the Principality of Serbia at the beginning of its era of establishing statehood. In 1837, diplomatic and consular relations were established between the empire "on which the sun never sets" and the non-sovereign Serbian principality which was nominally autonomous within the framework and structure of the Turkish Ottoman Empire. The topic of this paper is an outlook on the history of relations between two old European nations - the Serbs and the English, the Anglo-Saxons or the British , and two states - a great power and a colonial empire on the one hand, and a small but promising European country on the other.

Academic Open Letter in Support of the TRIPS Intellectual Property Waiver Proposal

The temporary TRIPS waiver - as proposed by India and South Africa and supported by more than 100 countries - is a necessary and proportionate legal measure towards the clearing of existing intellectual property barriers to scaling up of production of COVID-19 health technologies in a direct, consistent and effective fashion. We call on the governments of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Australia, Brazil, Japan, Norway, Switzerland and the European Union to drop their opposition to the TRIPS Waiver proposal at the World Trade Organisation and follow-up with targeted measures to support technology transfer, and the equitable access and production of health technologies, including COVID-19 vaccines.

НОВЫЙ ЭЛЕМЕНТ В ПРОЦЕДУРЕ ЭКСТРАДИЦИИ

The aim of the article is to justify a new element in the procedure for the extradition of a person for criminal prosecution or sentence execution. This element is the checking for compliance with internationally recognized standards of the conditions of the possible detention before trial, incarceration, as well as during transfer, in the country this person is extradited to. The source basis of the study were materials of the European Court of Human Rights, courts of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, the Main Directorate of International Legal Cooperation of the Prosecutor General’s Office of the Russian Federation, materials of checks of confinement conditions in Russian penitentiary institutions. Materials of checks of confinement conditions in specific penitentiary institutions have been supplemented with materials of checks of conditions for transferring prisoners in the Russian Federation. The study is based on the application of the method of participatory observation expressed in the collection of factual material during direct participation in the work of the Main Directorate of International Legal Cooperation of the General Prosecutor’s Office of the Russian Federation in organizing checks by foreign experts of the confinement conditions of prisoners when deciding on extradition. Methods of observation, interviewing, experiment, analysis, comparison, and others were also used. The analysis of the available materials and the author’s own practice showed that foreign partners began to actively use information about unsatisfactory confinement conditions in prisons in specific cases as a basis for refusal to extradite people to Russia. When deciding on the extradition of persons detained at the request of the Russian side for criminal prosecution, the practice of foreign partners has introduced the organization of regular checks of the alleged confinement conditions in the Russian Federation on specific criminal cases in relation to specific persons. In order to overcome the emerging problems, on a contractual basis, foreign authoritative specialists are organizing inspections of the conditions in various penitentiary institutions. The results of such inspections in specific penitentiary institutions are of direct importance in matters of extradition in specific cases. On the basis of this material, the need was justified to include an additional element in the theoretical and legislative model of extradition, which no one has yet mentioned in the legal literature – checking the conditions of the possible detention of the extradited person before trial and incarceration. In order to overcome the negative trends, a set of measures at three different levels has been proposed to bring the conditions of the person extradited during the transfer to Russia in line with internationally recognized standards.

Cross-cultural aspects of business negotiations

The features of conducting business negotiations with foreign partners, taking into account the influence of cultural factors are investigated in this paper. The systematization of approaches to understanding business negotiations is performed and it is determined that business negotiations are bilateral or multilateral processes of communication, as a result of which a joint decision concerning business interests realization is made. Scientific approaches to the cultures grouping by certain features, particularly, E. Hall, G. Hofstede and R. Lewis, Florence Clachon and Fred Strodbeck, D. Pinto, R. Gesteland, F. Trompenaars and C. Hampden-Turner are considered. Analysis of the manifestation of certain cultural features in relation to the representatives of the countries with which Ukraine currently has the most developed trade and economic relations is carried out. Accordingly, the probability of the need to negotiate the foreign economic activity implementation is rather high. The following countries are selected among them according to 2020 statistics: China, Poland, India, Spain, Italy, Russia, Belarus, Egypt, the Netherlands, Germany, Romania, Turkey, Hungary, USA, Belgium, Israel, Indonesia, Iraq, Moldova, Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, France and the Czech Republic. Using Hert Hofstede's approach and his theory of cultural dimensions for the listed countries, the indicators characterizing the manifestation of the distance of power, individualism, masculinity, avoidance of uncertainty, long-term orientation and indulgence are analyzed. The countries which cultures are the closest to Ukraine’s one are identified according to the above mentioned methodology, and, consequently, the construction of communications with their representatives is more understandable and is characterized by lower probability of misunderstandings due to cultural factors. For other countries the cultural features similar and different from Ukraine ones are defined. Taking into account these features, recommendations for planning and conducting business negotiations with representatives of other countries, aimed at increasing the benefits and opportunities for Ukraine in the process of making joint decisions with partners are given.

