Kinds Of Textures Research Articles

Urban land cover multi‐level region‐based classification of VHR data by selecting relevant features

The limited spatial resolution of satellite images used to be a problem for the adequate definition of the urban environment. This problem was expected to be solved with the availability of very high spatial resolution satellite images (IKONOS, QuickBird, OrbView‐3). However, these space‐borne sensors are limited to four multi‐spectral bands and may have specific limitations as far as detailed urban area mapping is concerned. It is therefore essential to combine spectral information with other information, such as the features used in visual interpretation (e.g. the degree and kind of texture and the shape) transposed to digital analysis. In this study, a feature selection method is used to show which features are useful for particular land‐cover classes. These features are used to improve the land‐cover classification of very high spatial resolution satellite images of urban areas. The useful features are compared with a visual feature selection. The features are calculated after segmentation into regions that become analysis units and ease the feature calculation.

Experimenting in the Kitchen

GEOPHYSICS The surfaces of basaltic lavas commonly exhibit two kinds of textures: Pāhoehoe flows form a ropy and relatively smooth surface, and ‘a'ā flows look like jumbled, sharp, angular blocks. It is generally thought that these types reflect an interaction between the viscosity of the lava, which varies as it cools and crystals form, and the shear rate of the flow. Many flows change their morphology from pa−hoehoe to ‘a'ā, and a few change back. To investigate this transition, Soule and Cashman carried out a series of laboratory experiments using corn syrup (diluted to the viscosity of hot basaltic magma) and rice (which has the same density as the diluted syrup and represents the lava crystals). They observed four different regimes: With increasing amounts of rice (corresponding to increasing viscosity), flow is laminar; the rice grains aggregate into clumps; shear zones form between the clumps; and finally, a thin film of rice-free syrup appears along the flow boundary, perhaps by cavitation, and the main flow is thus detached. This evolution and the abrupt transitions between these regimes are consistent with field measurements of the pā transition. — BH Geology 33 , 361 (2005).

Incidence Angle Dependences of Columnar Grain Structure and Texture in Obliquely Deposited Iron Films

From the viewpoint of the crystallographic contribution to the formation of columnar grain structure we investigated the incidence angle dependences of the columnar grain structure and the texture for iron films prepared at various deposition rates R. The films were vapor-deposited at incidence angles of 15°, 30°, 45° and 65° on glass substrates heated at 473 K. The X-ray analysis using the Schulz method revealed that there exist three kinds of texture: [100], type I [111] and type II [111] textures. From the observation using replica electron microscopy and the measurement of electrical resistivity, it was found that the two characteristics of the columnar grain structure (inclination and bundling of columnar grains) depend on the kind of texture irrespective of the incidence angle. For the films with type I [111] texture, the inclination angle and the degree of bundling of columnar grains take constant values with R at a given incidence angle. For the films with [100] or type II [111] texture, on the other hand, the inclination angle and the degree of bundling change markedly with R even if the incidence angle is constant. These changes in columnar grain structure with R depending on the kind of texture can be understood by considering the appearance of the {100} crystal habit.

燃焼合成法で製造したＴｉＮｉ形状記憶金属間化合物の圧延集合組織

The TiNi shape memory intermetallic compound is manufactured by using the combustion synthesis process that author researched and developed. A flat wire is manufactured with many hot and cold plastic workings. The rolling texture is primarily examined to understand the properties of this material influenced by the plastic working. The manufactured TiNi shape memory intermetallic compound has no gravity segregation, and is homogeneous. Because the sample is the TiNi shape memory intermetallic compound of excessive Ni content, it is of Austenitic phase and has B2 structure (CsCl type, bcc) in which super-elasticity is shown at room temperature. Two kinds of rolling textures exist together. The (110) plane appears on the rolling surface in one kind of texture. In this case, RD=(110), TD=(100), and the rolling direction= . The (211) plane appears on the rolling surface in the other texture. In this case, RD=(110), TD =(111), and the rolling direction = . In both of the textures rolling directions are , and the rolling direction planes are (110). These two kinds of crystals have the relationship of rotation to the direction of TD by 54.7- with the RD axis.

