Kingdom Of Great Britain Research Articles

THE POWER OF SMALL EU MEMBER STATES AFTER BREXIT: HOW POWERFUL IS THE VISEGRAD GROUP?

The power of individual EU Member States has been changing over the past decades as a result of revisions to the voting systems and the enlargements of the European Union. The present article analyses the development of the voting power of individual Member States in the Council of the European Union before and after the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union. We use the calculation of the standardized Banzhaf power index to calculate the legislative power of the Member States. The calculations recorded in the table point to changes in the weights of national votes caused by Brexit. The article pays special attention to the Visegrad Group, which we define within the European Union as an informal group consisting of four Central European states - the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and the Slovak Republic. The results indicate a significant growth of the voting power in Poland and more moderate growth in the other three Visegrad Group countries which contributes to the shift in the voting equilibrium within the ordinary legislative procedure of the European Union.

Weryfikacja ważności wyborów a międzynarodowe standardy wyborcze – kazus brytyjski

The purpose of the article is to analyze the verification of the validity of elections in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The choice of this country is not accidental. It is the first country in which judicial review of elections appeared, and the rules introduced in the 19th century remain in force almost unchanged to this day. The main thesis of the article is that the rules in force in the United Kingdom for determining the validity of elections are incompatible with international standards. In order to verify this thesis, an attempt is made to indicate the weaknesses of the current legal solutions for verifying the validity of elections. The paper is based on the analysis of the British scientific literature and reports of the Law Commissions, the Electoral Commission and international organizations.

FOREIGN POLICY OF THE UNITED KINGDOM: PECULIARITIES OF BILATERAL AND MULTILATERAL COOPERATION

The article is devoted to the analysis of the peculiarities of the foreign policy of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in both bilateral and multilateral aspects. Relations between the UK and Ukraine are developing rapidly. The article also examines UK’s relations with the USA, Germany, and China. First of all, economic relations between the UK and the USA are analyzed in the article. In UK-Germany relations much attention is paid to maintaining strong economic ties. In UK-China relations it is worth noting that relations between the two countries are tense, but at the same time both parties are interested in continuous economic cooperation. In the article, it is stressed that the UK is an active participant in many international organizations. NATO is the primary way for the UK to achieve national and collective security, while AUKUS aims to strengthen security in the Pacific region. The Commonwealth also plays an important role as a means of extending British influence.

Experience of implementation of tutoring in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Experience of implementation of tutoring in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Legal regulation of the creation and activities of international universities in the founding countries of international universities in the Republic of Kazakhstan

Using a theoretical analysis, the article presents examples of international universities of the countries that founded international universities in Kazakhstan. An analysis of the legal regulation of the establishment of international universities in our country and their activities with universities from countries in cooperation with which international universities have been established in our country is particularly in demand - the Republic of Turkey, the Federal Republic of Germany, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the French Republic. It examines the trends in the development of the world educational space, which are responsible for structural and institutional changes in higher education through international cooperation and a dialogue of cultures. The article also identifies some characteristics of higher education in countries such as Great Britain, Russia, France, Germany, and Turkey. The review of intergovernmental agreements examined the obligations and rights of the parties to agreements on the dynamic functioning and funding of these international universities. As a result of an analysis of the legal basis for the establishment of international universities, as well as the laws governing higher education in the above states, the authors draw conclusions concerning the results of international universities in the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Brexatom and its legal consequences

The article provides information about the legal consequences of Brexatom after the entry into force on January 1, 2021 of the Agreement between the government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the European Atomic Energy Community for cooperation on the safe and peaceful uses of nuclear energy. After the signing of the international agreement, a new stage of relations began for the Euratom and the UK, based on the provisions of international law and the IAEA’s “soft law” norms; although the peculiarity is that, the Parties recognized the four freedoms of internal nuclear common market of the EU. At the same time, the norms of English case law and EU law also formed the basis of bilateral relations between the UK and Euratom. Settling topical legal issues such as export controls, physical protection, nuclear safety, nuclear safeguards, enrichment, reprocessing, trade, procurement of equipment and devices, supply of nuclear material, nuclear transfers, the Euratom and the UK laid the basis law for further bilateral cooperation on nuclear research and development, exchange of information and technical expertise on matters within peaceful uses of nuclear energy. However, the UK maintains its participation in a number of European programs and projects. The European Commission and the Euratom began to rebuild the legal system for the supply of nuclear materials and to make changes to the work of the European nuclear fuel cycle. Further development of relations between the Great Britain and the Euratom will depend on London’s position and interests in the world nuclear market. If there is a clash of British interests for the European nuclear market with the companies of France, the USA, China and Russia, then this will lead to the legal regulation of bilateral relations between England and Euratom only based on international law.

Деякі питання публічного адміністрування планування використання земель в Україні та в деяких провідних країнах світу

The scientific article is based on the works of blighty scientists, researchers and modern legislation. Current issues of public administration of land use planning are analyzes. The different views of scholars on the definition of public administration are emphasized. The authors consider a relationship with the term «public administration» and the lack of legislation on the lack of distinction between them. The authors of the study analyze the basic principles of land use planning. The implementation of planning at different levels of activity of public administration entities is analyzed and the forms of planning in Ukraine and their types are indicated. We focus on special authorities that implement planning at state and local levels and analyze their main tasks. In addition, the authors of the study focus on identifying the features of diverse land use planning models in foreign countries, in particular, in the United States, the Republic of Poland, Canada and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Based on this analysis, we the common features of the forms of public administration of land use planning in the leading countries of the world are identified. We have identified the most successful and effective model of planning in Ukraine, taking into account all its shortcomings and making additions that are necessary to ensure the successful realization of the authority to implement planning by public entities. The authors clarified the role of public administration of land plans in the field of land relations in Ukraine and in the leading countries of the world.

Brexit - Between the Ideology of Euroscepticism and the 'Innocence' of the Treaty on European Union

Built on the values of freedom and prosperity, democracy and peace, the European Union has created over time a huge constitutional framework, culminating in the Lisbon Treaty, adopted in 2007 and known as the Treaty on European Union. It reflected the will of the then 27 Member States to live together in a cohesive society, guided by the principle of subsidiarity, and to offer neighboring countries the opportunity to join the Union. As regards EU enlargement, the procedure was laid down in principle in Article 49 TEU; for reasons of symmetry, the Treaty introduced Article 50 to cover the possible scenario of a Member State leaving the Union. Although no one expected it, Article 50 TEU was activated by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland following a referendum on the so-called Brexit in the summer of 2016. At the beginning of 2020, after lengthy negotiations, the British - Eurosceptics who had made a discordant note for 43 years in the implementation of common policies - effectively left the EU, hoping for a better life and leaving us to reflect on the "innocence" of a treaty article drafted from too much democracy.

Digital Trade in the Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the European Union, the European Atomic Energy Community and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Abstract In the context of the exponential growth in volume of digital trade and the diversification of its forms of implementation, the present article analyzed the framework provisions contained in the Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the European Union and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, provisions governing the conduct of post-Brexit digital trade.

Euroscepticism or nationalism — which better explains the decision of the British to leave the European Union?

The article is dedicated to the 2016 United Kingdom European Union Referendum (known as the Brexit Referendum) that took place on 23 June 2016 and resulted in the majority of the votes cast being in favor of leaving the EU. As a consequence, on 31 January 2020, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland officially withdrew from the European Union.
 The purpose of this article is to try to make an interpretation of Brexit by attempting to answer a question of which of these two factors — Euroscepticism or nationalism — more heavily determined the will of the people and influenced the result of the referendum. Euroscepticism has accompanied the British from the very moment their country became part of the united Europe. The importance of nationalism in turn, analyzed as both English nationalism and British nationalism, has increased significantly in recent years.
 Using the collected research material, the author will try to prove the thesis that, in fact, these two factors are inextricably linked and it is very difficult to examine them separately. Euroscepticism, so deeply rooted in the British society, seems to have been — especially in recent years — the driving force of English and British nationalism.

The Mechanism of Shifting From Direct Monetary Policies to Indirect Monetary Policies

After 2008, a new term appeared on monetary policies after the direct monetary policies failed to reach a solution to the economic deficit that occurred in the economies of many countries, especially after the mortgage crisis that plagued the financial markets in most countries of the world, as these countries tried to reduce the interest rate to Zero or close to it in order to move the economy, but it did not respond despite the fact that the interest rate is the main tool and is considered the control stick in direct monetary policies. Thus, it became imperative for those countries to use new tools in order to get out of that crisis. Japan is considered the first to use these new policies and solutions before that period, and he is the first to call them indirect monetary policies. These tools were called by many names, including quantitative easing, credit facilitation and others. Many names, but it was the best solution by monetary policy makers for many countries, including the United States of America, the United Kingdom of Britain and the European Union, which represent the most powerful economies in the world,

