Kinds Of Textures Research Articles

Nanotribological Properties of Nanotextured Ni-Co Coating Surface Measured with AFM Colloidal Probe Technique

Surface-texturing is a useful method of modifying surface frictional performance. A simple, novel, easily-controlled method was used to fabricate different kinds of textures on an Ni-Co coating surface. The nanotribological properties were characterised by atomic force microscope (AFM) with a colloidal probe. The results showed that, compared to the original Ni-Co coating surface, the nanotextured surface can adjust the surface friction forces. The half-elliptic patterns have better tribological properties than hemispherical patterns. Therefore, both laser energy and laser scanning speed will influence the friction performances of Ni-Co coating surfaces.

A novel computer-aided diagnosis system for breast MRI based on feature selection and ensemble learning

Breast cancer is a common cancer among women. With the development of modern medical science and information technology, medical imaging techniques have an increasingly important role in the early detection and diagnosis of breast cancer. In this paper, we propose an automated computer-aided diagnosis (CADx) framework for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The scheme consists of an ensemble of several machine learning-based techniques, including ensemble under-sampling (EUS) for imbalanced data processing, the Relief algorithm for feature selection, the subspace method for providing data diversity, and Adaboost for improving the performance of base classifiers. We extracted morphological, various texture, and Gabor features. To clarify the feature subsets' physical meaning, subspaces are built by combining morphological features with each kind of texture or Gabor feature. We tested our proposal using a manually segmented Region of Interest (ROI) data set, which contains 438 images of malignant tumors and 1898 images of normal tissues or benign tumors. Our proposal achieves an area under the ROC curve (AUC) value of 0.9617, which outperforms most other state-of-the-art breast MRI CADx systems. Compared with other methods, our proposal significantly reduces the false-positive classification rate.

Conjoint representation of texture ensemble and location in the parahippocampal place area.

Texture provides crucial information about the category or identity of a scene. Nonetheless, not much is known about how the texture information in a scene is represented in the brain. Previous studies have shown that the parahippocampal place area (PPA), a scene-selective part of visual cortex, responds to simple patches of texture ensemble. However, in natural scenes textures exist in spatial context within a scene. Here we tested two hypotheses that make different predictions on how textures within a scene context are represented in the PPA. The Texture-Only hypothesis suggests that the PPA represents texture ensemble (i.e., the kind of texture) as is, irrespective of its location in the scene. On the other hand, the Texture and Location hypothesis suggests that the PPA represents texture and its location within a scene (e.g., ceiling or wall) conjointly. We tested these two hypotheses across two experiments, using different but complementary methods. In experiment 1, by using multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA) and representational similarity analysis, we found that the representational similarity of the PPA activation patterns was significantly explained by the Texture-Only hypothesis but not by the Texture and Location hypothesis. In experiment 2, using a repetition suppression paradigm, we found no repetition suppression for scenes that had the same texture ensemble but differed in location (supporting the Texture and Location hypothesis). On the basis of these results, we propose a framework that reconciles contrasting results from MVPA and repetition suppression and draw conclusions about how texture is represented in the PPA.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study investigates how the parahippocampal place area (PPA) represents texture information within a scene context. We claim that texture is represented in the PPA at multiple levels: the texture ensemble information at the across-voxel level and the conjoint information of texture and its location at the within-voxel level. The study proposes a working hypothesis that reconciles contrasting results from multivoxel pattern analysis and repetition suppression, suggesting that the methods are complementary to each other but not necessarily interchangeable.

