King Size Research Articles

King size or all size: Proposing a typology of amplification translation technique for children picturebook translation

The necessity for a children’s picturebook to generate a proairetic decoding by the children influences translators to deliver the messages of the source text as explicit as possible. This condition leads the translators to implement amplifications aimed at detailing particular information. Though a proairetic reading is achieved through amplification, negative impacts follow the implementation. This qualitative experiential study involves nine children picturebook translators. Exchanging insights and translated texts in a focused group discussion (FGD) comprising of English to Indonesian and English to Javanese children picturebook translators, we found that a typology of amplification technique constructed specifically for children picturebook translation is required to provide a guideline for the translators when forced to apply amplification. The result of the translation data, supported by FGD, indicates that amplification is classifiable into three function-based types namely naturalizing, synchronizing, and stylizing amplifications. These amplifications, when applied, generate four impacts namely congruity losses, effect rendering, reading level deviation, and deviation on the purposes of the children’s picturebooks. These impacts deal with verbosity and thus requiring a further concern on verbosity level acceptance.

Seeds laboratory similarity of introduced Callistephus chinensis (L.) Ness.

Laboratory similarity of introduced Chinese calisthephus varieties has been investigated with a view to further using seedlings in soil conditions of the best genotypes. Also, the main task was to determine the actual intensity of seeds germination in the studied varieties of Chinese callistephus in the laboratory. The studies uexamined 20 introduced varieties of Chinese calisthephus plants with diff erent characteristics, origin and direction of use, with their further study on the main economic and valuable features for landscaping. As a result of the studies conducted on the similarity of Chinese introduced calicephus varieties seeds with diff erent economic traits, productivity and direction of use, the genotypes were isolated and grouped, on average over the years, with high, medium and low coeffi cient of similarity. Accordingly, the germination control was performed starting from the fourth day after sowing. It should be noted that the sprouts were not recorded in six varieties, respectively – in the Malynovyi shar, Esmeralda, Vesnyanka, Syedaya Dama, Salmon Turm and Sofi a. The varieties of Oksamyt, Oksana, Princess and Amber had a similarity rate of 10 %. Medium and high rates of seed germination (50–90 %) were recorded in the varieties of Odarka, Hilda, Snizhana, Anastasia (Soph.), Winter Cherry, Alexandra, Swan Lake and King Size (red), which will further enable the respective varieties research on the study of economic biological, and most importantly the decorative properties of introduced varieties for the purpose of their further use in the landscape gardening. Key words: genotype, Chinese callistephus, varieties, introduction, economically valuable traits, decorative, seed germination, multiplication factor.

"King size" asymptomatic aortic aneurysm after bicuspid aortic valve surgery.

"King size" asymptomatic aortic aneurysm after bicuspid aortic valve surgery.

Particulate matter emissions of less harmful-looking super-slim size cigarettes appealing to women: a laser spectrometric analysis of second-hand smoke.

Slim tobacco products shall appear by their look less harmful. In 2013, the European Union ministers discussed to ban them. However, only a ban on small package sizes was realized. To add more data for exposure risk assessment of slim tobacco products, the particulate matter (PM) amount in second-hand smoke (SHS) of super-slim size cigarettes compared with a king size brand was investigated. PM amount of four super-slim size cigarette types of the brand Couture was analysed in comparison with the king-size reference cigarette. Therefore, SHS was produced in an enclosed space with a volume of 2.88m3 by an automatic environmental tobacco smoke emitter. PM size fractions PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 were measured in real time using a laser aerosol spectrometer. SHS of Couture Gold contained about 36% and Couture Purple about 28% more PM than the reference cigarette. In contrast, Couture Green emitted about 37% and Couture Silver about 53% less PM than the reference cigarette. Depending on the brand, the PM2.5 mean concentrations increased up to 1538μg/m3. This exceeds the 24-h mean concentration of at most 25μg/m3 according to the WHO Air quality guidelines about 62-fold. Smoking in enclosed rooms leads to a massive increase of PM. The PM pollution by slim-size tobacco products are substantial and sometimes higher than by king size tobacco products. Therefore, SHS exposure from slim-size tobacco products is not less harmful to health. Decision makers should take this aspect in consideration.