Polymorphism in the solid phase of FLC MBOPDoOB induced by rapid cooling

The textures of ferroelectric liquid crystal D-4-(2-methylbutoxy) phenyl 4-dodecyloxybenzoate (MBOPDoOB) were observed using polarizing microscope during cooling. At different cooling rates, two kinds of textures of solid phases were observed. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman scattering were used to investigate the structure and vibrational properties of the quench-induced metastable phase.

Texture formation in bulk iron processed by simple shear

The preferred orientation of grains in iron after conventional deformation by cold rolling or drawing is characterized as sheet or fiber texture respectively. The main texture component in the rolling direction is [110](001). For the case of wire drawing, again, the [110] direction aligns with the wire axis. A novel method of straining materials called equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE), has recently been developed. This new processing method has the capability of introducing large amounts of plastic strain into bulk material in a relatively uniform manner without a reduction in workpiece cross-section. The processing concept is elegant; press a block of solid material through a constant cross-section tunnel composed of two intersecting channels. The purpose of the work reported here is to determine which kinds of texture are developed by three basic schemes of multipass ECAE. The schemes examined include what are termed route A, route B and route C. Route A maintains the same orientation of the shear plane and shear direction relative to the extrusion direction during all extrusions. Route B involves rotating the billet +90{degree} about the extrusion direction before each even numbered extrusion and {minus}90{degree} before each odd numbered extrusion. Route C processing includes an evenmore » number of extrusion passes with a +180{degree} or {minus}180{degree} rotation of the workpiece around the extrusion direction before each extrusion. Conventional sheet and fiber textures can be developed in bulk iron by using multipass ECAE processing. A shear texture results after a single extrusion. Multipass extrusions that return structural elements to their original shape after an even number of passes result in a texture that shows characteristics of both shear and the original texture.« less

Raman spectral analysis and genetic mechanism of pseudotachylyte in Xiaoqinling detachment fault

Veins and clasts of pseudotachylyte developed in the microbreccias of the detachment fault along the boundary of the Xiaoqinling metamorphic core complex. The Raman spectral analysis shows that there are three kinds of textures in the matrices of the pseudotachylyte, i.e. ultracataclastic fine-grained texture, cryptocrystalline texture and both of them with minute quantity of glass. The three different textures are the results of different degrees of ultracataclasis. This demonstrates that ultracataclasis-comminution-melting is the genetic mechanism of the pseudotachylytes in the Xiaoqinling detachment fault and the ultracataclasis-comminution dominates in their formation.

Evolution of the texture of TiN films prepared by filtered arc deposition

Three kinds of textures, i.e., (200), (111), and (220) of TiN films prepared by filtered arc deposition have been continuously observed with varying film thickness and bombarding energy of the deposited particles. The evolution of the texture from (200) to (111), then to (220) is discussed on the basis of the so-called overall energy which consists of the surface energy, the strain energy, and the stopping energy of the films.

A Study on the Superficial Texture of Running Water on the Gentle Slope with Rough Surface

A river structure across river bed with gentle slope has many merits. People can approach and fish can swim up easily because of its slow flow, and many kinds of texture can be designed by controling roughness of surface of a structure. But hydrological relationship between roughness and superficial texture of water has never been studied. In this paper, authors tried to classify the types of texture which can be seen around a stone, determine the factors of the texture by model experiment using half balls, and apply to a real structure.

Microstructural studies to probe textured growth of sputtered strontium ferrite thin films

Sputtered strontium ferrite films upon annealing at higher temperatures show different textures depending on the deposition parameters as if these parameters leave their signature which eventually decides the texture. To understand the origin of this phenomena the 'as deposited' sputtered strontium ferrite films were studied using transmission electron microscopy. The study showed that the 'as deposited' films were made up of microcrystallites which were not detected by X-ray diffraction. The study also hinted some kind of texture in the 'as deposited' films, which might be responsible for the final texture of the films when annealed at higher temperatures.