Evaluation of Vulnerability in Slums and Unformal Residences Against Earthquake (Case Study: Border City of Mashhad)

1-INTRODUCTION Iran is one of the vulnerable countries about earthquake issue in the world which is placed in earthquake- belt prone of Himalaya Alp. So it is necessary to identify and evaluate dangerous areas because it can prevent of human and financial losses, when environmental crisis occurs. We did a lot of efforts to decrease and minimum results of earthquake and confident to buildings safety, but slums areas that shaped illegal and spontaneous, control and safety issues don't have legal placed and these areas always have natural, social and economical crisis. Uncontrolled growth of Mashhad city during this decade caused to made narrow streets, locations and small population nuclears inform of illegal and spontaneous in suburbs. There are a lot of out comes in illegal constructions such as non-observance of safety principles in constructions, incorrect usage of structural elements and responsible organization have no control in these areas. The most important purpose of this study is to identify effective factors on vulnerability rate of slum against earthquake. This study is based on physical and vulnerable model in form of internal factors (age of building, kind of building materials, granulation of parts, kind of possession) and external factors (topography, close to fault line, kind of texture, passageways, population density in hectare, household density in residential unit, person density in residential unit) Vulnerable areas identify and finally present for decrease the rate vulnerability procedures caused by earthquake. 2-THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Environmental risks are a collection of natural, social and economical process so in this study earthquake is considered as a natural risk that has direct and indirect effects in the society. There are 3 general view points: social and economical construction, physical- biology construction and combination construction. In this study theory is based on combination view point that is a collection of natural and human factors and tries to investigate a combination of internal and external variables based on natural, social, and economical. 3-METHODOLOGY This study is analytical- descriptive method with systematic view. The usage model is a physical vulnerable model in form of internal and external and their indicators with use of ARC GIS software and evaluate vulnerability rate of slums areas in Mashhad with AHP model. In this study 1181 number of households in 9 regions of Mashhad slums selected to answer the questions based on Morgan method. 4-DISCUSSION In 9 regions of Mashhad slums are based on physical vulnerability model in form of internal factors (age of building, kind of building materials, granulation of parts, kind of possession) and external factors (topography, close to fault line, kind of texture, passageways, population density in hectare, household density in residential unit, person density in residential unit) and also prepared a vulnerable map with available indicators that showed 70 percent of residences in 9 regions of Mashhad slums are very high vulnerable. So studies show that when the earthquake happen close to fault line, kind of building materials, age of building, person density in residential unit and household density in residential unit are very important in houses vulnerability of Mashhad slums. Results show that 93 percent of Mashhad slums houses are made by long lasting building materials but they didn't have any technical and engineering principles. This subject with non-standard situations elements of urban usage, inefficient communication network, compressed texture, shortage and inappropriate distribution areas of open spaces.etc intensify the vulnerability of residences. 5-CONCLUSION The results showed that residence situation in Mashhad slums are very critical. 93 percent of houses in these areas are made by long lasting building materials but out of engineering principles. These houses will be destroying even by an earthquake with less than 5 Richter scale. The most important solution is to decrease houses vulnerability of Mashhad slums. The first step is to recognize the vulnerable areas and define standards of vulnerability and also to do detailed studies in natural, social, economical fields which are limits of this study. In addition, continuous control to prevent of illegal construction and legal facilities such as: house loan, rebuilding and improving loan for houses that made with no engineering plan are very effective for crisis management.

Comparison of various texture classification methods using multiresolution analysis and linear regression modelling.

Textures play an important role in image classification. This paper proposes a high performance texture classification method using a combination of multiresolution analysis tool and linear regression modelling by channel elimination. The correlation between different frequency regions has been validated as a sort of effective texture characteristic. This method is motivated by the observation that there exists a distinctive correlation between the image samples belonging to the same kind of texture, at different frequency regions obtained by a wavelet transform. Experimentally, it is observed that this correlation differs across textures. The linear regression modelling is employed to analyze this correlation and extract texture features that characterize the samples. Our method considers not only the frequency regions but also the correlation between these regions. This paper primarily focuses on applying the Dual Tree Complex Wavelet Packet Transform and the Linear Regression model for classification of the obtained texture features. Additionally the paper also presents a comparative assessment of the classification results obtained from the above method with two more types of wavelet transform methods namely the Discrete Wavelet Transform and the Discrete Wavelet Packet Transform.

