Kinds Of Tissues Research Articles

Проводящие нановолоконные скаффолды для тканевой инженерии

One of very demanded and actively developed areas of modern biomedicine is tissue engineering, investigating synthesis and reparation of various kinds of tissues, including trauma treatment. Normally cells in tissue grow in the microenvironment provided by exttacellular matrix – a three-dimensional network of macromolecules, mostly peptides and proteins, that provide structural and biochemical support. To substitute this matrix in medical applications and promote new cells growth and repair damaged tissue, various types of artificial scaffolds are proposed. Morphology, as well as physical and chemical properties of scaffolds influence the fate of cells, including attachment, proliferation and differentiation, and strongly correlate with the type of target tissue. This review is aimed to provide a short insight in materials and technologies for synthesis of tissue engineering scaffolds, with focus on polymeric electrospun nonwoven materials and ones with conductive structures that can be potentially used to direct electrical signals to cells for the aims of electrostimulation, which was demonstrated to induce functional repairmen of certain cell types such as myocytes and neurons.

Biofabrication in Congenital Cardiac Surgery: A Plea from the Operating Theatre, Promise from Science.

Despite significant advances in numerous fields of biofabrication, clinical application of biomaterials combined with bioactive molecules and/or cells largely remains a promise in an individualized patient settings. Three-dimensional (3D) printing and bioprinting evolved as promising techniques used for tissue-engineering, so that several kinds of tissue can now be printed in layers or as defined structures for replacement and/or reconstruction in regenerative medicine and surgery. Besides technological, practical, ethical and legal challenges to solve, there is also a gap between the research labs and the patients’ bedside. Congenital and pediatric cardiac surgery mostly deal with reconstructive patient-scenarios when defects are closed, various segments of the heart are connected, valves are implanted. Currently available biomaterials lack the potential of growth and conduits, valves derange over time surrendering patients to reoperations. Availability of viable, growing biomaterials could cancel reoperations that could entail significant public health benefit and improved quality-of-life. Congenital cardiac surgery is uniquely suited for closing the gap in translational research, rapid application of new techniques, and collaboration between interdisciplinary teams. This article provides a succinct review of the state-of-the art clinical practice and biofabrication strategies used in congenital and pediatric cardiac surgery, and highlights the need and avenues for translational research and collaboration.

Passive mechanical properties in healthy and infarcted rat left ventricle characterised via a mixture model

During the cardiac cycle, electrical excitation is coupled with mechanical response of the myocardium. Besides the active contraction, passive mechanics plays an important role, and its behaviour differs in healthy and diseased hearts as well as among different animal species. The aim of this study is the characterisation of passive mechanical properties in healthy and infarcted rat myocardium by means of mechanical testing and subsequent parameter fitting. Elasticity assessments via uniaxial extension tests are performed on healthy and infarcted tissue samples from left ventricular rat myocardium. In order to fully characterise the orthotropic cardiac tissue, our experimental data are combined with other previously published tests in rats – shear tests on healthy myocardium and equibiaxial tests on infarcted tissue. In a first step, we calibrate the Holzapfel-Ogden strain energy function in the healthy case. Sa far, this orthotropic constitutive law for the passive myocardium has been fitted to experimental data in several species, however there is a lack of an appropriate parameter set for the rat. With our determined parameters, a finite element simulation of the end-diastolic filling is performed. In a second step, we propose a model for the infarcted tissue. It is represented as a mixture of intact myocardium and a transversely isotropic scar structure. In our mechanical experiments, the tissue after myocardial infarction shows significantly stiffer behaviour than in the healthy case, and the stiffness correlates with the amount of fibrosis. A similar relationship is observed in the computational simulation of the end-diastolic filling. We conclude that our new proposed material model can capture the behaviour of two kinds of tissues – healthy and infarcted rat myocardium, and its calibration with the fitted parameters represents the experimental data well.

A novel hyperelastic model for biological tissues with planar distributed fibers and a second kind of Poisson effect

Constitutive models are of fundamental importance to many biomedical problems such as the rupture prediction of aortic aneurysms. Existing structure-based constitutive models such as the widely used Gasser–Ogden–Holzapfel (GOH) model usually need to specify the number of fiber family which may be difficult to identify for many kinds of tissues. In this study, we developed a novel hyperelastic model for biological tissues which does not need the information of the number of fiber family. We illustrated that a single generalized structure tensor (GST) with one parameter can characterize the structure of arbitrary planar fiber distribution as long as an in-plane symmetric axis exists. Based on the GST, we developed three novel fiber strain energy functions. Moreover, we proposed a novel second kind of Poisson effect which can capture deformation coupling properties of bio-tissues that the traditional well-known Poisson effect can hardly capture. According to the second kind of Poisson effect, the models constructed from the three novel strain energy functions exhibit different deformation couplings, referred to as strong, medium and weak coupling. The model of medium coupling has the best fitting for experimental data of porcine aortic tissues, and the model of weak coupling has the worst fitting. The newly proposed second kind of Poisson effect is a useful and essential supplement to the traditional Poisson effect and can be applied to investigate the accuracy of nonlinear constitutive models.

Raman spectroscopic study of cervical precancerous lesions and cervical cancer

Early detection of cervical lesions, accurate diagnosis of cervical lesions, and timely and effective therapy can effectively avoid the occurrence of cervical cancer or improve the survival rate of patients. In this paper, the spectra of tissue sections of cervical inflammation (n = 60), CIN (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia) I (n = 30), CIN II (n = 30), CIN III (n = 30), cervical squamous cell carcinoma (n = 30), and cervical adenocarcinoma (n = 30) were collected by a confocal Raman micro-spectrometer (LabRAM HR Evolution, Horiba France SAS, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France). The Raman spectra of six kinds of cervical tissues were analyzed, the dominant Raman peaks of different kinds of tissues were summarized, and the differences in chemical composition between the six tissue samples were compared. An independent sample t test (p ≤ 0.05) was used to analyze the difference of average relative intensity of Raman spectra of six types of cervical tissues. The difference of relative intensity of Raman spectra of six kinds of tissues can reflect the difference of biochemical components in six kinds of tissues and the characteristic of biochemical components in different kinds of tissues. The classification models of cervical inflammation, CIN I, CIN II, CIN III, cervical squamous cell carcinoma, and cervical adenocarcinoma were established by using a support vector machine (SVM) algorithm. Six types of cervical tissues were classified and identified with an overall diagnostic accuracy of 85.7%. This study laid a foundation for the application of Raman spectroscopy in the clinical diagnosis of cervical precancerous lesions and cervical cancer.

Plantar Skin Defect Reconstruction: A Large Series With a 15-Year Follow-up.

Extensive plantar skin defects pose a difficult situation for reconstructive surgeon, but the decision of reconstruction with multiple operations or primary below knee amputation is still open to discussion. Sole of the foot is a specialized tissue; it is important to reconstruct "like for like," that is, a kind of tissue that can endure the wear and tear of daily life and this description fits only "foot skin"; in other words, there is no better substitute for weight-bearing plantar skin, heel and forefoot, except the plantar skin itself. In this article, we present our 25 years' experience of the plantar skin defect surgery with long-term follow-up. Our long-term poor results of foot reconstruction with skin and/or muscle flaps is compared with the durable and ulcer-free midsole flap reconstructions. In a total of 22 patients, 8 latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flaps, 11 mid sole flaps, and 1 groin flap, 1 reverse sural flap, and 1 free rectus muscle flap were used to resurface the plantar area. The patients underwent mid sole flap were satisfied with their results; however, the patients underwent latissimus dorsi flap were not completely satisfied and 2 of these patients had below knee amputation due to recurrent ulcerations and osteomyelitis. We recommend free vascularized or pedicled plantar skin flaps as the best choice for small, less than two thirds of plantar skin, heel and forefoot defects, and in extensive defects, and for defects of more than two thirds of plantar skin, amputation might be the better solution.

Thymosin β4: A Multi-Faceted Tissue Repair Stimulating Protein in Heart Injury.

Thymosin Beta-4 (Tβ4) is known as a major pleiotropic actin-sequestering protein that is involved in tumorigenesis. Tβ4 is a water-soluble protein that has different promising clinical applications in the remodeling and ulcerated tissues repair following myocardial infarction, stroke, plasticity and neurovascular remodeling of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) and the Central Nervous System (CNS). On the other hand, similar effects have been observed for Tβ4 in other kinds of tissues, including cardiac muscle tissue. In recent reports, as it activates resident epicardial progenitor cells and modulates inflammatory-caused injuries, Tβ4 has been suggested as a promoter of the survival of cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, Tβ4 may act in skeletal muscle and different organs in association/synergism with numerous other tissue repair stimulating factors, including melatonin and C-fiber-derived peptides. For these reasons, the present review highlights the promising role of Tβ4 in cardiac healing.

Inducible expression of heat shock protein 20 protects airway epithelial cells against oxidative injury involving the Nrf2-NQO-1 pathway

BackgroundHeat shock protein (HSP) 20 is a molecular chaperone that exerts multiple protective functions in various kinds of tissues. However, the expression of HSP20 and its specific functions in airway epithelial cells (AECs) remain elusive.ResultsIn current study, we first confirmed the inducible expression of HSP20 in mouse AECs and in a human bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B cells, under different oxidant stressors. Then by establishing a HSP20-abundant mouse model with repeated low-level-ozone exposures and stimulating this model with a single high-level ozone exposure, we found that the HSP20 abundance along with its enhanced phosphorylation potentially contributed to the alleviation of oxidative injuries, evidenced by the decreases in the bodyweight reduction, the BAL neutrophil accumulation, the AECs shedding, and the BAL concentrations of albumin and E-cadherin. The biological function of HSP20 and its molecular mechanisms were further investigated in BEAS-2B cells that were transfected with HSP20-, unphosphorylatable HSP20(Ala) or empty vector plasmids prior to the stimulation of H2O2, of which its oxidant capacity has been proved to be similar with those of ozone in an air–liquid culture system. We found that the H2O2-induced intracellular ROS level and the early cell apoptosis were attenuated in the HSP20- but not HSP20(Ala)- transfected cells. The intracellular expression of NQO-1 (mRNA and protein) and the intranuclear content of Nrf2 were significantly increased in the HSP20- transfected cells but not in the HSP20(Ala)- and empty vector-transfected cells after the stimulation of H2O2.ConclusionsThe inducible expression of HSP20 in AECs by oxidative stress exerts protective roles against oxidative damages, which may involve the activation of the Nrf2-NQO-1 pathway.

Mesenchymal Stem Cells Current Clinical Applications: A Systematic Review

Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hMSCs) are multipotent stem cells capable of renewing themselves and differentiation invitro into different kinds of tissues. Invivo hMSCs are sources of trophic factors modulating the immune system and inducing intrinsic stem cells to repair damaged tissues. Currently, there are multiple clinical trials (CT) using hMSCs for therapeutic purposes in a large number of clinical settings. The search strategy on clinicaltrials.gov has focused on the key term "Mesenchymal Stem Cells", and the inclusion and exclusion criteria were separated into two stages. Stage 1, CT on phases 1-4: location, the field of application, phase, and status. For stage 2, CT that have published outcome results: field of application, treatment, intervention model, source, preparation methods, and results. By July 2020, there were a total of 1,138 registered CT. Most studies belong to either phase 2 (61.0%) or phase 1 (30.8%); most of them focused in the fields of traumatology, neurology, cardiology, and immunology. Only 18 clinical trials had published results: the most common source of isolation was bone marrow; the treatment varied from 1-200M hMSCs; all of them have similar preparation methods; all of them have positive results with no serious adverse effects. There appears to be a broad potential for the clinical use of hMSCs with no reported serious adverse events. There are many trials in progress, their future results will help to explore the therapeutic potential of these promising cellular sources of medicinal signals.

Cell-Membrane-Localizing, Two-Photon Probe for Ratiometric Imaging of γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase in Cancerous Cells and Tissues.

γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), a cell surface-bound protease, is associated with various diseases including cancer. The detection of the enzyme activity is an important subject, leading to about 40 activatable fluorescent probes so far. All of them, however, lack the membrane-localizing ability, raising a reliability issue in the quantitative analysis. Disclosed is the first fluorescent probe that senses the cell surface-bound enzyme, which, furthermore, is capable of ratiometric as well as two-photon imaging with desirable features. Ratiometric imaging of cancer cell lines reveals a 6.4-8.4-fold higher GGT levels than those in normal cell lines. A comparison of the enzyme activity in organ tissues of normal and tumor xenograft mice reveals notably different levels of enzyme activity depending on the kind of tissue. Normal tissues exhibited comparable levels of enzyme activity, except the kidney that has significantly higher GGT activity (2.7-4.0-fold) than the other organs. Compared with the normal tissues, considerably higher enzyme activity was observed in the tumor tissues of the thigh (4.0-fold), colon (2.5-fold), lung (3.6-fold), and liver (2.1-fold), but essentially no enhanced activity in the tumor tissues of the spleen, stomach, and pancreas and a comparable level in both the tumor and normal kidney tissues were observed. The probe offers practical means for studying GGT-associated biology in cells and tissues by one- as well as two-photon ratiometric imaging.

Modeling of the Aorta: Complexities and Inadequacies.

The aorta is a very complex organ comprising three layers, consisting of four kinds of tissues. It is an anisotropic, inhomogeneous, multiconstituent, and living organ that presents both a formidable challenge and a tremendous opportunity to a modeler to mathematically characterize its structure. Unfortunately, even the most sophisticated models in vogue do not faithfully take into consideration its various complexities, falling very short of putting into place a reasonable model, as they ignore many of the quintessential features that need to be taken into account. In this article, we address the various features that need to be taken into account to develop a meaningful model of the aorta.

Simultaneous Analysis of Fatty Alcohols, Fatty Aldehydes, and Sterols in Thyroid Tissues by Electrospray Ionization-Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry Based on Charge Derivatization

In this work, we developed a rapid and high-sensitivity method for simultaneous analyses of fatty alcohols, fatty aldehydes, and sterols by combining the optimized derivatization reaction with electrospray ionization-ion mobility-mass spectrometry (ESI-IM-MS). Pyridine and thionyl chloride were used as derivatization reagents as they were easily removed after the derivatization reaction and could generate permanently charged tags on different functional groups including hydroxyls and aldehydes. Through this one-step derivatization reaction, the sensitivity of detection for fatty alcohols, fatty aldehydes, and sterols was significantly increased. Moreover, the introduction of ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), offering an additional resolution power, ensured more sensitive and accurate detection of derivative products without increasing analytical time. Being connected with high-performance liquid chromatography, more than 15 kinds of compounds were analyzed within 4 min. Relative quantification using peak intensity ratios between d0-/d5-labeled ions were subsequently applied for analyzing these 15 kinds of compounds in human thyroid carcinoma and para-carcinoma tissues. The results showed significant differences in content of some analytes between these two kinds of tissues (p < 0.05). The correlations between most of the analytes in thyroid carcinoma tissues are better than the correlations in para-carcinoma tissues.

Mechanical explanation for simultaneous formation of different tissues in an organ morphogenesis

An interesting recent finding is that, in a medium of nearly linear elastic materials, the stem cell differentiation responds to the Young’s modulus of elasticity. It is discussed here that the more general mechanical identifier of differentiation is indeed the stiffness (rather than the Young’s modulus). Specifically, for nonlinear (and thus more realistic/physiologically mimetic) materials the stiffness experienced by the cells is affected by the intracellular distance and hence by the local density of the cells. It is proposed here that the stiffness-directed differentiation is affected not only by the substrate elasticity but also by the cell density and diffusion effects (relocations). Thus, it is suggested that nonlinear effects actually augment fascinating more versatile capabilities to the stiffness-directed differentiation compared to what was supposed by the traditional linear elastic materials. In particular, it is argued how such modified stiffness-directed differentiation criteria can explain simultaneous differentiation paths leading to the formation of an organ. Formation of organs like a limb requires simultaneous formation of different tissues from the hardest (central cartilage and bone) to softest ones (vascular networks of blood vessels and neurons) at correct locations. This means that while the pattern of initial stem cells is changing, they should follow different differentiation paths at the same time on the same substrate (a primary limb cross section, for instance). Here, it is shown that the distribution and relocation of the stem cells affect their sensing of the surrounding mechanics and hence their differentiation. This means various kinds of tissues automatically form, while the stem cells are redistributing and/or relocating.

MON-201 Effects of Incretins on Catecholamine Synthesis by Rat Pheochromocytoma PC12 Cells

Incretins, such as gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), are metabolic hormones secreted from the intestine to stimulate insulin secretion from the pancreatic β cells. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, as anti-diabetic agents, increase the bioavailability of both GIP and GLP-1. Since the receptor expressions of GIP and GLP-1 are detected in various organs, incretins have been suggested to affect many kinds of tissues and organs in addition to their insulinotropic effects. For instance, GIP and GLP-1 have been reported to regulate ovarian steroidogenesis and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis including secretions of adrenocorticotropin from the pituitary and cortisol from the adrenal cortex. However, the roles of GIP and GLP-1 in the adrenal medulla have not been recognized. Here we focused on the activity of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-4, which is expressed in the adrenal medulla and is functionally involved in the control of catecholamine synthesis. We earlier reported that BMP-4 treatment decreased catecholamine synthesis via smad1/5/9 phosphorylation and regulated catecholamine synthesis by cooperating with glucocorticoid and melatonin in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. In the present study, roles of GIP and GLP-1 in the regulation of catecholamine production were studied using PC12 cells by focusing on interaction with BMP-4 and adrenocortical steroids. Both of GIP receptor and GLP-1 receptor expressions were detected in PC12 cells. Of note, treatments with GIP, but not with GLP-1, increased dopamine synthesis and the mRNA levels of catecholamine synthetic enzymes including tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), which is a rate-limiting enzyme for catecholamine synthesis, DOPA decarboxylase (DDC), and dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH), by PC12 cells. Treatments with GIP enhanced glucocorticoid- and aldosterone-induced TH mRNA levels by upregulating the expressions of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) as well as mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). However, treatment with GLP-1 had no effect on corticosteroid-induced TH mRNA levels or GR/MR expression. On the other hand, treatment with GIP attenuated the inhibitory effect of BMP-4 that enables to decrease TH mRNA levels by suppressing BMP-induced Smad1/5/9 phosphorylation and Id-1 transcription. Furthermore, GIP treatment upregulated the expression of inhibitory Smad7, possibly leading to the suppression of BMP-4 signaling by PC12 cells. Collectively, it was revealed that incretins, in particular, GIP has an inducing effect on catecholamine synthesis through inhibiting BMP activities as well as enhancing corticosteroid actions in adrenomedullar cells.

The skinny on T cell fatty acid uptake

T Cells When T cells take up residence in a tissue, adaptation to that tissue is key for their survival. Frizzell et al. studied metabolic adaptation of tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells at three different sites: skin, liver, and small intestine. They found that TRM cells in each kind of tissue rely on distinct members of the fatty acid–binding protein (FABP) family of proteins for uptake of fatty acids. By transferring liver-resident TRM cells into naive mice, they found that FABP expression of these TRM cells was reprogrammed by the tissue they ended up seeding in the recipient mice. This study reinforces the idea that immune cells are integral components of the tissues in which they reside. Sci. Immunol. 5 , eaay9283 (2020).

Method for estimating average grey-level's measurement uncertainty from ultrasound images for non-invasive estimation of temperature in different tissue types

The objective of this work is to assess, on metrological basis, the average grey-levels (AVGL) calculated from B-Mode images for estimating temperature variations non-invasively in different kinds of tissues. Thermal medicine includes several thermal therapies, being hyperthermia the most noted and well known. Recently, efforts have been made to understand the benefits of ultrasound hyperthermia at mild temperature levels, i.e., between 39 °C and 41 °C. Moreover, the best practices on ultrasound bio-effects research have been encouraged by recommending that temperature rise in the region of interest should be measured even when a thermal mechanism is not being tested. In this work, the average grey-levels (AVGL) calculated from B-Mode images were assessed for non-invasive temperature estimation in a porcine tissue sample containing two different tissue types, fat and muscle, with temperature varying from 35 °C to 41 °C. The sample was continuously imaged with an ultrasound scanner, and simultaneously the temperature was measured. The achieved results were assessed under the light of the measurement uncertainty in order to allow comparability among different ultrasound thermometry methods. The highest expanded uncertainty of estimating temperature variation using AVGL was determined as 0.68 °C.

Ultrasound Backscatter Envelope Statistics Parametric Imaging for Liver Fibrosis Characterization: A Review.

Early detection and diagnosis of liver fibrosis is of critical importance. Currently the gold standard for diagnosing liver fibrosis is biopsy. However, liver biopsy is invasive and associated with sampling errors and can lead to complications such as bleeding. Therefore, developing noninvasive imaging techniques for assessing liver fibrosis is of clinical value. Ultrasound has become the first-line tool for the management of chronic liver diseases. However, the commonly used B-mode ultrasound is qualitative and can cause interobserver or intraobserver difference. Ultrasound backscatter envelope statistics parametric imaging is an important group of quantitative ultrasound techniques that have been applied to characterizing different kinds of tissue. However, a state-of-the-art review of ultrasound backscatter envelope statistics parametric imaging for liver fibrosis characterization has not been conducted. In this paper, we focused on the development of ultrasound backscatter envelope statistics parametric imaging techniques for assessing liver fibrosis from 1998 to September 2019. We classified these techniques into six categories: constant false alarm rate, fiber structure extraction technique, acoustic structure quantification, quantile-quantile probability plot, the multi-Rayleigh model, and the Nakagami model. We presented the theoretical background and algorithms for liver fibrosis assessment by ultrasound backscatter envelope statistics parametric imaging. Then, the specific applications of ultrasound backscatter envelope statistics parametric imaging techniques to liver fibrosis evaluation were reviewed and analyzed. Finally, the pros and cons of each technique were discussed, and the future development was suggested.

New Bio-Therapeutic Candidate for Pancreatic Cancer

SIRT1 is NAD+-deacetylases, several histone and non-histone proteins which their involvement in metabolic processes, cell growth, apoptosis, and senescence are well known. Several Sirtuins targets are implicated in cancer. SIRT1 is both an oncogene and tumour suppressor, and it can act in this capacity depending on the kind of tissue and the cancer etiology. Subsequent studies in this field are going to make evident the exact function of SIRT1 at the cancer site and it is hoped that new chemotherapeutic functions of SIRT1 activators are going to be determined. In accordance with this, it is suggested that very selective ligands such as aptamer was created and investigated in various pancreatic cancer cell lines for the regulated activity of SIRT1. This study seeks to establish the therapeutic impact of the activator SIRT1 aptamer as a pharmacological model of pancreatic cancer by evaluating the impacts of activators SIRT1 (aptamer) on the growth of a series of human pancreatic cancer cell lines (AsPC-1, Capan-2, BxPC-3). Results gotten from in vitro cytotoxicity assays revealed that circular aptamer BAS inhibited the growth of pancreatic cancer cell lines [BxPc-3 (80%), Capan-2 (83%) and Aspc-1 (82.8%)] at 72h with IC50 0.55, 0.5, 0.76 ?M respectively. Importantly, circular aptamer showed no reduction of cell viability on the non- pancreatic cancerous H6c7 cell line, implying it might be safe to non-cancerous tissue. Our results indicate that the SIRT1 activated by aptamer could a promising targeted therapeutic approach for pancreatic cancer.

İskemi/Reperfüzyon Hasarı Sonrası Sıçanların Over ve Uterusunda IL-1 ve VEGF Değişiklikleri

Objective:Ischemia/reperfusion injury causes parenchymal and endothelial cell damage as a result of inflammation. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expressed in every kind of tissue in human body has important roles in migration, proliferation, endothelial cell permeability, angiogenesis and vasculogenesis. IL-1 is a one of the cytokine family members, and plays important roles in hematopoiesis, inflammatory reactions and immune system regulation. Furthermore, auto-inflammatory diseases are treated by IL-1 as therapeutic agent. The aim of this study is to observe changes of VEGF and IL-1 immunreactivity in ischemia/reperfused rat uterus and ovary.Method:Rats were separated into two groups. Control group and ischemia/reperfusion group which rats were subjected to 45 min ischemia/45 min reperfusion. Samples from uterus and ovary were fixed with 10% neutral formaldehyde and stained with H&E. VEGF and IL-1 immunohistochemistry was applied.Results:Histopathological results showed severe degeneration of endometrium in uterus and ovarian follicles in ischemia/reperfusion group. VEGF and IL-1 immunoreactivity increased in uteruses and ovaries of ischemia/reperfusion group when compared to control groupConclusionIn consequence, the present results suggest that VEGF and IL-1 may be potential detection marker for ischemia/reperfusion injured uterus and ovary. Moreover, VEGF and IL-1 might be in relation with each other to regenerate uterus and ovary.

Research progress of adipose derived stem cells in wound healing

Skin is a kind of tissue that surrounds the surface of body, it is the first barrier for animals to resist mechanical, chemical and pathogenic microorganisms. Skin wound is one of the most common surgical diseases. The process of wound healing can be summarized as three stages: inflammation stage, fibrous tissue proliferation stage, and scar formation and repair stage. Incomplete repair of the wound leads to skin scarring, which causes the tissue to lose its normal structure and function, and seriously affects the aesthetic appearance. Traditional treatment methods can not restore the normal function of the skin and have obvious adverse reactions, which can not meet people's needs. Stem cell therapy, especially adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) plays a essential rule in the process of wound healing making it a research hotspot in recent years. ADSCs can secrete a variety of growth factors during wound healing to reduce wound inflammatory response, promote wound regeneration epithelialization and vascular reconstruction, thereby promoting wound healing. In this paper, the wound healing process and its regulation mechanism were summarized, and the role of ADSCs in wound healing at home and abroad and its clinical application progress were reviewed. Key words: Adipose derived stem cells; Skin; Wound healing