Covid-19: World's First Human Challenge Trials

While human challenge trials (HCTs) have helped provide necessary data concerning many diseases, some are encircled by many doubts, concerns and questions about ethics. The United Kingdom is about to conduct the primary COVID-19 human challenge trials (HCT). During this study, over ninety healthy volunteers between the ages of 18-30 are deliberately exposed to tiny amounts of the virus in controlled settings, so as to check treatments and vaccines. During this means, the participants are “challenged” by the virus. This can be not a similar as customary immunogenic clinical trials for the vaccine development, wherever the immunogen is given to participants will have non-inheritable the infection naturally. Researchers are trying to find healthy young adults since they're at comparatively low risk of facing complications from COVID-19. Significantly, the researchers can use the strain of the virus that has been current within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland since March 2020 and is understood to be of low risk in healthy young adults. One in every of the key things that researchers wish to see through the challenge is to spot the littlest quantity of virus needed to infect someone. Researchers are hopeful that the results of the initial study can facilitate doctors perceive however the system reacts to SARS-CoV-2, and to spot factors that influence however the virus is transmitted, as well as however associate infected person transmits the virus into the atmosphere.

Background of the emergence of the welfare state in Great Britain in the second half of the XIX -early XX centuries

Background of the emergence of the welfare state in Great Britain in the second half of the XIX -early XX centuries

Great Britain and Russia on the Way to Restoring Diplomatic Relations (1720–1731)

The article deals with the process of restoring diplomatic relations between Great Britain and Russia in the first third of the 18th century. England was the first country with which Russia established diplomatic relations 465 years ago. During this time, the countries have passed a difficult and thorny path of interaction. Often there were open military conflicts between them, and sometimes it simply came to the severance of diplomatic relations. One of these events occurred in the reign of Peter I on 14 December in 1720 year. Although diplomatic relations were interrupted, trade between the states continued to develop. The trade volume was reduced due to political tensions, which caused significant damage to the economy of England. In this regard, the British began to take active steps to establish diplomatic relations. The analysis of the correspondence between two British diplomats, T. Ward and C. Rondeau, and the Secretary of State of Great Britain, first undertaken in historical science, the author concludes that it was England that initiated the restoration of diplomatic relations, primarily to strengthen the position of the English merchants in Russia. The analysis of the ambassadors' dispatches gives valuable insights as to the strategy and tactics of the British Foreign Office in relation to Russia during the reign of Anna Ioannovna, as well as the motives that guided the diplomats involved in the preparatory process of establishing relations between the countries. The correspondence of the diplomats provides an opportunity to get acquainted with both their official and “secret” intelligence activities, which allows the author identify the true intentions of British diplomacy: to comprehensively study a potential rival which the British imagined Russia to be. It is also of great interest to learn more about how their mission went, what impressions they got from their visit to our country, what assessments they made about the top officials in the administration of the Russian Empire, as well as about the Russian people in general.

Effects of COVID-19 on sexual life – a meta-analysis

ContextStarting with the end of 2019, humanity is fighting a new type of virus, SARS-COV-2, which has brought great changes in people's lives. The COVID-19 pandemic began at the end of 2019 and spread rapidly around the world, affecting the entire planet population.MethodsIn order to identify the studies on the topic for this meta-analysis, we performed an exclusively electronic search in the international databases for specialized literature: Google Scholar and ProQuest and other sources of specialty literature; and as a result of these searches, based on keywords, we found a number of 64 articles. The key words for this search were: pandemic, COVID-19, sexual life, sexual behavior, satisfaction, marital status, Coronavirus disease. Are represented by major conditions that stand at the basis of sexual disorders and of the sexual quality life during the COVID-19 period.ResultsOf the 64 articles resulting from the database search, 7 met the criteria for inclusion in the study. Of the remaining 7 studies, 3 were conducted in the United States, one in China, one in Turkey, one in Italy and one in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Most studies were conducted between March and April 2020 including a total of 6929 participants.ConclusionThe results showed there was a decrease in sexual activity during the period included in the analysis, which indicates the impact on the quality of sex life in individuals.