Microstructure of a pyrolytic carbon coating on a nuclear graphite substrate IG-110

The molten salt reactor (MSR) is one of the six Generation IV reactors that is being reexamined today, owing to its unique fuel cycle capabilities and safety characteristics. IG-110 nuclear graphite a candidate material for constructing a MSR. However, the existence of large pores at its surface is a big problem due to the impregnation of molten salts and the diffusion of fission product gases into the graphite through the pores. A pyrolytic carbon (PyC) coating can act as a barrier coating on the nuclear graphite. Investigation of the microstructure and growth characteristics of PyC is very important for an understanding of the relationship between microstructure and performance. In this study, polarized light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and synchrotron based grazing incidence X-ray diffraction were used to study the microstructure and growth characteristics of the PyC coating. Results show that the PyC coating shows three growth cones (a large cone, a smaller one and a regenerative cone) and exhibits a wave-like layered structure. The resulting structure is fairly dense. There are two kinds of textures in the PyC coating: smooth laminar and regenerative laminar, each of which contains two crystal structures with different interlayer spacings. The smooth laminar carbon has mostly a low degree of graphitization, while the regenerative laminar structure mainly has a high degree of graphitization. The PyC coating is a perfect barrier to gas infiltration due to its compact structure and it containing only nanopores rather than large pores.

Effect of ion-beam surface modification technology on the variation of surface texture

Ion-beam surface bombardment modification technology is successfully used to manufacture different kinds of nano-textures on the surface of silicon substrate. Relationship between the morphology and arrangement patterns of nano-textures and the bombarding parameters is studied. Results show that the ion-beam bombardment has a significant impact on surface morphology. Different kinds of textures on silicon substrate can be formed according to the variation of bombardment time. The nanodot array texture is observed on the surface of silicon substrate when the duration of argon ion-beam bombardment is 15 minutes. Simultaneously, the tetrahedral amorphous carbon film is deposited on the silicon substrates that have different kinds of nano-texture. The microstructure of ta-C film deposited on unprocessed and nano-textured silicon substrate is analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Results indicate that the content of sp3 bonds decreases with increasing bombardment time, and thereafter keeps a steady value. The ta-C films deposited on the nanodot-textured substrate shows the lowest sp3 fraction. It is also observed by friction and wear test that the wear time is enhanced from 10 to 70 min. The tribological properties is highly improved when the coating is deposited on the nano-textured substrate.

Local texture of three-stage CVD SiC fibre by precession electron diffraction (PED) and XRD

SiC fibre with the transverse isotropic properties is very important to it reinforced metal matrix composites. In this paper, local texture of the CVD SiC fibre was investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and precession electron diffraction (PED) on transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The result from XRD is in agreement with the result obtained from PED. And the result shown that at the first stage of deposition, the preferred direction of SiC grains is almost random and the distribution of grain size is scattered. At the second and third stages of deposition, there are two kinds of texture in SiC fibre, that is, (110)<111> and (110)<115>. Furthermore, the grain size at the second and third stages is about 200 nm and it is lower at the third stage than at the second stage because of the lower temperature at the third stage. The [110] preferred direction along axial direction for SiC fibre is beneficial to the axial tensile strength.

Influence of Building Materials with Directional Textures on the Visual Perceptions of Elderly with Alzheimer’s Disease

Visual hallucinations are caused when complex texture images interfere with the visual transmission pathway of an individual. Overstimulation of the senses should be avoided, in order to prevent people with dementia from having hallucinations. This study attempted to find the change in visual perceptions of the elderly with Alzheimer’s disease in relation to the textures of building materials, in order to determine what kind of texture might have the potential to cause the demented elderly to have hallucinations. A total of 10 elderly people with mild dementia from Chai-Li senior care center participated in this experiment. Simulation of visual perception was made using a highly sensitive LCD projector that showed pictures of building materials on a screen. A clock drawing test was applied to assess the changes in the participants’ visual perceptions between prior to and after the simulation. Visual perception in the demented elderly was more influenced by textures with lines of different widths or different ranges, and textures of crossed lines, than by textures with lines of the same width and range. The participants’ descriptions in terms of the visual images that they saw actually did not exist while they looked at the textures. Data about these building materials should be made available for the reference of caregivers and building managers, in order to prevent the demented elderly from having behavior problems due to environmental design. Lastly, further study is required to confirm if the building materials’ influence on visual perceptions in the demented elderly correlates to the variables of age, sex, and severity of disease.

Effect of Texture on Plastic Flow Localization of FCC Polycrystals Using Homogenization-Based Polycrystalline Plasticity

In this study, a framework to predict the onset of plastic flow localization is introduced. The Marciniak-Kuczyński type approach, which is a classical method to predict the strain localization, and a crystal plasticity model with a homogenization-based finite element method are combined, and forming limit strains that are defined as the onset of plastic flow localization for FCC polycrystals are computed. The forming limit strains with several kinds of textures are evaluated with the present approach, and the results are compared with those obtained by the Taylor model, which is a widely used conventional polycrystalline model. Within the present application, the present method and the classical Taylor model give similar forming limit strains for FCC polycrystal sheets. According to the present results, the use of the Taylor model in the sheet necking analysis might be justified, at least for FCC polycrystal sheets with various textures.

Multifractal-Based Texture Analysis for SAR Images

SAR images are widely used in land use cover classifications. This paper proposed using multifractal spectrum parameters to analyze texture of SAR images. First multifractal theory and spectrum calculation method were introduced. Multifractal spectrum of a chaos representation was gotten with the method. From the spectrum curve, five parameters were found to describe the curve features. Then the physical meanings of five parameters in multifractal spectra were analyzed. Multifractal spectra of three kinds of textures in a SAR image are calculated, and five parameters are extracted. Finaly we analyzed the three textures according to physical meanings of five parameters. It is seen that the parameters of multifractal parameters can be used to describe different SAR image textures. It is a novel way to distinguish SAR image textures by multifractal spectrum parameters.

Optimization of reparative osteogenesis with using of calcium phosphate osteoplastic materials (literature review)

The analysis of domestic and foreign scientific sources on the possibilities of calcium phosphate osteoplastic materials for optimization of the reparative osteogenesis was done. It was found that different kinds of texture and geometric shapes of calcium phosphate osteoplastic materials make it possible to fill the defects of various configurations. Impregnation of granules, blocks and cylinders with hydrophilic surface with sterile physiological saline, autologous blood, blood products, bone marrow cells provide such texture of the material which might be easily modeled with a scalpel according to the shape of the defect, and thus it is useful in the surgical field. Synthetic nature of calcium phosphate materials ensures their safety in clinical practice, preventing the risk of infections, the occurrence of immune and genetic incompatibility, rejection reaction, suppuration, and allergic reactions. Xenografs of bovine bones also demonstrate safety concerning allergic reactions, bovine spongiform encephalopathy and other infections because of deproteinisation and high temperature processing (above 800 ºC) in time of their producing. Above all calcium-phosphate osteoplastic materials have osteoconductive, osteostimulative and secondary osteoinductive features, and impregnation of some implants with antibiotic allows to create on the site of implantation anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory effects. Osteocondution caused by macro-, micropores and rough structure of osteoplastic materials, osteostimulation caused by their ability to adsorb growth factors on their surface and calcium ions from implants, and the secondary osteoinduction caused by bone morphogenetic proteins which absorb from tissue environment of the bone defect and blood on their surface or comprise to the implant. It was found that calcium phosphate osteoplastic materials are able to optimize angiogenesis, adhesion, proliferation of osteogenic cells and their differentiation into osteoblasts in the area of the defect and, consequently, newly development of bone tissue directly on the surface and in the cavities of the implant. It was shown that initially granulation tissue with blood vessels or osteoid, and after that trabecular mesh of woven bone tissue with a gradual formation of mature lamellar bone to be formed. Due to the phenomenon of precipitation and association with newly formed bone tissue of dissolved crystals of implanted calcium phosphate materials and activity of osteoblasts it is subjected to mineralization and remodeling resulting in the formation of bone tissue with architectonics which according to the law of Julius Wolff meets concrete functional load acting on bone. Simultaneously with bone formation due to the activity of osteoclasts and macrophages calcium phosphate osteoplastic materials are subjected to gradual resorption with speed ranging from some months to 11 years. The latter depends on many factors among which there are physical and chemical characteristics of material, size and structure of pores, geometrical shape, architectonics of the surface, impregnating substances before implantation, technical nuances of producing as well as type of bone which it implanted in. Different expressiveness of the above mentioned properties of implants must be considered in case of application in each clinical situation.

Change of Visual Perceptions in Taiwan’s Aged People with Mild Dementia Caused by the Textures of Building Materials

People with dementia can be overstimulated by too many patterns and designs in one space. The purpose of this research was to find the visual perceptions’ changing of the demented elderly related to the textures of building materials, and to inspect what kind of texture might have the possibility of causing demented elders to have visual hallucinations. A total of ten male subjects with mild dementia participated in this experiment. The simulation of visual perception was made using a highly sensitive LCD projector that showed pictures of building materials on a screen. Clock Drawing Test (CDT) was applied to assess the visual perceptions’ changing of the subjects before and after simulation. Based on the results of this experiment, the visual perceptions of the subjects were more changed by character textures and textures of regular shapes than by the other typologies of textures. Some of the subjects have the possibility of visual hallucinations while looking at the textures during the experiment, because they described visual images that did not exist. Data about these building materials can be made available for the reference of building managers and designers, in order to prevent the demented elderly from having behavior problems.

Encapsulation of complementary model drugs in spray-dried nanostructured materials

Two model drugs of different physico-chemical and pharmaceutical properties (ibuprofen, acetaminophen) have been incorporated together or separately in silica-based microspheres using sol–gel and spray-drying processes. A variable amount of a neutral surfactant Brij-56© has also been added. The properties of the microspheres vary significantly depending on their composition. Three kinds of texture are identified: (1) silica containing spheroid nano-domains (formed by ibuprofen; diameters between 20 and 100 nm), (2) silica containing worm-like mesophases (formed by Brij-56© and both model drugs, typical correlation distances ~6 nm), (3) silica intimately mixed with the drug (acetaminophen) without visible phase-separation. The kinetics of drug release in simulated intestinal fluid strongly depend on these textures. The association of ibuprofen and acetaminophen in a single type of microsphere and without surfactant favours a concomitant release. Possible mechanisms of materials’ formation are discussed.

Well Logging Identification Methods for Volcanic Lithofacies in the North of Songliao Basin, China

Volcanic lithology and lithofacies are important factors to control the formation of volcanic reservoir. It is a challenge for geologists and petrophysicist to identify lithofacies in the borehole by using well logs. According to the reservoir characters of Daqing volcanic reservoir in Songliao basin, five lithofacies and fifteen su-facies have been recognized through the drilled core analysis of lithology, texture and structure. The relationship between conventional well logs and volcanic lithology can be established by calibrating with core analysis which can be used to identify the rock composition by the established cross-plots. From the FMI measurement, the differences of resistivity values caused by volcanic rock texture and structure can be showed in the image clearly. It shows that four kinds of textures and five kinds of structure can be identified with FMI image. As the volcanic lithofacies marks, specific volcanics lithology, texture and structure corresponds to the specific lithofacies and sub-facies. So lithofacies distribution can be evaluated effectively with the model of volcanics texture and structure combined with rock composition. The results of study indicate that the composition, texture and structure characteristics of the volcanics can be identified by conventional log with FMI measurement, which is important to the further volcanic reservoir exploration and production.

Texture analysis and classification using shortest paths in graphs

Texture is a very important attribute in the field of computer vision. This work proposes a novel texture analysis method which is based on graph theory. Basically, we convert the pixels of an image into vertices of an undirected weighted graph and explore the shortest paths between pairs of pixels in different scales and orientations of the image. This procedure is applied to Brodatz’s textures and UIUC texture dataset in order to evaluate its capacity of discriminating different kinds of textures. The best classification results using the standard parameters of the method are 98.50%,67.30% and 88.00% of success rate (percentage of samples correctly classified) for Brodatz’s textures, UIUC textures (image size of 200×200 pixels), and original UIUC textures (image size of 640×480 pixels), respectively. These results prove that the proposed approach is an efficient tool for texture analysis, once they are superior to the results achieved by traditional and novel texture descriptors presented in literature.

The Natural Restoration Capability of Vegetation in Different Site Types along the Expressway 25, Lu-Su Section, China

The natural restoration capability of vegetation along the expressway is of vital importance for the slope revegetation and maintenance. The Margalef 's richness indexes (DMA), Shannon-Wiener's diversity index (Hp), Pielou's evenness (Jsw), Simpson Index (C), Importance Value Index (IVtr), Vegetation coverage and soil seed bank were used to assess the vegetation restoration capability of the expressway 25, Lu-Su section in China. Seventy-four quadrats ranged from 1 m X 1 m to 20 m X 20 m were studied and the analytical results indicated that Digitaria sanguinalis, Setariaviridis and Gramineae are the dominant species in the expressway slopes. Texture is the most important factor influencing the α diversity and vegetation coverage. Cinnamon soil is more suitable for the restoration compared with slopes the other kind of texture. The land use type and alien species invasion along the expressway are also vital important for the natural restoration. The soil seed bank in filling slope is more abundant than that of excavation slope. The natural restoration of vegetation along the expressway varies according to the site types and land use and most of the slopes have strong recovery ability.

The Natural Restoration Capability of Vegetation in Different Site Types along the Expressway 25, Lu-Su Section, China

The natural restoration capability of vegetation along the expressway is of vital importance for the slope revegetation and maintenance. The Margalef 's richness indexes (DMA), Shannon-Wiener's diversity index (Hp), Pielou's evenness (Jsw), Simpson Index (C), Importance Value Index (IVtr), Vegetation coverage and soil seed bank were used to assess the vegetation restoration capability of the expressway 25, Lu-Su section in China. Seventy-four quadrats ranged from 1 m X 1 m to 20 m X 20 m were studied and the analytical results indicated that Digitaria sanguinalis, Setariaviridis and Gramineae are the dominant species in the expressway slopes. Texture is the most important factor influencing the α diversity and vegetation coverage. Cinnamon soil is more suitable for the restoration compared with slopes the other kind of texture. The land use type and alien species invasion along the expressway are also vital important for the natural restoration. The soil seed bank in filling slope is more abundant than that of excavation slope. The natural restoration of vegetation along the expressway varies according to the site types and land use and most of the slopes have strong recovery ability.

Processing Routes Toward Textured Polycrystals in Ferromagnetic Shape Memory Alloys

AbstractNi–Mn–Ga single crystals can produce large strain in moderate magnetic fields. It is the scope of this article to demonstrate, that also polycrystalline materials can show strain in a magnetic field, so called MFIS (magnetic field‐induced strain). In order to design functional polycrystalline materials the interactions of twin boundaries and grain boundaries have to be understood. Therefore, different ways of introducing a texture into Ni–Mn–Ga polycrystals are presented. The different kinds of texture and the consequences for the corresponding materials are discussed. Moreover, thermal, magnetic, and/or mechanical training concepts are presented and their working principle is explained. Several possibilities of evaluating the MFIS capability of the resulting samples are displayed. Finally methods of increasing the strain further are discussed.

Tribological response of soft materials sliding against hard surface textures at various numbers of cycles

ABSTRACTIn the present investigation, various kinds of textures were attained on the steel surfaces. Roughness of the textures was varied using different grits of emery papers or polishing powders. Pins made of pure Al, Al–4 Mg alloy and pure Mg were then slid against prepared steel plate surfaces at various numbers of cycles using an inclined pin‐on‐plate sliding tester. Tests were conducted at a sliding velocity of 2 mm s−1 in ambient conditions under both dry and lubricated conditions. Normal loads were increased up to 110 N during the tests. The morphologies of the worn surfaces of the pins and the formation of transfer layer on the counter surfaces were observed using a scanning electron microscope. Surface roughness parameters of the plate were measured using an optical profilometer. In the experiments, it was observed that the coefficient of friction and formation of a transfer layer (under dry and lubricated conditions) only depended on surface texture during the first few sliding cycles. The steady‐state variation in the coefficient of friction under both dry and lubrication conditions was attributed to the self‐organisation of texture of the surfaces at the interface during sliding. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.