Kinds Of Risks Research Articles

Risk Analysis of Enterprises’ Investment in Infrastructure in Developing Countries Based on Structural Equation Model

In order to control the risks of Chinese enterprises in infrastructure investment in developing countries, the corresponding evaluation system is constructed through a structural equation model algorithm to analyze these risks, so as to achieve risk prediction and risk controllability. Structural equation modeling is a method to establish, estimate, and test causality. It can replace multiple regression, path analysis, factor analysis, covariance analysis, and other methods and clearly analyze the effect of individual indicators on the population and the interrelationship between individual indicators. It is a multivariate statistical modeling technology mainly applied to confirmatory model analysis. Due to the guidance of national policies, there are more and more opportunities for Chinese enterprises to invest abroad. However, due to the influence of political, economic, and environmental factors, overseas investment is facing many difficulties. This paper analyzes the risks from four aspects: bilateral policy risk, legal difference and litigation risk, international economic risk, and technical risk through structural equation model algorithm. Aiming at these risks, the simulation software of the algorithm is constructed in MATLAB big data analysis software, and the risk control measures are put forward. Finally, with the support of China’s policies, in order to ensure the investment income, we should carry out risk intervention for the foreseeable risk and reduce the impact of risk on the investment income as much as possible, so as to improve the risk prevention and management awareness of overseas investment business. By analyzing the characteristics of venture capital and the various kinds of risks affecting venture capital, the risk structure model estimation of risk sneak attack is established by using the principle of structural equation model, and the impact of various risks on investment risks can be analyzed, so that the risk measurement and control of venture capital provides the basis of theoretical knowledge.

Интеграция науки и предпринимательства как фактор развития инновационного потенциала России

The innovative development of the economy largely depends on the balance and effectiveness of communications between the scientific sector and entrepreneurship. Interest in scientific and industrial cooperation in modern conditions is increasing and associated with the emergence of uncertainty, limited access to information, rising costs, the emergence of various kinds of risks, as well as market changes. In such conditions, mutually beneficial cooperation between science and entrepreneurship allows to unlock the diverse potential of the two sectors and increase the efficiency of their activities. The importance and necessity to develop measures to ensure the integration of science and entrepreneurship to achieve their balanced development have been substantiated. There are identifies the areas of intersection of mutual interests of the scientific sector and entrepreneurship: the labor market and the intellectual property market. The modern education system of the Russian Federation is considered, the features associated with an increase in the number of students and the number of vocational education institutions and a decrease in the number of students of higher education institutions are analyzed. The problems affecting the quality of training of specialists in secondary vocational and higher education are listed: fragmented financing, the state of the material and technical base of institutions, the salary level of teaching staff, etc. The indicators of the level of cooperation between science and entrepreneurship and the measures that are being applied to stimulate the interaction of these sectors in Russia are studied in details. A correlation analysis was carried out between the indicator of the volume of innovative goods, works, services produced by Russian enterprises and indicators characterizing activity in scientific activity. The balance of the relationship between science and entrepreneurship in the Russian Federation has been defined. According to the analysis there have been appointed the problems of the scientific sector and entrepreneurship that arise during research and development, and measures are proposed to ensure the balanced development of both sectors.

Цифрові маркетингові комунікації в Україні в аспекті готовності споживачів

Цифрові маркетингові комунікації в Україні в аспекті готовності споживачів

Risk knowledge modeling for offer definition in customer-supplier relationships in Engineer-To-Order situations