FOREIGN POLICY OF BULGARIA IN 1908–1915 IN THE EVALUATION OF RUSSIAN JOURNALISM

The article covers the coverage of Russian magazines of foreign policy of Bulgaria in 1908–1915. Popular, large-circulation publications were the most prominent representatives of various ideological directions, influenced the atmosphere, and the perception by Russian society of various foreign events, international relations and the foreign policy of individual states. The article includes materials of “Vestnik Evropy”, “Russkoye bogatstvo”, “Russkaya mysl” and “Sovremennyy mir”. One of the purposes of the article is the reconstruction of the historical atmosphere of the time and the relation of the leading Russian periodicals to current events. The main directions of the policy of the Bulgarian kingdom in 1908-1915 were determined. Also, the great states of the beginning of the 20th century - German, Austro-Hungarian, Russian and Ottoman Empires, the French Republic, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The pages of Russian magazines reflected the relations between the great powers and the Balkan countries. The article analyzes the subject and content of the articles, the attitude of journalist analysts to international events and conflicts. The main attention is paid to displaying on the pages of Russian periodicals growing political tensions on the Balkan Peninsula. All without exception, analysts of the magazine noted an increase in the number of contradictions in the foreign policy of Bulgaria. Summarizing the analysis of Russian publications, it can be noted that their tone about the events of 1908–1915 is not very, but nevertheless, differed. Generally, in all journalists without exception, what they saw in the future was optimistic. Inevitable premonition of a quick war, fundamental inconsistency, inconsistency of events, excessive social tensions is the mental atmosphere in which contemporaries lived.

The Institutional Dimension of the EU-UK Relationship After Brexit

In the absence of agreed institutional arrangements for the post-Brexit EU-UK relationship the present contribution explores whether guidance can be found for the institutional dimension of their future relationship in a number of other documents and principles. We will, first of all, examine the institutional framework laid down in the ‘Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, done at Brussels and London on 24 January 2020’, and its implementation. Second, we will uncover some aspects of the future institutional relationship based on the ‘Political Declaration setting out the framework for the future relationship between the European Union and the United Kingdom’ of 17 October 2019, which was adopted by the EU and the UK in parallel with the Withdrawal Agreement. Third, we will explore how the Commission sees that relationship based on its March 2020 draft text. Fourth, we will discuss at a meta level the principles which will in any event govern the institutional side of the future relationship, in particular the principle of good faith. Some brief concluding remarks round up. Brexit, Institutional Framework, European Union, United Kingdom, Withdrawal Agreement, Political Declaration

444 pedras da réplica amazônica da “Saint Edward’s Crown” - Project 444 Stones: Arte - Ciência - História - Reflexão Política

Project by authorship and idealization of the paraense doctor Wirley Otávio Oliveira de Barros, which involves art, science, history and political reflection, developed in the city of Belém, capital of the State of Pará, in the middle of the Amazon region, registered in a notary through a Notarial Act. This grandiose work was developed with scientific support Museum of Geosciences of the Amazon (MUGEO) of the Institute of Geosciences (IG) of the Federal University of Pará (UFPA) through Prof. Dr. Marcondes Lima da Costa, with a PhD in Mineralogy and Geochemistry from Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (Friedrich-Alexander), in Germany (1982) and with a post-doctorate in mineralogy-geochemistry from IG-USP (2001); chemist Dr. Suyanne Flávia Rodrigues, with a doctorate in Mineralogy and Geochemistry from the Graduate Program in Geology and Geochemistry (PPGG) at IG / UFPA and MsC. geologist Gisele Tavares Marques, also from PPGG. This project, which will soon be presented to the public, was duly informed to Her Majesty, Queen Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor (Elizabeth II), of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, in addition to Head of Commonwealth Realms and Defender of Faith, as it presents as a prominent item the replica work of “Saint Edward's Crown” or “St. Stephen’s Crown ”, as mentioned in the Royal letter received on February 3, 2016, signed by Miss Jennie Vine (Deputy to the Senior Correspondence Officer for Buckingham Palace), who on this occasion conveys the monarch's personal message. This is the official coronation crown of British monarchs, consisting of 444 stones of distinct mineral gems, which inspired the title attributed to the project. Therefore, it is a replica of a symbol of POWER, whose heraldic meaning of CRUZ DE MALTA and FLOR-DE-LIS guide the conduct and political profile of the ruler. In this regard, the author also addresses a message to the "men of power", made through a personal text of his own.