Characterization of puff topography of a prototype electronic cigarette in adult exclusive cigarette smokers and adult exclusive electronic cigarette users

Puff topography is an important measure of how consumers use e-vapor products. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using SODIM Smoking Puff Analyzer Mobile Device (SPA/M) to measure puff topography during use of a prototype e-cigarette (e-cig) in exclusive cigarette smokers (CS) and e-cig users (EC) under ad lib conditions in a clinic. Adult CS (n = 13) and EC (EC; n = 10) completed a 7-hr use session with the e-cig (2% tobacco-derived nicotine by weight, cartridge based system approximately the size of a king size cigarette). E-liquid usage was determined from cartridge weight. CS also smoked a single cigarette with the SPA/M. The SPA/M reliably recorded puff parameters throughout the study period, with CS puffs averaging 47.9 ± 18.2 ml volume, 2.3 ± 0.8 s duration, and 21.5 ± 4.6 ml/s flow rate. EC puffs averaged 53.4 ± 19.2 ml volume, 3.0 ± 1.3 s duration, and 19.6 ± 5.0 flow rate. CS average e-liquid use was 292 ± 214 mg and EC averaged 415 ± 305 mg over 7 h. When compared to a single use of their own brand cigarettes, CS took longer (2.3 ± 0.8 vs.1.7 ± 0.4 s) puffs with similar puff volume (47.9 ± 18.2 vs. 44.1 ± 10.5 ml) from the e-cig prototype. The puff duration, flow rate and peak flow were significantly lower (p < 0.05) with the e-cigs compared to cigarettes. Experienced EC and CS appeared to use the e-cig prototype differently, which is consistent with the literature. The SPA/M could be a useful tool in assessing e-cig use behavior for regulatory purposes.

The 101 calorie mini pack: the interaction between numerical and verbal marketing cues

Research has yet to adequately explore how numerical (e.g., calorie information) and verbal (e.g., size descriptors) food portion cues on product packaging interact to influence consumer evaluations. Thus, this research examines such cues in three studies. Study 1 showed that distinctive numerical cues (99 or 101 rather than 100) were more positively evaluated. Study 2 examined interactions between numerical and verbal cues (bite vs. king size) to show that matching magnitude cues (100 with bite size or 101 with king size) led to higher product evaluations. Study 3 examined the moderating effect of health interest and revealed that inclusion of a verbal cue (vs. none) only mattered when presented in conjunction with a non-distinctive numeric cue (100 calorie) for high health interest consumers. These findings provide insight for marketers and policy makers because, currently, caloric amounts above 50 calories are required to be rounded to the nearest 10 caloric unit (e.g., 100 calorie), but allowing caloric amounts to be exact (99 or 101 calorie) may influence healthier consumption outcomes.

Observation and Measurement of Smokers’ Ash Removal Behavior in China

Summary In order to investigate the main factors behind hot coal fallout during cigarette smoking, an in-use behavior survey among smokers was conducted in three locations (Guiyang, Shijiazhuang and Nanchang) in China. In addition, a measuring device was designed to record whether a flicking or tapping force was exerted to remove ash and to record the force applied as well as their characteristic parameters. We found that there was no significant difference among the behavior characteristic parameters of the users in the three locations. The proportion of consumers who applied flicking was higher than the proportion of consumers tapping. There were some differences in the in-use behavior when smoking King Size and Superslim cigarettes. The work could help to develop a suitable hot coal fallout test method.