Synthesis, structure and gas sensitivity properties of pure and doped SnO 2

Polycrystalline SnO 2 showing small particle size has been synthesized by means of pyrolysis in a tubular furnace of an aerosol produced by ultrahigh-frequency spraying of a solution. Pd nanoparticles have also been dispersed on the surface of cassiterite grains. In both cases, three solution precursors have been used: chloride, oxalate and sulfate. An SEM study indicates that two kinds of textures are obtained depending on the precursor solution: hollow spherical particles or quasi-spherical grain agglomerates. Cold pressing and annealing modify such morphologies. Conductance G = f( T) curves were studied from 50 to 500 °C under pure air ( G = G 0), 80 ppm ethanol or 300 ppm CO. G = f( T) curves under polluted air show different behaviors. Most of them show a pronounced maximum and corresponding sensitivity S = ( G - G 0)/ G 0 varies between 10 and 390.

Magnetic investigation of the columnar grain structure of Fe 1−x– Co x ( x = 0−1) films deposited obliquely by thermal evaporation

The columnar grain structure in obliquely deposited Fe 1- x -Co x ( x = 0−1) films has been investigated magnetically by measuring the effective anisotropy field and the effective saturation magnetization. Films were vapor-deposited at an incidence angle of 65° from normal on glass substrates kept at 473 K. The packing of the columnar grains was found to be sparse in the x range from 0.02 to 0.77, where the columnar grains clearly exhibit the {100} crystal habit. The columnar grains align in the direction perpendicular to the incidence plane for all compositions. The degree of alignment depends on the kind of texture. The crystallographic contribution to the formation of the columnar grain structure is discussed.

X-ray diffraction investigations of adherent and free standing TiN coatings deposited by magnetron sputtering

TiN coatings deposited on steel substrates at different biases and temperatures, and with different nitrogen contents, were studied by conventional X-ray powder diffractometry. The diffraction peaks were separated by profile fitting. In adherent films different kinds of texture and a large anisotropy of lattice parameters ( a(hhh) < a( h00) < a( hh0)) were detected. In corresponding free-standing films lower average values of lattice parameters were found and their anisotropy decreased considerably. The microstrain determined from X-ray line broadening remained unchanged, which proves its inelastic nature owing to the lattice defects.

Texture segmentation by least squares filters

In this paper a new approach for texture segmentation, the least squares filter method, is proposed. By calculating the least squares value of the correlation over the original image with each background textured image which contains only one kind of texture, the least squares filter (LSF) for each kind of texture is obtained. After filtering the original image with LSF, the scalar label is adopted, finally, to segment the image into many regions. All filters can be interpreted as adapted filter masks for which the designation of the least squares filters (LSF) is proposed. With the LSF method, we have r energy output images for any original image composed of r kinds of textures, which can be used to segment efficiently the original image. For some application the LSFs could replace the empirical filters in Laws' texture energy measures and theoretical filters in Ade's eigenfilters.

Textures in induced morphology crystal aggregates of CaCO3: Sheaf of wheat morphologies

Three different kinds of textures have been found in induced crystal aggregates of CaCO 3 sheaf of wheat morphologies, grown in silica gel at pH = 10. One of them showing concentric banding can be explained by a simple aggregation model of stacked rhombohedra along its c axis. The second does not present concentric banding and is formed by fibers with 3 m symmetry. Finally, the third has a more complicated fiber design with periodical units arranged in a helical pattern, which has not been explained by any simple model of CaCO 3 crystal aggregation. The morphogenetical role of the silicated matrix must be particularly important in this last case.