Disease transmission and control modelling at the science-policy interface.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has disrupted the lives of billions across the world. Mathematical modelling has been a key tool deployed throughout the pandemic to explore the potential public health impact of an unmitigated epidemic. The results of such studies have informed governments' decisions to implement non-pharmaceutical interventions to control the spread of the virus. In this article, we explore the complex relationships between models, decision-making, the media and the public during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK). Doing so not only provides an important historical context of COVID-19 modelling and how it has shaped the UK response, but as the pandemic continues and looking towards future pandemic preparedness, understanding these relationships and how they might be improved is critical. As such, we have synthesized information gathered via three methods: a survey to publicly list attendees of the Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies, the Scientific Pandemic Influenza Group on Modelling and other comparable advisory bodies, interviews with science communication experts and former scientific advisors, and reviewing some of the key COVID-19 modelling literature from 2020. Our research highlights the desire for increased bidirectional communication between modellers, decision-makers and the public, as well as the need to convey uncertainty inherent in transmission models in a clear manner. These aspects should be considered carefully ahead of the next emergency response.

Některé vojenské konsekvence odchodu Velké Británie z Evropské unie

The article deals with some military consequences of the departure of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union (Brexit). To assess the potential impacts on defence and security of EU, a structured approach involving several methods was used in the analysis, which combines a search of professional publications, factors sensitivity analysis and testing of hypotheses. Based on the analysis, it was evaluated that the departure of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the structures of the European Union will take place without significant impact in the military field and does not pose an immediate threat to the security and defence of EU member states. Nevertheless, in connection with Brexit, there is still a certain risk of negative impacts in this area.

Social policy in Scotland after the devolution reform. Towards fragmentation of the British welfare state?

The article presents the origins and evolution of social policy programmes in Scotland since the referendum in 1997. Regional authorities in Scotland obtained significant prerogatives in payment of social benefits. They actively exercised the rights granted by the UK legislation, resulting in the partial decentralisation of the social security system in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland has become a fact. This decentralisation is not complete, because the administration of pensions, and unemployment benefits remains the sole responsibility of London’s central government. One of the features of British social policy has become territorial asymmetry, consisting of partially different programs and social policy institutions in other parts of the UK. The most important effect of the reforms is the creation of institutions and draft social policy programs that can be put into effect, when the process of political emancipation in Scotland will lead to a new regional referendum.

Accessibility and efficiency of mental health services, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

ProblemMental ill health in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland has been a major driver of labour market exclusion through sickness absence, reduced productivity and job loss.ApproachA government-supported programme for improving access to psychological therapies was launched in 2008 and expanded across England in 2010. The aim was to provide evidence-based treatments for people with common mental disorders through three principal strategies: (i) routine session-by-session outcome monitoring; (ii) integration with the wider care system; and (iii) delivery of psychological therapies as part of a stepped-care approach.Local settingAccess to effective psychological therapies was previously low in the United Kingdom. In 2010, only about 35% of people with moderately severe mental disorders were in specialist or non-specialist treatment.Relevant changesThe accessibility of quality mental health services has increased, as has the efficiency of the country’s mental health system. The numbers of people entering treatment have increased steadily from 0.43 million in 2012–2013 to 1.09 million in 2018–2019. The recovery rate of patients in treatment increased from 42.8% to 52.1% during 2012–2018. The number of people moved off sick pay and benefits rose from 3683 to 18 039 over the same period.Lessons learntA clinical guideline on psychological therapies is a prerequisite for increasing the accessibility and efficiency of mental health services. An integrated approach allows mental health services to have better reach. Routine collection of patient-level outcome data plays an important role in the value and function of the mental health care system.

Analysis of professional requirements for a modern logistician

The article is devoted to the research of modern labour market requirements for experts in logistics. The reasons of logistics importance for the proper functioning of national and international economies were outlined. The list of requirements set by business representatives to successful candidates is summarized. The analysis of the job market was performed using topic-related websites that cover job markets in Ukraine, the United Kingdom of Great Britain, Austria, Slovakia and the Russian Federation. Empirical studies, data analysis and synthesis, expert assessments, and generalization methods were used to perform the scientific inquiry. The number of specific competencies mentions in the job ads analyses and the relative difference between studies’ indicators were counted. It was revealed that there is a great demand in almost all areas of the economy for logistics specialists. The tendency to find the personnel, who are willing to learn and improve on a continual basis, and can demonstrate a larger range of soft skills in addition to being an effective communicator, has been traced. Assumptions were made about possible changes in the requirements of employers to candidates, in connection with the presence of drivers of Industry 4.0 environment forming. Recommendations for further research of labour market requirements were provided.

Progress towards antibiotic use targets in eight high-income countries.

ObjectiveTo compare antibiotic sales in eight high-income countries using the 2019 World Health Organization (WHO) Access, Watch and Reserve (AWaRe) classification and the target of 60% consumption of Access category antibiotics.MethodsWe analysed data from a commercial database of sales of systemic antibiotics in France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and United States of America over the years 2013–2018. We classified antibiotics according to the 2019 AWaRe categories: Access, Watch, Reserve and Not Recommended. We measured antibiotic sales per capita in standard units (SU) per capita and calculated Access group sales as a percentage of total antibiotic sales.FindingsIn 2018, per capita antibiotic sales ranged from 7.4 SU (Switzerland) to 20.0 SU (France); median sales of Access group antibiotics were 10.9 SU per capita (range: 3.5–15.0). Per capita sales declined moderately over 2013–2018. The median percentage of Access group antibiotics was 68% (range: 22–77 %); the Access group proportion increased in most countries between 2013 and 2018. Five countries exceeded the 60% target; two countries narrowly missed it (> 55% in Germany and Italy). Sales of Access antibiotics in Japan were low (22%), driven by relatively high sales of oral cephalosporins and macrolides.ConclusionWe have identified changes to prescribing that could allow countries to achieve the WHO target. The 60% Access group target provides a framework to inform national antibiotic policies and could be complemented by absolute measures and more ambitious values in specific settings.

POLICE COOPERATION OF POLAND AND GREAT BRITAIN IN SCOPE OF BREXIT

Leaving the UE by the UK has brought a number of consequences for bilateral Polish-British police and justice cooperation. The subject of the article was to present legal regulations, which provide the basis for international cooperation for British law enforcement agencies. The author analyzed and then evaluated the effectiveness of instruments of mutual cooperation. The articles focuses also on the assessment of Brexit consequences and its possible impact on the Polish-British police cooperation. It is worth emphasising that cross-border law enforcement cooperation - which includes police, customs, secret services and other law enforcement agencies, mainly concerns the most serious threats such as terrorism, organised crime, human traffi cking, money laundering, drug traffi cking or cybercrime. The article shows that the most unfavourable changes result from dropping the Schengen acquis by the United Kingdom - is disconnection from the second generation Schengen Information System. The article includes also information about The Agreement on Trade and Economic Cooperation between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, which has retained a number of important mechanisms for effective police cooperation between EU Member States and the United Kingdom. But although, as mentioned in the article, the Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the European Union and the United Kingdom provides upgrades of the tools of police and judicial cooperation, it is a matter of practise to verify these as sufficient.

The right to information in the legislation on corporate relations: national and foreign regulation experience

The purpose of the article is to carry out a theoretical and legal analysis of the right to information in national and foreign legislation on corporate relations and to develop substantiated theoretical conclusions on the improvement of national corporate legislation. Methodology. The following general scientific methods were used in the process of research object analysis: the method of analysis, synthesis, deduction, abstraction, comparison, system-structural, structural-logical methods. Comparative legal and formal legal methods have become the basis for the analysis of national and foreign corporate legislation, identification of similarities and differences in the general principles of respective legal relations regulation. Results. The study found that the right to information is a guarantee of corporate rights and legally protected interests of corporate legal entity (corporation) members, as information enables corporation members to exercise their corporate rights properly. The analysis of national legislation gives grounds to state that the legal norms enshrining the right to information in corporate legal relations and the order of its realization, are formulated unsystematically and in an abstract way. National corporate legislation acts do not contain a detailed list and types of information to which a corporation member is entitled. Scientific novelty Analysis of the main corporate legislation acts of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Commonwealth of Australia and Canada gives ground to state that the right to information in corporate relations is considered to be the right to any information about the corporation in the Anglo-Saxon legal family. Practical significance. The need of making changes to national corporate legislation acts in the process of recodification of the civil legislation of Ukraine has been proven. It has been proposed to recognize any information about the corporation and its activities as an object of corporate relations whether this information directly or indirectly concerns the exercise of members’ corporate rights or performance of respective duties, and to detail the way of the right to information realization in corporate legal relations.

THE IMPACT OF BREXIT ON BRITISH-EUROPEAN RELATIONS

The exit of Great Britain from the European Union, “Brexit”, respectively “British exit”, has become one of the most important processes that trouble and concern the European world and not only. The impact of Brexit on British-European relations is considerable. Withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Community. were argued by a series of arguments that can be grouped according to three major considerations: economic, political and security. Analyzing Brexit, it can be seen that the separation of the United Kingdom from the European Union is a phenomenon that can only bring disadvantages to both parties, as well as European security. Regarding the security of the two entities, Brexit is considered as a risk, but also an opportunity for Great Britain, as well as for the states of the European Union. This article aims to highlight the main consequences of Brexit on British-European relations, including the British Overseas Territories.