This work deals with the customer-supplier relationship and concerns offer definition in Engineer-To-Order situations (ETO), by adopting the supplier point of view. In such cases, when the offer definition relies simply on key design choices without a detailed design, there is a specific risk (ETO-specific risk) that customer expectations cannot be fulfilled. This kind of risk is in addition to the conventional risks (non ETO-specific risk) involved in any delivery process (machine break down, resource not available, scrapped part…). In order to minimize the supplier risk of not being able to complete the offer as accepted and contracted by the customer, a knowledge-based system can be used to assist risk engineering. Consequently, this article proposes two interrelated knowledge modeling contributions. Firstly, a risk knowledge model which, when implemented in a knowledge-based system that supports risk characterization and risk treatment by using knowledge re-use techniques, is proposed and discussed. Secondly, two knowledge typologies for risk characterizations and treatments (both for ETO and non-ETO situations) in order to support risk knowledge, identification and modeling are also proposed and discussed. These contributions are innovative and groundbreaking in terms of both academics and applications: they provide a formal model to structure risk knowledge and a first list of risks and treatments to be taken into account in ETO and non ETO situations. After an introduction that presents the research gap, our objectives and an analysis of related works, our two contributions are described in two sections with respect to ISO31000 recommendations. The first section covers risk identification and evaluation while the second deals with risk treatments.

A risk model for Forest fires based on asymptotic results for multivariate collective models. Single models and structured families of models

In this paper we propose an new approach to multivariate collective models based on asymptotic distibutions, since the modeling problems posed have large samples. Collective risk models play an important part in Risk Theory and in Actuarial Mathematics. Inference based on these models is centered on claims totals. However, the new approach has in mind a different kind of risk, the risk of forest fires, where the variables of interest are the number fires and the total burnt areas. As a result, a special case bivariate risk model is derived with this intent. Besides single models, structured families whose models correspond to the treatments of a base linear model are considered. This leads to an ANOVA-like situation where we don’t have to estimate the error, which enable to test the influence of several factors on the multivariate collective models mean vectors. Instead of F tests, we use tests, availing us of asymptotic distributions that lightens the treatment. To illustrate the approach, an application to forest fires in Portugal with real data is presented.

Difficult climate-adaptive decisions in forests as complex social–ecological systems

Climate change threatens the social, ecological, and economic benefits enjoyed by forest-dependent communities worldwide. Climate-adaptive forest management strategies such as genomics-based assisted migration (AM) may help protect many of these threatened benefits. However, such novel technological interventions in complex social-ecological systems will generate new risks, benefits, and uncertainties that interact with diverse forest values and preexisting risks. Using data from 16 focus groups in British Columbia, Canada, we show that different stakeholders (forestry professionals, environmental nongovernmental organizations, local government officials, and members of local business communities) emphasize different kinds of risks and uncertainties in judging the appropriateness of AM. We show the difficulty of climate-adaptive decisions in complex social-ecological systems in which both climate change and adaptation will have widespread and cascading impacts on diverse nonclimate values. Overarching judgments about AM as an adaptation strategy, which may appear simple when elicited in surveys or questionnaires, require that participants make complex trade-offs among multiple domains of uncertain and unknown risks. Overall, the highest-priority forest management objective for most stakeholders is the health and integrity of the forest ecosystem from which all other important forest values derive. The factor perceived as riskiest is our lack of knowledge of how forest ecosystems work, which hinders stakeholders in their assessment of AM's acceptability. These results are further evidence of the inherent risk in privileging natural science above other forms of knowledge at the science-policy interface. When decisions are framed as technical, the normative and ethical considerations that define our fundamental goals are made invisible.

Research on the Construction of University Public Health Emergency Management System Based on Psychological Counseling Intervention

After entering the information society, all kinds of risks, crises, and conflicts in society are more severe, more sudden, and uncertain than those in agricultural society and industrial society. Under the unexpected events in colleges and universities, college students' psychological crisis, which cannot be dealt with and overcome by conventional methods, arises from their own experiences, psychological endurance, and weak self-awareness. In the face of emergencies, as a talent training base, how to collect information quickly and accurately and make prevention and control plans is directly related to the success or failure of event handling. This study attempts to analyze the characteristics and causes of students' psychological changes in public health emergencies in colleges and universities and puts forward relevant countermeasures, so as to improve the management system of public health emergencies in colleges and universities, improve the ability to effectively deal with and properly handle public health emergencies, and promote the harmonious development of society. In the face of public health emergencies, colleges and universities should enhance the awareness of emergency management of public health emergencies, change the concept of emergency, build an efficient emergency management system, improve the ability and level of emergency management, and ensure the harmony and stability of the school.