Development of biochemical measures of age in the Alaskan red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus (Anomura): Validation, refinement and initial assessment

Age determination of marine organisms is a central metric for understanding the timing and magnitude of spawning, recruitment and habitat use, juvenile duration, and population age structure. For crustaceans, however, age determination has been a challenge because they lack permanent hard structures and thus easily identified increments of chronology. For the commercially important red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus, size and shell condition have been used in lieu of accurate age information for estimating population dynamics. Our goal for this validation study was to evaluate an alternative approach based on analysis of specific metabolic products. These “age pigments” collectively termed lipofuscins (LF) were used to assess P. camtschaticus age and provide a more robust metric of age than size measurements alone. For LF measurements, we relied on solvent extraction followed by HPLC separation and fluorometric quantification over histological microscopic analysis to allow higher throughput of samples for practical application in fisheries management where significant numbers of analyses are required. LF accumulation in crabs of known age reared in the laboratory under controlled conditions was tracked for calibration, with testing on P. camtschaticus from wild populations. Initial analysis showed that the P. camtschaticus fluorescence properties were broadly similar to other crustaceans but also had properties unique to this high latitude species. P. camtschaticus accumulated LF in a highly predictable manner during first four years of their lifespan consistent with observations of their increase in body size. The impact of temperature on LF accumulation was also examined in juvenile crabs 3–20 months after hatching and showed positive albeit highly variable results. Estimates of age of young P. camtschaticus from the wild population in Southeast Alaska based on LF content was in close agreement with estimates based on the population size structure and time of the spawning in the region, supporting the feasibility of the technique to provide valuable demographic information for future P. camtschaticus studies.

A randomised, crossover study on an electronic vapour product, a nicotine inhalator and a conventional cigarette. Part B: Safety and subjective effects

An Electronic Vapour Product (EVP) has been evaluated for short-term safety parameters and subjective effects in a 2-part study, in smokers. Part 1 compared the EVP with unflavoured (UF) and flavoured (FL) e-liquid at 2.0% nicotine to a conventional cigarette (CC; JPS Silver King Size, 0.6 mg) and a licensed nicotine inhalator (Nicorette®, 15 mg). Part 2 assessed the effect of increasing concentrations of nicotine in the e-liquid used with the EVP (0%, 0.4%, 0.9%, 2.0%). The study was designed as a randomised, controlled, crossover trial. Outcomes included adverse events (AEs), vital signs, exhaled carbon monoxide (CO), clinical laboratory parameters, smoking urges and withdrawal symptoms. In both study parts, only mild non-serious AEs were reported. No major differences were observed in AEs between the EVPs and Nicorette®. Exhaled CO levels only increased for CC. All products appeared to decrease smoking urges and nicotine withdrawal symptom scores to a similar extent. The EVP had a similar short-term safety profile to Nicorette® and relieved smoking urges and nicotine withdrawal symptoms to a similar extent as Nicorette® and CC. Unlike nicotine replacement therapies, the EVP may offer an alternative for those finding it difficult to quit the behavioural and sensorial aspects of smoking.

A randomised, crossover study on an electronic vapour product, a nicotine inhalator and a conventional cigarette. Part A: Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of nicotine delivered by an Electronic Vapour Product (EVP) was characterised in a 2-part study in smokers. The study was designed as a randomised, controlled, four-way crossover trial. Part 1 compared an unflavoured e-liquid (UF2.0%) and a flavoured e-liquid (FL2.0%) to a conventional cigarette (CC; JPS Silver King Size, 0.6 mg) and a licensed nicotine inhalator (Nicorette®; 15 mg). Part 2 compared e-liquids with increasing nicotine concentrations (0%, 0.4%, 0.9%, 2.0%). Subjects used each different product for a daily use session. In Part 1, maximum plasma nicotine concentration (Cmax) for UF2.0%, FL2.0%, Nicorette® and CC was 3.6, 2.5, 2.5 and 21.2 ng/mL, respectively. The time to maximum plasma nicotine concentration (Tmax) was longer for the EVP (UF2.0%, 9.0 min; FL2.0%, 10.0 min) and the nicotine inhalator (13.0 min) compared to CC (3.0 min). In Part 2, EVP with 0%, 0.4%, 0.9% and 2.0% nicotine produced Cmax values of 0.6, 1.0, 1.9 and 3.6 ng/mL, respectively. At the maximum nicotine concentration of 2% as prescribed by the European Tobacco Directive, the EVP achieved nicotine delivery that was comparable to the inhalator. EVPs thus offer a potential alternative to nicotine inhalator devices for those finding it difficult to quit smoking.

