Reaction Kinetics Research Articles

Sustainable conversion of polyethylene plastic bottles into terephthalic acid, synthesis of coated MIL-101 metal–organic framework and catalytic degradation of pollutant dyes

Persistent environmental colored compounds, resistant to biodegradation, accumulate and harm eco-systems. Developing effective methods to break down these pollutants is crucial. This study introduces Ag-MIL-101 (Ag-MIL-101) as a composite and reusable catalyst that efficiently degrades specific colored organic pollutants (COPs) like Methylene blue (MB), 4-Nitrophenol (4-NP), and 4-Nitroaniline (4-NA) using sodium borohydride at room temperature. The MIL-101 was synthesized using Terephthalic acid (TPA) derived from the degradation of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) plastic waste, with the assistance of zinc chloride. To further investigation, the kinetics of degradation reaction was studied under optimized conditions in the presence of Ag-MIL-101 as catalyst. Our results demonstrated the remarkable efficiency of the degradation process, with over 93% degradation achieved within just 8 min. The catalyst was characterized using FTIR, XRD, FESEM, and TEM. In this study, the average particle size of Ag-MIL-101 was determined using SEM and XRD analysis. These methods allow us to accurately and precisely determine the particle size. We determined the reaction rate constants for the degradation of each COP using a pseudo first-order kinetic equation, with values of 0.585, 0.597 and 0.302 min−1 for MB, 4-NP, and 4-NA, respectively. We also evaluated the recyclability of the catalyst and found that it could be reused for up to three cycles with only a slight decrease in efficiency (10–15%). Overall, our findings highlight the promising application of Ag-MIL-101 as an effective catalyst for the degradation of COPs, emphasizing the importance of optimizing reaction conditions to achieve enhanced efficiency.

Phloroglucinol–2,6‐Diaminoanthraquinone as a Durable Redox Mediator for Enhancing Conversion Reaction Kinetics in Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries

AbstractLithium‐sulfur batteries, despite being a promising solution for next‐generation secondary batteries, require substantial efforts to overcome the challenges of sluggish sulfur redox kinetics, polysulfides shuttling, and Li metal instability before achieving practical viability. Conventional strategies that utilize metal catalysts or soluble redox mediators (RMs) are limited by either impractical producing processes or unsatisfactory service life. Herein, an electrochemically active organic material, phloroglucinol – 2,6‐diaminoanthraquinone (PG‐DAAQ) is synthesized through a green and facile polymerization process to better resolve these issues. Serving as an RM at the cathode, PG‐DAAQ exhibits enduring redox activity within the sulfur operating potential window, leading to enhanced redox kinetics and sulfur utilization. Remarkably, even without any metal elements, PG‐DAAQ exhibits an excellent affinity to polysulfides, thereby suppressing the shuttling and facilitating the formation of a more favorable solid‐electrolyte interface to stabilize Li deposition at the anode. As a result, Li‐S cells employing PG‐DAAQ show significantly enhanced cycling and rate performances than the control cells. Even with a low electrolyte‐to‐sulfur ratio of 6, pouch cells with PG‐DAAQ deliver a reversible discharge capacity of 821 mA h g−1 after 100 cycles at a C/10 rate.

Highly active air electrode catalysts for Zn‐air batteries: Catalytic mechanism and active center from obfuscation to clearness

AbstractCarbon‐based materials have been found to accelerate the sluggish kinetic reaction and are largely subject to the overall Zn‐air batteries (ZABs) property, while their full catalytic mechanism is still not excavated because of the indistinct internal structure and immature in‐situ technology. Up to now, systematic methods have been utilized to study and design promising high‐performance carbon‐based catalysts. To resolve the real active units and catalytic mechanism, developing molecular catalyst is a significant strategy. Herein, the review will initiate to briefly introduce the working principle and composition of ZABs. An important statement is correspondingly provided about the typical structure and catalytic mechanisms for the air cathode material. It also presents the tremendous endeavors on the catalytic performance and stability of carbon‐based material. Furthermore, combined with theoretical calculation, the self‐defined active sites are analyzed to understand the catalytic character, where the molecular catalyst is subsequently summarized and discussed through highlighting the unambiguous and controllable structure, in the hope of surfacing the optimum catalyst. Building on the fundamental understanding of carbon‐based and molecular catalysts, this review is expected to provide guidance and direction toward designing future mechanistic studies and ORR electrocatalysts.