Strategi Pemasaran Produk Asuransi Syariah Di PT. Prudential Life Assurance Cabang Kota Medan

Human life in modern times has various kinds of risks and dangers. Man himself does not know what will happen tomorrow and where he will die world. Insurance is a financial tool for managing home life, both in terms of facing an underlying risk, such as the chance of mortality, and in terms of protecting one's personal belongings. In the marketing process, a strategy is needed essential, the company's main target in a broad market reach. So that a strategy is required before entering the market, all of the plans have been consolidated, comprehensive, And included to make sure that the company's last purpose may be found out via the implementation of the suitable strategy. Study The reason for this observation is to choose and evaluate (segmentation, targeting, and positioning) at PT. Prudential Life Assurance Medan City Branch, in addition to to decide whether or not the advertising plan is carried out according with sharia advertising characteristics. This study employs a qualitative technique while doing descriptive research. The findings revealed that the market segmentation (segmenting) conducted by PT. Prudential Life Assurance Medan City Branch based on per market grouping region. To make it easier for Prudential to meet and greet its customers return. Targeting, in determining the target market covered by PT. Prudential Life Assurance Medan City Branch there is no certain limit, the company serves all market segment.

Strategi Dalam Manajemen Pemasaran

Human life in modern times has various kinds of risks and dangers. Humans as thinking creatures certainly do not know what will happen tomorrow and where they will die. Insurance is a financial means in managing household life, both in facing basic risks such as the risk of death or in dealing with the risk of property in dealing with the risk of the property owned. In the marketing process, it is necessary to implement an essential strategy, the company's main target is in a broad market reach so that a strategy is needed before entering the market, detailing all plans that have been put together, comprehensively and integratedly designed to ensure the company's main objectives can be achieved through the implementation of a segmentation strategy. , and targets at PT Allianz Life Indonesia, as well as knowing whether the marketing strategy implemented is in accordance with the characteristics of sharia marketing. This research uses literature study research. The results of the study indicate that the market segmentation carried out by the Sharia Insurance company Allianz Life Indonesia has grown more rapidly and progressed from year to year. And this makes insurance companies in particular.
 Keywords: marketing strategy, sharia insurance, PT Allianz Life Indonesia

Analysis of Factors Affecting the Success of Sustainable Development Projects with the Help of Machine Learning Tools

Sustainable development projects are a group of development projects created with the aim of sustainable urban growth and development. To achieve development, it is essential to pay attention to the existence of projects. The point to consider is the threat of these expensive assets by all kinds of risks, such as floods, earthquakes, wars, mistakes, and price fluctuations, during the life cycle of projects from the beginning of their idea to the end of their useful life. Hence, the main objective of the study is to analyze the criteria and factors of project success and different machine learning strategies to achieve success and predict specific construction performance. To meet that aim, the research employs the descriptive approach, and analytical and logical aspects are derived from various sources such as research articles, published materials, online websites, books, and articles. The study’s results reveal that employing machine learning tools and algorithms to create a link between project success factors and criteria and prediction can bring multiple advantages, including high accuracy, ease of use, and inference for decision‐making. It can be concluded that algorithmic solutions could be integrated in a manner that project managers can adequately utilize to enhance project success by eliminating potential risks and guiding the project toward attaining its objectives.

The Effect of Perceived Risk on Intention to Use Online Banking

Online banking is a major service for the contemporary banking sector's expansion plan. Numerous researchers have contributed to the research paradigm the positive aspects of online banking. Consumers sense the interconnectivity due to its presence online. Nonetheless, this service was not extensively utilized due to consumers' remaining afraid of the danger of online transactions. Users fear to use such services online due to the prevalence of different kinds of risks. Thus, the detailed and distinctive risk job in risk awareness for the banking industry is an important and useful task. The influence of perceived risk in online banking use is investigated in this research. As it has been regarded for the majority of times, perceived risk serves as one of the major barriers towards usage of such kind of services. The paper has set out the varied categorical risks like privacy, social risk etc. which influences the usage or intention towards usage of such online banking services. The research model is envisaged on the basis of different theories of information technology acceptance. Questionnaire method was employed to obtain responses specifically from female users of online banking. Data collected were analyzed through Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). Results have been analyzed well. The findings of SEM show risk elements

ТЕХНІКО-ЕКОНОМІЧНЕ ОБҐРУНТУВАННЯ ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ПОЛЬОВИХ ХОЛОДИЛЬНИХ ЗАСОБІВ ДЛЯ ПОТРЕБ ПРОДОВОЛЬЧОГО ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ВІЙСЬК

...The fulfillment of tasks as intended often involves the long stay of troops (forces) outside the points of permanent deployment. Such conditions are characterized by an increase in the physical and psycho-emotional load on servicemen, which, in turn, necessitates an increase in the quality of their nutrition. One of the promising areas for improving the quality of food is associated with the use of refrigeration units for storing stocks of fresh food directly in the field. The article is devoted to the development of the foundations of the methodology for the feasibility study of the feasibility of creating and using field refrigeration units to improve the food supply of troops (forces), which perform tasks as intended in isolation from the points of permanent deployment. Decisions on the expediency of using refrigeration units in the field, along with the technical and tactical characteristics of refrigeration units, are influenced by economic factors, as well as various kinds of risks. The studies carried out made it possible to establish basic parameters that allow us to assess the economic efficiency of using refrigeration units for storing food directly in the base camp and to justify the choice of the best option from among those selected for consideration. The study is based on the method of comparative evaluation of options, which allowed us to limit ourselves to considering those parameters by which the options under consideration differ from each other. A number of these parameters take into account the risks caused by the lower quality of food in the absence of refrigeration units at the field food station and the risks that arise when transporting food from a stationary warehouse to a field warehouse. The calculated ratios obtained can be used as the basis for the tactical, technical and economic substantiation of the corresponding decisions.

Strategi Pemasaran Produk Asuransi Syariah di PT. Prudential Life Assurance Cabang Kota Medan

Human life in modern times has various kinds of risks and dangers. Man himself does not know what will happen tomorrow and where he will die world. Insurance is a financial tool for managing home life, both in terms of facing an underlying risk, such as the chance of mortality, and in terms of protecting one's personal belongings. In the marketing process, a strategy is needed essential, the company's main target in a broad market reach. So that a strategy is required before entering the market, all of the plans have been consolidated, comprehensive, And included to make sure that the company's last purpose may be found out via the implementation of the suitable strategy. Study The reason for this observation is to choose and evaluate (segmentation, targeting, and positioning) at PT. Prudential Life Assurance Medan City Branch, in addition to to decide whether or not the advertising plan is carried out according with sharia advertising characteristics. This study employs a qualitative technique while doing descriptive research. The findings revealed that the market segmentation (segmenting) conducted by PT. Prudential Life Assurance Medan City Branch based on per market grouping region. To make it easier for Prudential to meet and greet its customers return. Targeting, in determining the target market covered by PT. Prudential Life Assurance Medan City Branch there is no certain limit, the company serves all market segment. 
 Keywoard : Strategy, Marketing, Sharia Insurance, PT. Prudential Life Assurance Branch Medan City.

Strategi Pemasaran Produk Asuransi Syariah di PT. Prudential Life Assurance Cabang Kota Medan

Human life in modern times has various kinds of risks and dangers. Man himself does not know what will happen tomorrow and where he will die world. Insurance is a financial tool for managing home life, both in terms of facing an underlying risk, such as the chance of mortality, and in terms of protecting one's personal belongings. In the marketing process, a strategy is needed essential, the company's main target in a broad market reach. So that a strategy is required before entering the market, all of the plans have been consolidated, comprehensive, And included to make sure that the company's last purpose may be found out via the implementation of the suitable strategy. Study The reason for this observation is to choose and evaluate (segmentation, targeting, and positioning) at PT. Prudential Life Assurance Medan City Branch, in addition to to decide whether or not the advertising plan is carried out according with sharia advertising characteristics. This study employs a qualitative technique while doing descriptive research. The findings revealed that the market segmentation (segmenting) conducted by PT. Prudential Life Assurance Medan City Branch based on per market grouping region. To make it easier for Prudential to meet and greet its customers return. Targeting, in determining the target market covered by PT. Prudential Life Assurance Medan City Branch there is no certain limit, the company serves all market segment. 
 Keywoard : Strategy, Marketing, Sharia Insurance, PT. Prudential Life Assurance Branch Medan City.

The Role of Risk Management, Sustainability Disclosure Practices, and Islamic Finance in Nigeria Business Environment

The Nigerian business environment is currently beclouded with various kinds of risks, fear, and uncertainty that culminate into the collapsing of so many businesses and the relocation of several multinational and local firms to other countries. The business and the environment are in a social contract that leaves them with both opportunities and threats hence the business cannot take place in a vacuum. The interconnectivity between businesses and their environment is that of mutuality. Mutual in the sense that the business influences its environment and the environment as well guarantees the legitimacy of the business considering the interest of all relevant stakeholders. That is, a business is influenced by its environment of operation such that its success depends on the ability to adapt to its immediate and entire environment to make the environment of businesses favorable. Therefore, the objective of this study is to explore conceptually the Nigerian Business Environment (NBE) considering the roles of risk management, sustainability disclosure practices, and Islamic finance. The method adopted by the study is the review of past investigations to gain insight into the NBE. Based on the insight from extant literature and in consonance with assumptions of legitimacy theory, the study concludes that risk management, sustainability disclosure practices, and Islamic finance promote the NBE. The study added to existing literature looking at the NBE from the present perspective (i.e. risk management, sustainability disclosure practices and Islamic finance). The study has implications for the government and policy-makers, companies, the business community, and other stakeholders in terms of creating a conducive business environment in Nigeria through the provision of infrastructure, effective corporate governance mechanisms, good stakeholder management.

Analysis of quality of service metrics and the security concerns in integrated cloud-fog environment for healthcare system

With the improvement of IoT functions, number of devices connecting to Internet of Things (IoT) is expected to grow globally in future and those devices may have to generate a big bulk of data for processing in limited time. Under such environment, Data management should serve as a link between objects and data generating devices, as well as data consumer apps for analysis and action. IoT interacts with all communication devices and permits global access of data generated by devices. Cloud computing is playing a vital role in computing, network management and storing data but all these activities are being done in centralized data-centers. The centralized cloud computing can lead to some kind of risks like limited capacity issues, high latency and network failure, with the exponential growth of IoT. Cloud and fog computing has the answer for all such risks, as it does all computation or storage of IoT items locally instead of sending to cloud and thus this helps to provide quick results and improves Quality of service (QoS) for healthcare system. Cloud and fog is considered to be safest and quickest approach to ensure IoT delivers expected results in healthcare system where delay can lead to criticality for the patients. Fog computing becomes important as it manages data and computation at the network edge closest to the end user which makes it super & quick reactive. Despite its compelling advantages, the characteristics of fog computing arise new security and privacy challenges. This paper investigates the various QoS parameters and discusses different security issues along with possible solutions in fog system. The paper also proposes an approach to enhance the quality of service in integrated cloud-fog environment.