20404 多段テンセグリック構造アームの最適軌道の検討

Various robots have been researching for many years. Because of the Square-cube law, we are not able to build gigantic robot with ordinary robot structure. We found that Tensegric structure is suitable for building a robot over 10m height. In Tensegrity, form is achieved by using a set of disconnected rigid elements connected by continuous network of tensile elements. Tensegrity structure is so light that the king size structure can be constructed neglecting the square-cube law. Assume the starting state of the Tensegric structure arm is standing straight. The arm moves from the starting state, and expected to reach the ending point smoothly. This paper discuss an idea of optimal trajectory for the multistage Tensegric structure arm.

Gender and racial differences in smoking of long/ultra-long and king size cigarettes among U.S. adult smokers, NHANES 1999–2012

BackgroundCigarette rod length as a design feature may play a specific role in harm perception and tobacco use. Internal tobacco industry documents have shown targeting of females with long/ultra-long cigarettes. This study assessed trends and differences in smoking of long/ultra-long cigarettes among U.S. smokers aged ≥20 years during 1999 through 2012. MethodsData were obtained from the 1999/2000 through 2011/2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The proportion of current smokers who reported using long/ultra-long cigarettes during each survey year was calculated and compared using χ2 statistics. Linear and quadratic trends during 1999 through 2012 were assessed using binary logistic regression (p<0.05). Multi-variable analyses were performed to assess current disparities in smoking of long/ultra-long cigarettes. ResultsDespite overall declines in current smoking of long/ultra-long cigarettes during the 1999 through 2012 period (p<0.001 for both linear and quadratic trends), the proportion of smokers of long/ultra-long brands increased in recent years, with over a third (38.7%) of current smokers reporting smoking of long/ultra-long cigarettes during 2011/2012. Current smokers of long/ultra-long cigarettes were more likely to be female compared to males (aOR=3.09; 95%CI: 2.09–4.58), of black race compared to whites (aOR=2.07; 95%CI: 1.30–3.28), or aged 45–64, or ≥65 years (aOR=2.39 and 5.27, respectively), compared to 18–24 year olds. ConclusionsSpecific gender, age and race/ethnic characteristics of smokers of long/ultra-long cigarettes were noted, hence potentially contributing to the widening of health disparities. Cigarette rod length should be considered an important aspect of cigarette engineering/design in regulatory efforts to reduce the burden of tobacco-related disease.

P.6.f.003 Management of smoking reduction and cessation in inpatients with schizophrenia: impact of electronic cigarettes

Puff topography is an important measure of how consumers use e-vapor products. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using SODIM Smoking Puff Analyzer Mobile Device (SPA/M) to measure puff topography during use of a prototype e-cigarette (e-cig) in exclusive cigarette smokers (CS) and e-cig users (EC) under ad lib conditions in a clinic. Adult CS (n = 13) and EC (EC; n = 10) completed a 7-hr use session with the e-cig (2% tobacco-derived nicotine by weight, cartridge based system approximately the size of a king size cigarette). E-liquid usage was determined from cartridge weight. CS also smoked a single cigarette with the SPA/M. The SPA/M reliably recorded puff parameters throughout the study period, with CS puffs averaging 47.9 ± 18.2 ml volume, 2.3 ± 0.8 s duration, and 21.5 ± 4.6 ml/s flow rate. EC puffs averaged 53.4 ± 19.2 ml volume, 3.0 ± 1.3 s duration, and 19.6 ± 5.0 flow rate. CS average e-liquid use was 292 ± 214 mg and EC averaged 415 ± 305 mg over 7 h. When compared to a single use of their own brand cigarettes, CS took longer (2.3 ± 0.8 vs.1.7 ± 0.4 s) puffs with similar puff volume (47.9 ± 18.2 vs. 44.1 ± 10.5 ml) from the e-cig prototype. The puff duration, flow rate and peak flow were significantly lower (p < 0.05) with the e-cigs compared to cigarettes. Experienced EC and CS appeared to use the e-cig prototype differently, which is consistent with the literature. The SPA/M could be a useful tool in assessing e-cig use behavior for regulatory purposes.

Asymmetric Supramolecular Catalysis: A Bio‐Inspired Tool for the High Asymmetric Induction in the Enamine‐Based Michael Reactions

King size: Utilization of large-size supramolecular rings in the pre-transition state (pre-TS) of enamine-based Michael reactions for high asymmetric induction is described. Enantiomerically pure, druglike hexahydroxanthenes with three contiguous stereocenters were synthesized through supramolecular catalysis by D-proline and quinine-NH-thiourea followed by reductive etherification from simple precursors under mild conditions (see scheme).

Comparison of Mouth Level Exposure to ‘Tar’ and Nicotine in Smokers of Normal and Superslim King Size Cigarettes in Romania

Abstract Filter analysis methodology can be used to estimate smokers’ mouth level exposure (MLE) to ‘tar’ and nicotine from spent cigarette filters. Variation in smoking behaviour and cigarette design are known to have an impact on the range of ‘tar’ and nicotine MLE. Most ‘King Size’ (KS) cigarettes have a circumference of about 25 mm and are 83-84 mm long, with filters 20-27 mm in length. Recently, a slimmer format, described as a ‘King Size Superslim’ (KSSS), with a circumference of 17 mm, has become popular in several countries. Although several studies have estimated the MLE to ‘tar’ and nicotine of smokers of KS cigarettes, there have been no studies of KSSS smokers reported to date. KSSS cigarettes from Romania were chosen for this study with a single product to represent each 1, 4 and 7 mg machine-smoked ISO ‘tar’ yields. Since these products have filters containing activated carbon, comparisons were made with a single product at each ISO ‘tar’ level of KS cigarettes with both activated carbon filters (King Size Carbon - KSC), to assess the effect of format on MLE, and cellulose acetate filters (King Size Non-carbon - KSNC) to assess the effect of filter carbon on MLE. A target population of 50 to 70 male and female smokers (subjects) aged 21 to 50 years of each product were recruited in Romania, with self-reported consumption of 15-25 cigarettes per day. The subjects gave written informed consent before commencing the study. Mean MLE to ‘tar’ and nicotine obtained by the smokers of all products were greater than ISO pack ‘tar’ and nicotine as reported in numerous studies. Regarding MLE to ‘tar’, there were no significant differences between the KSC, KSNC and KSSS smokers within each of the 1, 4 and 7 mg machine-smoked ISO ‘tar’ yield groups, but there were significant differences between the ISO pack ‘tar’ groups: 1 mg &lt; 4 mg &lt; 7 mg. Regarding MLE to nicotine, KSC and KSSS smokers obtained similar yields within an ISO pack ‘tar’ group. KSNC smokers obtained lower MLE nicotine yields than the KSC and KSSS smokers at both 4 mg and 7 mg ISO pack ‘tar’, corresponding to lower blend nicotine levels. No gender differences were observed.

Analysis of Acrylonitrile and alpha-Methacrylonitrile in Vapor Phase of Mainstream Cigarette Smoke Using a Charcoal Trap for Collection

Abstract A simple procedure for the collection of vapor phase (VP) of mainstream cigarette smoke for analysis has been developed. This procedure consists of collecting the VP on a commercial charcoal trap (ORBO™-32) followed by dissolution in acetone. The acetone extract can be analyzed by a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) technique. A qualitative analysis of the collected VP has been performed for 3R4F Kentucky reference cigarette, allowing the identification of 138 compounds, some compounds being present in both VP and in particulate phase (PP) of cigarette smoke. A quantitative analysis method for acrylonitrile and α-methacrylonitrile (2-methyl-2-propenenitrile) was also developed, and the level of these compounds in 15 different cigarette brands was measured. Acrylonitrile quantitation was selected since this compound in smoke poses significant health related issues. α-Methacrylonitrile quantitation was selected due to the similar structure of this compound with acrylonitrile. The analyzed cigarettes were several Kentucky reference cigarettes including 1R5F, 2R4F, 3R4F, 2R1F, and 1R3F, several King Size (KS) commercial cigarettes from the US market including Basic Non Filter (NF), Basic Ultra Lights (UL), Newport, Marlboro (Red), Marlboro Menthol, Camel Filter, Camel Lights, Camel Ultra Lights, and two herbal cigarettes, Ecstasy and Dreams. The results for acrylonitrile were in very good agreement with data reported in the literature for 2R4F and 1R5F cigarettes. The levels of α-methacrylonitrile were not previously reported. The correlation between the levels of acrylonitrile and of α-methacrylonitrile with the (wet) total particulate matter (TPM) was evaluated. Although the levels of acrylonitrile and of α-methacrylonitrile in mainstream smoke depend on the TPM values, the correlation is not very strong, indicating that the nature of the cigarette blend and possible other factors in cigarette construction also influence their levels in smoke. The collection method used in this study allows the subsequent dissolution of VP in a much smaller volume of solvent compared to other methods that use impingers, allows the use of standard GC/MS autosamplers for liquid injection and simple addition of internal standards compared to the methods that use gas bags, and allows a simple and immediate collection of VP as it leaves the Cambridge filter pad. These characteristics represent significant advantages versus other methods commonly used for VP analysis.

Influence of Tobacco Additives on the Chemical Composition of Mainstream Smoke

Abstract Additives used in tobacco product manufacturing are currently in the focus of public discussions with regard to potentially increased consumer health risks on account of certain additives. In addition, a few additives are suspected to enhance the addictiveness of tobacco products. In 2006, the German Federal Ministry for Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection (BundesministeriumfuerErnaehrung, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz, BMELV) commissioned a research project intended to provide support for the evaluation of additives and their influence on the composition and properties of cigarette mainstream smoke. In this paper the results of the study are reported. Different amounts of glycerol, cocoa powder and sucrose were added to the tobacco of two kinds of filter-ventilated King size test cigarettes with ‘tar’ levels of 6 mg and 10 mg per cigarette. The tobacco of the test cigarettes consisted of a commercially available blend made of Virginia, Burley and Oriental tobaccos. Machine smoking was performed according to the applicable ISO smoking regimen. Various smoke components, which are suspected to be harmful for health, were determined in mainstream smoke. Increasing levels of sucrose were correlated with an increase of the amount of formaldehyde but not of acetaldehyde in the mainstream smoke of the test cigarettes. In cigarettes with different levels of added glycerol no substantial change in smoke composition was observed. The addition of cocoa powder to tobacco resulted in a decrease of tobaccospecific N-nitrosamines in mainstream smoke. The results obtained in this study can be used as evidence for the toxicological evaluation aimed at approving or banning specific additives for tobacco product manufacturing.

A Pile of Krusty Burgers Embiggens the Fattest Man: Obesity, Incentives, and Unintended Consequences in 'King Size Homer'

A Pile of Krusty Burgers Embiggens the Fattest Man: Obesity, Incentives, and Unintended Consequences in 'King Size Homer'

Two pack king size chocolate bars. Can we manage our consumption?

This questionnaire study assessed people's consumption intentions regarding two pack king size chocolate bars. Results showed that 92.9% of the respondents ( n = 143) intended to finish the chocolate bar within 1 day. The most important purchase considerations were hunger and not having considered the size. Furthermore, dietary restraint reduced the odds of a respondent intending to finish the two pack king size chocolate bar within 1 day. Based on the results, the availability and visibility of regular chocolate bars and healthier snacks should be increased, and consumers should be educated about the impact of portion sizes of high caloric snacks.

Ignoring puff counts: another shortcoming of the Federal Trade Commission cigarette testing programme

Objectives:To examine reasons behind the failure of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to preserve puff count information from standard cigarette testing and to elucidate the importance of puff count to...