Formulation of angular correlation and distribution experiments in the presence of a texturized hyperfine interaction

This report deals with the interpretation of experimental results on hyperfine interaction (h.f.i.) detected by nuclear radiation, in cases where the interaction has neither a unique nor a random orientation. A formulation has been drawn up to derive from such experiments (angular correlation or nuclear orientation) the appropriate components of the h.f.i. orientational distribution. We expand the so-called texture distribution function by using the Wigner rotation matrices and defining the texture components. Some symmetries in these components are discussed together with features imposed by the crystal symmetry of the host lattice. We show that the angular distribution of nuclear radiation can be developed as a linear combination in the texture components. The detection geometry selects which components are observed, what allows to design experiments such that a differentiation between texture models is possible. Finally some tables illustrate the general applicability of the present formulation to any kind of texture.

Structure and Interaction of Nonsingular Spin Vortices in Quasi Two-Dimensional Superfluid 3He-A

Because of the tensor character of the order parameter, many kinds of textures are possible to appear in superfluid 3He, and many authors have investigated them. In this paper we consider the A phase and study a two-dimensional localized structure in which only the spin space vector varies. Such a structure is very simple and is likely to be experimentally manageable as well. The order parameter is given byl),2)

Deformation and recrystallization textures in metals and quartz

The nature and graphical representation of preferred orientations, or textures, in polycrystalline assemblies is outlined. The genesis of textures during plastic deformation of metals is examined in terms of single crystal behaviour, with special reference to the formation of deformation bands, and the influence of pre-existing texture on subsequent plastic deformation (including creep) is exemplified. Next, the nature and origin of textures formed by annealing after plastic deformation are analysed and the relative rôles of oriented nucleation and oriented growth assessed. A different kind of texture in stressed polycrystalline quartz is formed as a consequence of Dauphiné twinning. This form of twinning is explained in some detail and the origin of the textures explained in terms of the driving force that brings about Dauphiné twinning; these driving forces are compared with those that determine recrystallization in metals.

Etching Studies on the Spinel Layer Formed by Solid State Reaction between Periclase and Sapphire

The spinel layer formed by solid state reaction between periclase and sapphire was investigated with an etching technique. The aims of this study are listed as follows; (1) the determination of the relative orientation of spinel to sapphire (2) the examination of the three-dimensional microstructure of spinel to conjecture the mechanism of crystal growth.Grinding, polishing, etching and observations with an optical microscope are repeated in this order. The spinel was etched for 40-120 min in conc. H2SO4 at 200°C.According to the results of this experiment on the periclase-grown spinel, the spinel layer consisted of the grains elongated to the growing direction. This is the evidence of the epitaxial growth of this layer.The sapphire-grown spinel had two kinds of texture; one was observed in the central part of the layer, and another in the surrounding part of the layer.On the etched face of the central part of the sapphire-grown spinel, triangular etch pits were observed and relative orientation of the spinel layer to sapphire was determined on the basis of the direction of etch pits. The results of the orientation study were in agreement with those of the other authors. The sapphire-grown spinel had the twinning structure, and at the boundary of twinning, deep grooves were formed by etching. These grooves extended along the direction ‹112›, and tended to run parallel with each other. This phenomena were explained from the mechanism of rearrangement of the oxygen atoms at spinel/sapphire interface. At this interface, the oxygen must change the stacking sequence from the hexagonal closed packing of sapphire (…ABABAB…) to the cubic closed packing of spinel (…ABCABC…). This rearrangement is probably performed by the mechanism proposed by Schmalzried et al., i. e. a movement of the bundles of Shockley partial dislocations along the glide planes.The surrounding part of the sapphire-grown spinel had little tendency to orientate to sapphire, and had a little degree of epitaxy. It was assumed that the sapphire-grown spinel in this region had grown by a sort of exsolution mechanism.

Toward a Twelve-Tone Polyphony

By polyphony I mean not so much a kind of texture as a way of conceiving of music. To comprehend other people's music-or, for that matter, to make my own music as comprehensible to other people as I can-I find that I must be able to form a clear idea of its pitch structure as a whole. When I try to visualize such an idea, I find it almost always requires at least two dimensions-a network of intervals in which each pitch in the piece is connected to at least one other pitch and usually to more than one, and in which the strength of the connections varies. In deciding which pitches are connected and in determining the strength of the connection I am guided by two kinds of considerations: