Wind Kinetic Energy Research Articles

Optimization of Wind Turbine Efficiency during Severe Weather

Due to the importance of energy in society as well as the negative environmental impact of many commonly used energy sources, namely fossil fuels, it is essential to develop and improve sources of renewable energy. Wind energy is a prominent, widely accessible, and environmentally friendly form of renewable energy created when wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of wind to electricity. Severe weather is one area of concern for wind turbines. This article primarily examines the effects of high wind speeds and lightning on wind turbines. To aid in improving and fostering renewable energy, this article aims to study the effects of lightning and high wind speeds on wind turbines, evaluate current solutions, and suggest improvements where possible. After examining several sources, the advantages and disadvantages of current methods were discussed along with proposed improvements. Due to the restrictions of our research being purely virtual, lacking resources, and time constraints, we are unable to conduct tests and physical research of wind turbines and these meteorological events for more thorough first-hand exploration. Following our research, the next step would be to utilize the evaluations and proposed improvements to current wind turbine designs and analyze the effects.

Analysis of the Eddy current of water heating device to convert wind energy directly into heat: Case study maldo island, South Korea

The Eddy Current of Water Heating (ECWH) system introduces a pioneering approach for converting wind energy into heat, marking a significant step in renewable energy technology. The current study focuses on refining the ECWH system by evaluating eight distinct heat generator models. Each model is selected based on its magnet configurations and pole numbers to maximize power efficiency at rotational speeds ranging from 100 to 500 rpm. This selection strategy is designed to provide a deep understanding of not only system efficiency across a spectrum of technical specifications but also the practical limitations of experimental research considerations. Energy efficiency is thoroughly analyzed for four models over a power input range of 120 to 2193 W. Wind speed data collected over a year from Maldo Island, west coast of South Korea, simulates the Weibull distribution of wind speeds and estimates total power production by employing the QBlade software. This study aims to explore the practicality of converting wind's kinetic energy directly into thermal energy through the ECWH system. Our findings indicate that the ECWH system outperforms conventional permanent magnet alternators, particularly in its ability to generate more power at lower angular velocities and wind speeds—a crucial feature for locales like Maldo Island, where typical wind speeds range from 3 to 6 m/s, considered low to moderate. With an energy efficiency exceeding 90%, generating an annual power output of 2266.3 kWh, and achieving a facility utilization rate of 10.34%, the results underscore the potential of the ECWH system as an efficient and sustainable solution for heating in areas with similar wind conditions.

Comparative Analysis of Aerodynamic Efficiency in Small-Diameter Wind Turbine Blades: NACA 4412 vs. Clark Y

Objective: This study aims to compare the efficiency of the Naca 4412 and Clark Y airfoil profiles for small-diameter wind turbines using Solidworks® modeling, 3D printing, wind tunnel testing, and computational simulation. The hypothesis posits that the Naca 4412 will be more efficient. Theoretical Framework: Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of wind into electrical energy, with the rotor being responsible for converting kinetic energy into mechanical energy, which is subsequently converted into electrical energy by the generator. Studies highlight the importance of optimizing the aerodynamics of the blades to maximize efficiency. Method: The Naca 4412 and Clark Y profiles were modeled in Solidworks® and 3D printed using high-quality ABS. The blades were tested in Armfield C15-10 and Edibon EEEC wind tunnels, measuring lift and drag forces at different angles of attack (30º to 70º) and varying wind speeds to achieve different Reynolds numbers. Results and Discussion: The Naca 4412 profile exhibited higher lift and drag compared to the Clark Y. At angles of 50º and 60º, both profiles showed greater efficiency, with the Naca 4412 achieving higher maximum angular velocity (357.93 RPM at 50º, 510.91 RPM at 60º). The performance difference can be attributed to the twist of the Naca 4412 and turbulence effects at low speeds. Research Implications: The results provide insights for the development of more efficient wind turbines, particularly in urban contexts where small wind turbines are used. Originality/Value: This study contributes by experimentally comparing two widely used airfoil profiles, offering valuable data for the optimization of small wind turbine blades.

Analytical Simulation Approach to Evaluate the Ambient Humidity Effects on the Performance of a Wind Accelerator

Abstract The power production of wind turbines is experiencing an upward trend. However, on the other hand, the wind turbine’s performance slows down due to unseen changes in the environment. Humidity is one of the environmental factors affecting the performance of wind turbines. When humidity levels are high in the atmosphere, air is less dense. This air is lighter, and it results in reduced air pressure. A remedy to increase the air pressure in the direction of wind flow is to locate a wind accelerator, an aerodynamic device before the wind turbine to amplify the incoming wind speed and reduce the impact of humidity on the wind energy. This study intends to investigate the impact of environmental humidity on the performance of the wind accelerator. The study includes modelling the wind accelerator using Ansys 2023R1, to simulate different humidity levels. An analytical simulation is conducted to describe the aerodynamic behaviour of the wind accelerator in response to the changes in ambient humidity. The air at different percentage levels of humidity is passed through the proposed wind accelerator geometry to observe the wind speed variation and kinetic energy of the wind. The simulation study reveals that the wind speed and kinetic energy show higher values when the humidity is at a lower level, while the opposite is true when the humidity is higher. This emphasizes how important it is to consider all environmental elements while designing and developing wind turbines and wind accelerators for optimal performance subjected to various climatic conditions.

Between the Cosmic-Ray “Knee” and the “Ankle”: Contribution from Star Clusters

We show that massive, young star clusters may be possible candidates that can accelerate Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) in the range of 107–109 GeV (between the “knee” and “ankle”). Various plausible scenarios, such as acceleration at the wind termination shock and supernova shocks inside these young star clusters, have been proposed, since it is difficult to accelerate particles up to the 107–109 GeV range in the standard paradigm of CR acceleration in supernova remnants. We consider a model for the production of different nuclei in CRs from massive stellar winds using the observed distribution of young star clusters in the Galactic plane. We present a detailed calculation of CR transport in the Galaxy, taking into account the effect of diffusion, interaction losses during propagation, and particle reacceleration by old supernova remnants to determine the all-particle CR spectrum. Using the maximum energy estimate from the Hillas criterion, we argue that a young, massive star cluster can accelerate protons up to a few tens of PeV. Upon comparison with the observed data, our model requires a CR source spectrum with an exponential cutoff of 5 × 107 Z GeV (50 Z PeV) from these clusters, together with a CR injection fraction of ∼5% of the wind kinetic energy. We discuss the possibility of achieving these requirements in star clusters, as well as the associated uncertainties, in the context of considering star clusters as the natural accelerator of the “second component” of Galactic CRs.

Finite element analysis of an eddy current heater for wind or water kinetic energy conversion into heat

The paper presents 2D and 3D finite element models for the analysis of the electromagnetic and thermal fields and the local and global quantities in an eddy current heater with permanent magnets, able to convert the wind or water kinetic energy into heat. Correlations between the input and output operational parameters of the heater are studied taking into account the temperature dependence of physical properties and the magnetic nonlinearity.

Optimal airfoil selection for small horizontal axis wind turbine blades: A multi-criteria approach

Over the last century, the growing demand for clean energy has emphasized wind energy as a promising solu-tion to address contemporary energy challenges. Within the realm of wind energy, the wind turbine plays a pivotal role in harnessing the kinetic energy of the wind and converting it into electrical power. Among the various components of the wind turbine system, turbine blades assume a critical role in capturing the wind's kinetic energy and converting it into rotational motion. Consequently, the design of wind turbine blades holds the utmost importance in determining the overall performance and efficiency of the entire wind turbine system. One essential aspect of blade design involves selecting an appropriate airfoil. Throughout history, numerous airfoil profiles have been developed for various applications. Notably, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) and National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) airfoils have been tailored for aircraft and large-scale wind turbine blades, respectively. However, the quest for suitable airfoil types for small-scale wind turbine blades has been ongoing. This study delves into an examination of over 62 distinct NACA and NREL aerofoil types tailored for small horizontal-axis wind turbine blades. Employing specialized software, namely QBlade, specifically designed for modeling and simulating wind turbine blades, the study calculates key parameters such as power output, stress, deformation, and weight for each airfoil. Subsequently, based on the simulated data, the optimal airfoil is identified using the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) multi-criteria selection approach. This selection process takes into account simulation results pertaining to power output, stress, deformation, and weight. The decision-making process involving multiple criteria is facilitated using Excel and Python. The findings of this study reveal that among the 62 airfoil types under consideration, the NACA 0024, NACA 2424, and NACA 4424 airfoils emerge as the most suitable choices for small horizontal-axis wind turbine blades.

Comparative analysis of fixed-pitch and variable-pitch control systems for multirotor drones: Acoustic characteristics and rotor phase control

In this study, the aerodynamic and aeroacoustic characteristics of multirotor electric vertical take-off and landing aircraft in hovering and forward flight are compared using two representative control methods: fixed-pitch control and variable-pitch control (i.e., revolution per minute (RPM) control and collective pitch control). To this end, a comprehensive multirotor noise assessment framework is used to predict the aerodynamics and noise of multirotors controlled by RPM and collective pitch. High-resolution time–frequency analysis is used to clarify the differences in noise spectral characteristics. The findings indicate that blade passage frequency characteristics vary significantly depending on the control method. The phase differences between the rotors of variable-pitch control remain constant irrespective of disturbances or attitude control. In other words, the frequencies of the tone noise do not exhibit short-periodic modulation, unlike those of RPM-controlled multirotor. Additionally, the aeroacoustic characteristics of fixed-pitch and variable-pitch controlled multirotor in response to wind velocity fluctuation are investigated by considering the direction of noise radiation and interference effects. The impact of the turbulent kinetic energy of wind on the noise characteristics is examined by quantifying the noise components associated with aerodynamic unsteadiness in flight. Furthermore, the rotor phase control method can be applied to reduce noise in both control methods. The optimization of rotor phases reduces tone noise significantly at the target observer point without causing aerodynamic losses in variable-pitch controlled multirotor. In contrast, the reduction in tone noise remains relatively limited for fixed-pitch controlled multirotor, as the rotor phase differences are not maintained.

Martian global current systems and related solar wind energy transfer: hybrid simulation under nominal conditions

ABSTRACT The magnetized solar wind drives a current system around Mars that maintains its induced magnetosphere. The solar wind also transfers its energy to the atmospheric ions, causing continuous atmospheric erosion, which has a profound impact on the planet’s evolution history. Here, we use Amitis, a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)-based hybrid plasma model to first reproduce the global pattern of the net electric current and ion currents under an interplanetary magnetic field perpendicular to the solar wind flow direction. The resultant current distribution matches the observations and reveals more details. Using the electric field distribution characterized earlier with the same model, we calculate for the first time the spatial distribution of energy transfer rate to the plasmas in general and to different ion species at Mars. We find out that (1) the solar wind kinetic energy is the dominant energy source that drives Martian induced magnetosphere, (2) the energy flux of the shocked solar wind flows from the magnetic equatorial plane towards the plasma sheet in the induced magnetotail, (3) both the bow shock and the induced magnetospheric boundary are dynamos where plasma energy is transferred to the electromagnetic field, and (4) the planetary ions act as loads and gain energy from the electromagnetic field. The most intense load region is the planetary ion plume. The general pattern of the energy transfer rate revealed in this study is common for induced magnetospheres. Its variabilities with the upstream conditions can provide physical insight into the observed ion escape variabilities.

Numerical and experimental investigation of geometric parameters influence on power generation of INVELOX wind turbine

Wind energy is a key contributor to current transitional trends toward green energy resources. Wind turbines, therefore, act as the main of the wind energy power generation hierarchy, which converts the kinetic energy of wind into electric power. However, low wind velocity is a limiting factor that significantly diminishes the power generation capacity of wind turbines. Alternatively, ducted wind turbines provide a sustainable solution for application in areas with low wind velocity. In the present work, a numerical investigation has been performed to investigate the variation in the power generation capacity of INVELOX with varying geometric parameters. Initially, a numerical investigation of the original INVELOX model was performed to validate the numerical framework and establish the obtained results as a reference. Afterwards, the shape of the funnel, fins/supporting structure, and venturi parameters were varied to analyze their influence on the maximum velocity achieved at the throat. Subsequently, a novel semi-dome concept is added to the model based on numerical results. The results showed that the maximum velocity ratio has been improved from 2.125 to 3.13. Furthermore, power generation capacity was also increased by 3.2 times compared with the original INVELOX design by applying optimized geometric parameters and the semi-dome concept.

Numerical Study of Taper Type Turbine Blade at a 5° Angle

Renewable energy has emerged as a critical solution to the global challenges of climate change and continued reliance on fossil fuels. Wind turbines play an important role in this context as sources of clean energy that can meet electricity needs with minimal environmental impact. With its vast wind potential, Indonesia has a unique opportunity to drive the transition to renewable energy. As a result, a thorough understanding of wind turbine technology and the factors influencing its efficiency is becoming increasingly important. This article uses Q-Blade software to simulate the effect of blade angle on a taper type wind turbine with a 5° angle. The main findings show that the angle of attack has a significant impact on wind turbine performance. According to the dynamic pressure distribution on the airfoil profile, the optimal angle of attack peaks at half chord, resulting in maximum lift. Despite the fact that the power coefficient (Cp) value is slightly lower than the theoretical limit of the Betz principle This turbine can convert approximately 30.7% of the wind's kinetic energy into mechanical power. The findings of this study provide important information for the development of more efficient and sustainable local wind turbine technology in Indonesia, which is consistent with the vision of energy sustainability and Indonesia's role in global renewable energy. Developers can design more efficient wind turbines, reduce global carbon footprints, and support the transition to environmentally friendly renewable energy with a better understanding of angle of attack. This article is an important step toward a cleaner, more sustainable future in energy provision for Indonesians and the rest of the world.

Analysis Of Rotor-Side Control And Grid-Side Controls For Grid Voltage Improvement In A DFIG-Based Wind Turbine System

Wind Power Plant (PLTB) has received a lot of attention from the public, researchers, and the government because of its advantages and role in reducing the causes of environmental damage due to the generation of electrical energy. Unlike power plants that use primary energy from fossil fuels, PLTB uses wind kinetic energy to generate electricity. Many problems arise because the wind speed is always changing every time. The resulting output voltage instability in the generator can affect the electric power system where the output electricity of the generator is injected. This paper describes how to analyze the generator output voltage control at PLTB. The generator used is a type of induction generator with two inputs (Double-Fed Induction Generator, DFIG). while the method of analysis is carried out using the PSIM simulation tool from Powersim, Inc. Control is carried out both on the rotor side (Rotor Side Converter, RSC) and on the grid side (Grid Side Converter), with the aim of maintaining the output voltage injected into the power grid with a certain level of voltage oscillation. The control results show that the generator output voltage can be maintained as desired.

Estimating Maximum Power from Wind Turbines with a Simple Newtonian Approach

Recent findings in action mechanics showing torques result from rates of variation in impulsive action motivated this more fundamental approach to estimate maximum power from wind turbines. Newton’s third law of equality of action and reaction provides a strictly causal mechanism of wind power from the deflection of wind momentum by twice its angle (θ) of incidence on rotor blades. The lateral reaction needed to conserve wind momentum provides the turning moment for the turbine rotors. This direct approach challenges the current continuum mechanism for generating power from flows of kinetic energy in wind passing through the areas swept by rotating blades. Action mechanics integrates the rates of impulsive wind action on turbine blades as torques (∫mrvdθ/dt ≡ mv2) exerted on rotor surfaces at decreasing radii. Windward torque (Tw) is estimated from rotor dimensions, the angle of wind incidence and radial action of wind impulses on the blade surfaces (also ∫mrvdθ/dt ≡ mv2). A leeward torque (Tb) for back reaction of turbine blades on air mimics drag exerted parallel to the plane of rotation of the blade. Net torque is then converted to potential power (Tw - Tb)Ω by the angular velocity (Ω) of the turbine rotors, a function of tip speed ratio to wind speed. New contributions from action mechanics for managing wind power include larger estimates of its possible magnitude by including vortical energy, much larger than the kinetic energy. Better predictions of limits to wind power can be made, by including control of optimal wind angle and blade length. An analysis of the equivalence of deflected air momentum on turbine blades or air foils for aircraft reveals that even the lifting action on air foils can be explained by the normal reaction to the momentum in an air stream, also deflected by an angle twice that (2θ) of incidence, validating application of action mechanics to airflight. A mechanism for release of vortical field energy from laminar flow of air in anticyclones is predicted in turbulent downstream wakes, possibly assisting achievement of maximum power output by wind farms. Significant heat release by downwind turbulence from vortical energy requires care for their location. Diligence demands that use of windfarms as major sources of renewable energy should minimize any environmental impacts, such as drying of landscapes.

Effects of the Reynolds number and reduced frequency on the aerodynamic performance and dynamic stall behaviors of a vertical axis wind turbine

Dynamic stall is the main reason for the low power efficiency of vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) at low tip speed ratios, where the utilizable wind kinetic energy is also high. However, the determining factors behind VAWT dynamic stall have not been adequately investigated. Therefore, we carefully investigated VAWT dynamic stall under the different Reynolds numbers (Re) and reduced frequencies (k). The unsteady flow characteristics are identified using transitional URANS simulations. Although the blade undergoes significant vortex movements during each revolution, the output power is primarily determined by the aerodynamic responses close to the onset of dynamic stall. Increasing Re and k can impact dynamic stall behaviors significantly and also improve VAWT performance effectively. As both Re and k increase, the onset of dynamic stall is progressively postponed to a higher angle of attack, effectively suppressing the separated flow. Dynamic stall behaviors are therefore changed from abrupt stall to moderate stall with attenuated laminar separation bubble (LSB) bursting and dynamic stall vortex (DSV) shedding. An increase in Re hardens the LSB and prevents the DSV formation due to strong inertial forces, particularly at low Re. On the other hand, increasing k slows the flow-field transitions and delays the onset of LSB bursting and DSV shedding, particularly at high k.

Performance Improvement of a Savonius Wind Turbine using Wavy Concave Blades

As the best replacement for fossil fuels, green energy resources have established their significance on a worldwide basis. The availability of wind energy makes it the best promising form of green energy. For transforming wind kinetic energy into mechanical energy at low wind speeds, the Savonius wind rotor is regarded as the best choice. The main goal of the current study is to improve the power coefficient (Cp) and torque coefficient (Ct) of the Conventional Savonius wind turbine (SWT) by modifying the inner surface of the blade using a wavy profile. The aerodynamic performance of the wavy turbine is then compared with the conventional turbine in terms of Cp and Ct. The study is conducted using numerical simulation with the assistance of the ANSYS software. The flow characteristics around the turbines are solved utilizing the SST k-ω turbulence model. The simulation outcomes confirmed that the Cp of the wavy rotor increased by about 14.5% at a tip speed ratio of λ= 0.4. Additionally, outcomes showed the peak Cp is 0.18 at λ=0.7 which is 12.5% greater than the conventional SWT

Evaluating the Impacts of COSMIC-2 GNSS RO Bending Angle Assimilation on Atlantic Hurricane Forecasts Using the HWRF Model

Abstract This study evaluates the impact of assimilating Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) radio occultation (RO) bending angles from Formosa Satellite Mission-7/Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate-2 (COSMIC-2) receiver satellites on Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting (HWRF) Model tropical cyclone (TC) forecasts. Launched in June 2019, the COSMIC-2 mission provides significantly higher tropics data coverage compared to its predecessor COSMIC constellation. GNSS RO measurements yield information about atmospheric pressure, temperature, and water vapor profiles. HWRF is cycled with and without COSMIC-2 bending angle data assimilation for six 2020 Atlantic hurricane cases. COSMIC-2 assimilation has little impact on HWRF track forecasts, consistent with HWRF’s design limiting cycled data assimilation impacts on surrounding large-scale flows; however, COSMIC-2 assimilation results in a statistically significant ∼8%–12% mean absolute forecast error reduction in minimum central sea level pressure for t = 36-, 54-, 60-, and 108–120-h lead times. Forecasts initialized from analyses assimilating COSMIC-2 observations also have a 1%–4% smaller 600–700-hPa specific humidity (SPFH) root-mean-squared deviation compared to radiosondes and dropwindsondes for most lead times. While not all HWRF intensity forecasts benefit from COSMIC-2 assimilation, a few show notable improvement. For example, assimilating two COSMIC-2 profiles within the inner core of developing Hurricane Hanna (2020) increases 800-hPa SPFH by up to 1 g kg−1 locally, helping to correct a dry bias. The forecast initialized from this analysis better captures Hanna’s observed intensification rate, likely because its moister inner core facilitates development of persistent deep convection near the TC center, where diabatic heating is more efficiently converted to cyclonic wind kinetic energy. Significance Statement Tropical cyclone (TC) intensification can be strongly sensitive to the lower-to-midtropospheric water vapor distribution near the storm. The COSMIC-2 GNSS radio occultation (RO) receiver satellite mission provides denser spatial coverage of atmospheric water vapor and temperature profiles over the tropics compared to other GNSS RO observation platforms. Herein, using six 2020 Atlantic TC cases, we evaluate the impacts of assimilating COSMIC-2 RO bending angles into a regional forecast model that already assimilates clear-sky satellite radiances. It is shown that COSMIC-2 assimilation yields a modest ∼10% intensity forecast skill improvement for several lead times, although more substantial intensity forecast improvement is found for a few forecasts where the COSMIC-2 observation assimilation helps correct a lower-to-midtropospheric water vapor bias.

A novel continuously variable-speed offshore wind turbine with magnetorheological transmission for optimal power extraction

ABSTRACT The paper introduces a novel magnetorheological transmission (MT) type offshore wind turbine (OWT), which integrates the MT into the traditional-geared train to construct a controllable power split type continuously variable gear train for the OWT. The design and construction of the MT-OWT are proposed. The continuous regulation of the transmission speed of the drive train is achieved by controlling the current of the MT. Then, a generalized utilization coefficient of wind power is defined to describe the overall efficiency of the OWT. A cooperative control strategy is proposed to track the optimal power points and capture the optimal wind kinetic energy with the best energy transmission efficiency by adjusting the electromagnetic torque and the MT of the OWT. The feasibility of the MT-OWT is verified through simulations. The results indicate that the maximum loads in the proposed MT-OWT can be reduced to be around 70% of the GT-OWT when adequate control is applied. Also, the generalized utilization coefficient of wind power can be well maintained around the rated value of around 0.45 and the generator speed can be well maintained around the rated value of around 1000 rpm (105 rad/s) regardless of the variations of the wind speeds and the turbine rotor speeds when using the proposed MT-OWT as compared with conventional OWT.

Parametric, Semiparametric, and Semi-Nonparametric Estimates of the Kinetic Energy of Ordered Air Motion and Wind Outliers in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer from Minisodar Measurements

In the present work, we analyze the spatiotemporal dynamics of the kinetic wind energy with and without allowance for the kinetic energy of outliers. We first separated the contributions of the mean kinetic energy and the kinetic energy of the outliers and estimated the latter using robust parametric, semiparametric, and semi-nonparametric algorithms developed by the authors. The kinetic wind energy was estimated by the postprocessing of minisodar measurements of three wind velocity components and their variances in the lower 200 m layer of the atmosphere. By the outliers, we mean wind velocities, including wind gusts, the distribution of which deviates from the prior distribution of the majority of observations. A nonmonotonic increase in the kinetic energy of the outliers with sounding altitude was established. Physically, this can be explained by a nonmonotonic increase in the turbulent kinetic energy of local air vortices in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). The vertical extension of the outlier layers was of the order of 10–20 m.

Evaluating the Efficacy of Intelligent Methods for Maximum Power Point Tracking in Wind Energy Harvesting Systems

As wind energy is widely available, an increasing number of individuals, especially in off-grid rural areas, are adopting it as a dependable and sustainable energy source. The energy of the wind is harvested through a device known as a wind energy harvesting system (WEHS). These systems convert the kinetic energy of wind into electrical energy using wind turbines (WT) and electrical generators. However, the output power of a wind turbine is affected by various factors, such as wind speed, wind direction, and generator design. In order to optimize the performance of a WEHS, it is important to track the maximum power point (MPP) of the system. Various methods of tracking the MPP of the WEHS have been proposed by several research articles, which include traditional techniques such as direct power control (DPC) and indirect power control (IPC). These traditional methods in the standalone form are characterized by some drawbacks which render the method ineffective. The hybrid techniques comprising two different maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms were further proposed to eliminate the shortages. Furtherly, Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based MPPT algorithms were proposed for the WEHS as either standalone or integrated with the traditional MPPT methods. Therefore, this research focused on the review of the AI-based MPPT and their performances as applied to WEHS. Traditional MPPT methods that are studied in the previous articles were discussed briefly. In addition, AI-based MPPT and different hybrid methods were also discussed in detail. Our study highlights the effectiveness of AI-based MPPT techniques in WEHS using an artificial neural network (ANN), fuzzy logic controller (FLC), and particle swarm optimization (PSO). These techniques were applied either as standalone methods or in various hybrid combinations, resulting in a significant increase in the system’s power extraction performance. Our findings suggest that utilizing AI-based MPPT techniques can improve the efficiency and overall performance of WEHS, providing a promising solution for enhancing renewable energy systems.

Spatiotemporal Dynamics of the Average and Turbulent Components of the Kinetic Wind Energy in the Lower Atmosphere from Minisodar Data

Spatiotemporal Dynamics of the Average and Turbulent Components of the Kinetic Wind Energy in the Lower Atmosphere from Minisodar Data