The Impacts of Perceived Risks on Information Search and Risk Reduction Strategies: A Study of the Hotel Industry during the COVID-19 Pandemic

This study examined the impacts of perceived risks on information search and risk reduction strategies as well as the relative importance of each risk reduction strategy. Multiple regression analysis was applied to analyze the sample of South Korean hotel customers and to test the hypotheses of the study. It was found that when hotel customers faced the same kind of risk, they adopted different information search strategies to reduce various risks during the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, ‘following hotel employee’s advice’ was perceived to be the most important information search strategy to reduce risks. This is the first study to compare the differences of perceived risk and information search strategies under the COVID-19 pandemic and normal conditions to help hotels to develop more effective strategies to recover from the pandemic. The results of the study should be interpreted with care since it was based on Korean hotel customers. The influence of cultural differences in perceived risk and information search strategy should be addressed in future studies. The study contributes to the tourism and hospitality information search and risk reduction strategy-related literature and recommends avenues for further research in the field.

Risk Management in Gaining Profitability of Banking Companies

Profitability is a bank's ability to earn a profit during a certain period. The amount of profitability of a company tends to be influenced by various kinds of risks. The risks that occur will cause losses to the bank if it is not detected and not managed properly. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of credit risk, operational risk, and liquidity risk on the profitability of rural banks in the city for the 2019 period. The number of samples taken is 10 rural banks, through purposive sampling technique. The data collection method used is the non-participant observation method with multiple linear regression data analysis techniques. Based on the results of the analysis, it was found that credit risk had no significant positive effect on profitability. Operational risk has a significant negative effect on profitability. Liquidity risk has a significant positive effect on profitability

A novel fuzzy dominant goal programming for portfolio selection with systematic risk and non-systematic risk.

In this paper, we consider a fuzzy portfolio selection problem with systematic risk and non-systematic risk simultaneously. These two kinds of risks are measured by beta coefficient and random error variance obtained by Sharp Single Index Model. The total risk as the objective of portfolio decision is obtained by weighting the two kinds of risk. Among them, the weight of systematic risk lambda is regarded as the degree of investors' attention to system risk in economic sense. In addition, the fuzzy return and the degree of diversification are measured by triangular fuzzy number and entropy, respectively. And they are also considered the goal of investment decisions. Hence, a tri-objective portfolio is proposed in this paper. For the fuzzy objectives in the model, a goal programming method based on fuzzy dominance is proposed, which can help investors better capture the ideal point of fuzzy returns according to their risk preference. Finally, combined with the systematic impact of COVID-19 on the financial market, we make an empirical analysis based on our proposed model. The results show that the total risk will be on the high side when lambda value is too large or too small. That means paying too much or little attention to the systematic risk will lead investors to bear more risk. In addition, when investors ignore the systematic risk; that is, the lambda value is low, and investors will concentrate their funds in the same industry.

Patrimonio ecclesiastico, rischio e pianificazione: un approccio a scala vasta alla cura e alla prevenzione

Religious architectural heritage is largely widespread on the Italian territory and it is subject to several kind of risks, particularly concentrated in Italy. Exposure to risks, worsened by underuse and lack of maintenance of these buildings lead to the necessary development of conservation, reuse and transformation strategies in order to preserve this heritage in a safety state. In this perspective, this contribution presents first results of a research project conducted by Politecnico di Torino, which developed a tool for vulnerability and risk rapid analysis of the ecclesiastical religious heritage. This method assumes large and systematic knowledge about the aforementioned heritage. It can be used for decision support and planning of interventions and activities by heritage managing bodies in order to optimize strategies by considering territorial, safety and architectural suitability. Although the proposed method can not be applied to the heritage of religious orders and congregations, due to the lack of an official census, this contribution allows to design new scenarios of research and reflections to be conducted in future studies in the field of reuse and transformation of religious heritage.