Design and Fabrication of Island‐Like CoNi2S4@NiCo‐LDH/Biomass Carbon Heterostructure as Advanced Electrodes for High‐Performance Hybrid Supercapacitors

AbstractThe utilization of heterostructured electrodes offers an effective approach to boost the energy density of supercapacitors without sacrificing their power density. However, the adoption of such materials is frequently impeded by sluggish reaction kinetics. Herein, an island‐like CoNi2S4@NiCo‐layered double hydroxide/biomass carbon (CoNi2S4@NiCo‐LDH/BC) heterostructure is synthesized by embedding CoNi2S4 in the interlayer of NiCo‐LDH nanosheets on BC through a partial in situ sulfidation process. Theoretical and experimental analyses indicate that this unique structural configuration lowers transport barriers and enhances ion adsorption capacity, leading to a significant improvement in ion/electron reaction kinetics. In addition, the embedded structural design effectively alleviates the significant volume expansion during charge–discharge process, while the robust BC framework prevents electrode degradation, thereby enhancing stability. These advantages enable the developed electrode material to achieve a high specific capacity (1655.75 C g−1 at 1 A g−1) and an extended cycle life (86.82% capacity retention after 10 000 cycles). Significantly, the assembled hybrid supercapacitor CoNi2S4@NiCo‐LDH/BC// activated carbon demonstrates a remarkable energy density of 95.57 Wh kg−1 at 866.61 W kg−1 and exceptional cycling stability, maintaining 95.16% capacity after 10 000 cycles. This research offers an effective strategy to promote ion/charge transfer and adsorption capacity of heterostructure and provides a new approach to the development of advanced supercapacitor electrodes.

Quantitative Factors Introduced in the Feasibility Analysis of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)‐Sensitive Triggers

AbstractReactive oxygen species (ROS) are critical for cellular signaling. Various pathophysiological conditions are also associated with elevated levels of ROS. Hence, ROS‐sensitive triggers have been extensively used for selective payload delivery. Such applications are predicated on two key functions: (1) a sufficient magnitude of concentration difference for the interested ROS between normal tissue/cells and intended sites and (2) appropriate reaction kinetics to ensure a sufficient level of selectivity for payload release. Further, ROS refers to a group of species with varying reactivity, which should not be viewed as a uniform group. In this review, we critically analyze data on the concentrations of different ROS species under various pathophysiological conditions and examine how reaction kinetics affect the success of ROS‐sensitive linker chemistry. Further, we discuss different ROS linker chemistry in the context of their applications in drug delivery and imaging. This review brings new insights into research in ROS‐triggered delivery, highlights factors to consider in maximizing the chance for success and discusses pitfalls to avoid.

Quantitative Factors Introduced in the Feasibility Analysis of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)-Sensitive Triggers.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are critical for cellular signaling. Various pathophysiological conditions are also associated with elevated levels of ROS. Hence, ROS-sensitive triggers have been extensively used for selective payload delivery. Such applications are predicated on two key functions: (1) a sufficient magnitude of concentration difference for the interested ROS between normal tissue/cells and intended sites and (2) appropriate reaction kinetics to ensure a sufficient level of selectivity for payload release. Further, ROS refers to a group of species with varying reactivity, which should not be viewed as a uniform group. In this review, we critically analyze data on the concentrations of different ROS species under various pathophysiological conditions and examine how reaction kinetics affect the success of ROS-sensitive linker chemistry. Further, we discuss different ROS linker chemistry in the context of their applications in drug delivery and imaging. This review brings new insights into research in ROS-triggered delivery, highlights factors to consider in maximizing the chance for success and discusses pitfalls to avoid.

Engineering a Hydrazone and Triazole Crosslinked Hydrogel for Extrusion-Based Printing and Cell Delivery.

Covalent adaptable crosslinks, such as the alkyl-hydrazone, endow hydrogels with unique viscoelastic properties applicable to cell delivery and bioink systems. However, the alkyl-hydrazone crosslink lacks stability in biologically relevant environments. Furthermore, when formed with biopolymers such as hyaluronic acid (HA), low molecular weight polymers (<60kDa), or low polymer content (<2 wt%) hydrogels are typically employed as entanglements reduce injectability. Here, a high molecular weight (>60kDa) HA alkyl-hydrazone crosslinked hydrogel is modified with benzaldehyde-poly(ethylene glycol)3-azide to incorporate azide functional groups. By reacting azide-modified HA with a multi-arm poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) functionalized with bicyclononyne, stabilizing triazole bonds are formed through strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC). Increasing the fraction of triazole bonds within the hydrogel network from 0% to 12% SPAAC substantially increases stability. The slow gelation kinetics of the SPAAC reaction in the 12% SPAAC hydrogel enables transient self-healing properties and a similar extrusion force as the 0% SPAAC hydrogel. Methyl-PEG4-hydrazide is then introduced to further slowdown network evolution, which temporarily lowers the extrusion force, improves printability, and increases post-extrusion mesenchymal stem cell viability and function in the 12% SPAAC hydrogel. This work demonstrates improved stability and temporal injectability of high molecular weight HA-PEG hydrogels for extrusion-based printing and cell delivery.

Entropy‐Driven Highly Chaotic MXene‐Based Heterostructures as an Efficient Sulfur Redox Electrocatalysts for Li‐S Battery

AbstractBoth the sluggish sulfur redox reaction (SRR) kinetics and lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) shuttle effect limit the practical application of Li‐S batteries. Designing heterostructure sulfur hosts has emerged as an effective way to address these two issues with one material. However, the principles of heterostructures reinforced Li‐S batteries remain inadequately understood. Here, it is demonstrated for the first time that increasing the entropy of heterostructure can promote its SRR catalytic activity and alleviate the LiPSs shuttling. By a simple solution‐based strategy, a highly chaotic MXene‐based heterostructure (HCMH, TiS2/TiN/TiO2/Ti3C2Tx) is fabricated. The smart integration of “high entropy”, heterostructure, and MXene endow the HCMH catalyst with significantly improved performance, demonstrated by a much smaller Tafel slope of 62.9 mV dec−1 and a higher electron transfer number of 7.10, compared with the moderately chaotic MXene‐based heterostructure (MCMH, TiO2/TiN/Ti3C2Tx) and MXene. DFT theoretical calculations reveal that introducing new phases lowers the Gibbs energy barriers of both rate‐limiting Li2S2/Li2S reduction and Li2S decomposition. Upon the addition of only 5 wt.% HCMH to the sulfur cathode, both the reversible capacity and rate capability of Li‐S cells are greatly improved, which further highlights the importance of the high entropy “cocktail effect” in the design of SRR electrocatalysts in the future.

Surface engineering of Li3V2(PO4)3-based cathode materials with enhanced performance for lithium-ion batteries working in a wide temperature range

Operating at extreme temperatures is the biggest challenge for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in practical applications, as both the capacity and cycling stability of LIBs are largely decreased due to the sluggish reaction kinetics of the cathodes. Therefore, developing suitable cathode materials is the key point to tackling this challenge. Lithium vanadium phosphate [Li3V2(PO4)3, LVP] is a promising cathode with good features of a high working voltage, high intrinsic ionic diffusion coefficiency, and stable olivine structure in a wide temperature range, although it is perplexed by the low electronic conductivity. To tackle this issue, a series of nitrogen-doped carbon network (NC) coated LVP composites were synthesized using a hydrothermal-assisted sol-gel method. Among them, the LVP@NC-0.8 sample exhibited a remarkable tolerance at a high charging cutoff voltage of 4.8 V in a wide temperature range. Full cells of LVP@NC-0.8||graphite exhibited superior performance at different current rates. Moreover, the reaction mechanism of the LVP@NC-0.8 electrode was proved by in-situ X-ray diffraction technique, demonstrating that temperature was a critical factor that contributed to the sluggish phase transformation with high voltage hysteresis at low temperature and severe crystal structure distortion at high temperature. Theoretical calculations further demonstrated the superiority of the NC for high electronic conductivity and reduced lithium transportation barriers. The enhanced electrochemical performances of LVP-based cathode materials have provided the possible application of LIBs in a wide temperature range.

Dry Reforming of CH4 Using a Microreactor

In the present study, a comparison of the dry reforming of a gas mixture containing methane, carbon dioxide and nitrogen without contaminants to a ruthenium-based Ru/Al2O3 catalyst was carried out in a microreactor for the first time. The influence of the contact time, temperature and composition of the feed on the conversion was exhaustively investigated. The optimal operating conditions were found to be a contact time of 80 milliseconds, a temperature of 700 °C and a CH4:CO2 ratio of 1. The assessment of diffusional limitations reveals that there is no resistance to mass transfer, which reveals the potential benefit of the determination of intrinsic reaction kinetics within a microreactor.

Unlocking the potential of spinel MnV2O4 for highly durable aqueous zinc-ion batteries

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) have received comprehensive attention as promising candidates for large-scale energy storage owing to high security, low cost, and environmental friendliness. Developing appropriate cathode materials is of great significance for high-efficiency Zn2+ storage. Herein, we proposed an efficient in-situ electrochemical pretreatment strategy to unlock the potential of non-electrochemically active spinel MnV2O4via an irreversible phase reconstruction from crystalline structure to short-range ordered amorphous state. Specifically, the reconstructed electrodes not only deliver abundant active sites for Zn2+ ions accommodation, but also shorten diffusion paths for rapid reaction kinetics, thus achieving superior electrochemical properties. As revealed, the optimized electrodes present a prominent specific capacity of 445 mA h g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, a high capacity retention of 73.1 % over 2000 cycles at 5 A g−1, as well as exceptional energy density of 335 W h kg−1 and power density of 176 W kg−1 based on the mass of cathode. In addition, the reaction mechanism during Zn2+ ions storage process is systematically investigated by ex-situ X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. This in-situ electrochemical conversion mechanism sheds light on a new methodology of designing desirable cathode materials for aqueous ion batteries.

Ultra-Low-Potential Methanol Oxidation on Single-Ir-Atom Catalyst.

Methanol oxidation plays a central role to implement sustainable energy economy, which is restricted by the sluggish reaction kinetics due to the multi-electron transfer process accompanied by numerous sequential intermediate. In this study, an efficient cascade methanol oxidation reaction is catalyzed by single-Ir-atom catalyst at ultra-low potential (<0.1 V) with the promotion of the thermal and electrochemical integration in a high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzer. At the elevated temperature, the electron deficient Ir site with higher methanol affinity could spontaneous catalyze the CH3OH dehydrogenation to CO under the voltage, then the generated CO and H2 was electrochemically oxidized to CO2 and proton. However, the methanol cannot thermally decompose with the voltage absence, which confirm the indispensable of the coupling of thermal and electrochemical integration for the methanol oxidation. By assembling the methanol oxidation reaction with hydrogen evolution reaction with single-Ir-atom catalysts in the anode chamber, a max hydrogen production rate reaches 18 mol gIr -1 h-1, which is much greater than that of Ir nanoparticles and commercial Pt/C. This study also demonstrated the electrochemical methanol oxidation activity of the single atom catalysts, which broadens the renewable energy devices and the catalyst design by an integration concept.

Synergistic Regulation of Built-In Electric Field and Interface Effect to Enhance the Reaction Kinetics and Stability of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Synergistic Regulation of Built-In Electric Field and Interface Effect to Enhance the Reaction Kinetics and Stability of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Enhanced Oxygen Evolution and Zinc-Air Battery Performance via Electronic Spin Modulation in Heterostructured Catalysts.

Beyond optimizing electronic energy levels, the modulation of the electronic spin configuration is an effective strategy, often overlooked, to boost activity and selectivity in a range of catalytic reactions, including the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). This electronic spin modulation is frequently accomplished using external magnetic fields, which makes it impractical for real applications. Herein, spin modulation is achieved by engineering Ni/MnFe2O4 heterojunctions, whose surface is reconstructed into NiOOH/MnFeOOH during the OER. NiOOH/MnFeOOH shows a high spin state of Ni, which regulates the OH- and O2 adsorption energy and enables spin alignment of oxygen intermediates. As a result, NiOOH/MnFeOOH electrocatalysts provide excellent OER performance with an overpotential of 261 mV at 10 mA cm-2. Besides, rechargeable zinc-air batteries based on Ni/MnFe2O4 show a high open circuit potential of 1.56 V and excellent stability for more than 1000 cycles. This outstanding performance is rationalized using density functional theory calculations, which show that the optimal spin state of both Ni active sites and oxygen intermediates facilitates spin-selected charge transport, optimizes the reaction kinetics, and decreases the energy barrier to the evolution of oxygen. This study provides valuable insight into spin polarization modulation by heterojunctions enabling the design of next-generation OER catalysts with boosted performance.

Ultra‐Low‐Potential Methanol Oxidation on Single‐Ir‐Atom Catalyst

AbstractMethanol oxidation plays a central role to implement sustainable energy economy, which is restricted by the sluggish reaction kinetics due to the multi‐electron transfer process accompanied by numerous sequential intermediate. In this study, an efficient cascade methanol oxidation reaction is catalyzed by single‐Ir‐atom catalyst at ultra‐low potential (&lt;0.1 V) with the promotion of the thermal and electrochemical integration in a high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzer. At the elevated temperature, the electron deficient Ir site with higher methanol affinity could spontaneous catalyze the CH3OH dehydrogenation to CO under the voltage, then the generated CO and H2 was electrochemically oxidized to CO2 and proton. However, the methanol cannot thermally decompose with the voltage absence, which confirm the indispensable of the coupling of thermal and electrochemical integration for the methanol oxidation. By assembling the methanol oxidation reaction with hydrogen evolution reaction with single‐Ir‐atom catalysts in the anode chamber, a max hydrogen production rate reaches 18 mol gIr−1 h−1, which is much greater than that of Ir nanoparticles and commercial Pt/C. This study also demonstrated the electrochemical methanol oxidation activity of the single atom catalysts, which broadens the renewable energy devices and the catalyst design by an integration concept.

IDSimF: An Open-Source Framework for the Simulation of Molecular Ion Dynamics in Mass Spectrometry and Ion Mobility Spectrometry.

The development of mass spectrometric and ion mobility devices heavily depends on a comprehensive understanding of the behavior of ions within such systems. Therefore, numerical modeling of ion paths helps to optimize and verify existing devices, and contributes to the development of innovative ion optical systems and multipole geometries. This Article introduces IDSimF (Ion Dynamics Simulation Framework), an open-source simulation tool tailored to the nonrelativistic dynamics of molecular ions in mass and ion mobility spectrometry applications. Addressing limitations in existing software packages, as for example SIMION, OpenFOAM, and COMSOL, IDSimF offers a specialized platform for simulating ion trajectories in electric fields. IDSimF efficiently accounts for space charge effects and considers various ion-neutral collision models while handling chemical kinetics. The framework is highly modular with reduced user input configuration complexity and aims to support simulation efforts in development and optimization of in mass spectrometers.

Sulfur autotrophic electrodialysis ion exchange membrane bioreactor (SEDIMB) for nitrate removal in water: Synergism and adaptability of electrodialysis and sulfur autotrophy

In this study, the novel sulfur autotrophic electrodialysis ion-exchange membrane bioreactor (SEDIMB) with high denitrification performance was developed without the addition of carbon source. Sulfur autotrophic denitrification occurs at the same time of nitrate enrichment by electric field to achieve harmless nitrate transformation in water. The final nitrate concentration in water chamber was 2.16 mg-N/L (removal efficiency of 94.49 %) at an initial nitrate concentration of 40 mg-N/L, with the maximum nitrate concentration in biological chamber of 4.09 mg-N/L. Nitrate removal in water chamber of the SEDIMB conformed to the first-order kinetic model (R2 = 0.98) and reaction rate constant K1 = 0.0030 (1/min). The effect of environmental variables (i.e., voltage, initial nitrate concentration and water body) on the SEDIMB denitrification performance was investigated. Increasing voltage could promote nitrate migration in water chamber, and when the voltage was 7 V, initial nitrate concentrations of 20 ∼ 60 mg-N/L was effectively removed (all > 93.54 %). Moreover, the change of water body (i.e., tap water, lake water and deionized water) did not affect denitrification performance of SEDIMB. Microbial community structure analysis indicated that Betaproteobacteria were dominant in the SEDIMB. Membrane characterizations (ATR-IR, SEM and CLSM) confirmed that the bacteria in biological chamber tended to accumulate and grow on one side of the anion exchange membrane (AEM), while could not affect the selective permeability of AEM.

A novel imidazolium-based small molecule matching with unique solvation structure electrolyte for superior K-storage stability

Organic anodes for K-storage have attracted much attention because of high theoretical capacity, low cost and extensive natural resource although facing serious dissolving issues with conventional electrolytes and persistent capacity decay. Therefore, 2-methylimidazole (mIm), an imidazolium-based small molecule restricted with high electronic conductivity carbon nanotubes (mIm/CNTs) is applied for potassium-ion batteries (PIBs). Furthermore, this as-prepared anode is accompanied to the potassium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (KFSI)-ethylene carbonate (EC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) electrolytes (KFSI/EC + DEC) with modifiable solvation structures. At current density of 50 mA g−1, the mIm/CNTs composite coupled with the optimized 3 mol L−1 KFSI/EC + DEC electrolyte provides an average reversible capacity of 240 mAh g−1 (composites) with coulombic efficiency (CE) of 99.5 %. After 500 cycles, a high sustained capacity of 200 mAh g−1 (composites) is attained at 200 mA g−1. This enhanced K-storage performance of mIm/CNTs in 3 mol L−1 KFSI/EC + DEC electrolyte can be attributed to distinctive solvation structure, which is dominated by contact ion pairs (CIPs) and aggregates (AGGs). This structure intensively mitigates dissolution issues and greatly promotes K+ reaction kinetics. This work emphasizes the significance of electrolyte regulation for organic anodes and will supply a comprehensive appreciating of electrochemistry performance for advanced energy storage systems.

Effect of cellulose nanocrystals on performance of PVA fiber-reinforced geopolymer composites: Reaction kinetics, bending behavior, and toughening mechanisms

Geopolymer composites are an attractive alternative to those based on ordinary Portland cement, owing to their lower carbon footprint and higher mechanical performance. However, brittleness is one of the major barriers limiting their use in construction applications. In this work, cellulose nanocrystal (CNC), a cost-effective and eco-friendly nanoparticle, was exploited in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-reinforced metakaolin-based geopolymer composite to further increase its mechanical performance. To this end, PVA-reinforced geopolymer composites were prepared by varying the CNC concentration from 0 wt% to 0.15 wt%. Three-point bending and fracture testing, combined with digital image correlation (DIC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), were performed to evaluate the bending and fracture behavior of samples containing CNC and reveal various toughening mechanisms. Composites with 0.15 wt% CNC recorded an increase of 190% in flexural strength and a 325 time of increase in fracture energy, compared to the control geopolymer (i.e. without PVA fibers and CNC). Isothermal calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and x-ray diffraction (XRD) were also utilized to characterize the heat flow, chemical bonds, and crystalline phases of the samples. These analyses revealed that CNC incorporation increased the amount of formed geopolymer gel with no significant changes in the crystalline structure and chemical bonding. In addition, stronger interfacial bonding between the PVA-geopolymer matrix was achieved, resulting in substantial improvements in flexural strength and fracture energy.

Kinetics in high-temperature free-radical reactive processing: Grafting maleic anhydride onto polypropylene in the presence of nanoclay-supported peroxide

The kinetics of grafting and chain scission reactions during maleic anhydride (MA) grafting onto polypropylene (PP) using nanoclay-supported peroxide (o-MMT/DCP) in the molten state were evaluated through the development of a new methodology. A combination of characterization techniques and mathematical data manipulation was employed for this assessment. To inhibit radical propagation and recombination, tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) was used as a free radical scavenger. Rheological stability tests demonstrated that TEMPO was more effective as a reaction inhibitor. The kinetics dataindicated that the use of o-MMT/DCP resulted in products with higher MA grafted levels and molecular weight (MW) compared to grafting performed in the absence of o-MMT. Additionally, some changes in molecular architecture were observed. The chain scission distribution function (CSDF) revealed that during the MA grafting process, the molecular weight of PP was reduced through chain scission, with a preference for longer chains. Furthermore, the presence of o-MMT was found to restrain the level of PP chain scission, likely due to recombination on the clay surface.