Kinds Of Risks Research Articles

All Too Human? Mapping and Mitigating the Risk from Anthropomorphic AI

The development of highly-capable conversational agents, underwritten by large language models, has the potential to shape user interaction with this technology in profound ways, particularly when the technology is anthropomorphic, or appears human-like. Although the effects of anthropomorphic AI are often benign, anthropomorphic design features also create new kinds of risk. For example, users may form emotional connections to human-like AI, creating the risk of infringing on user privacy and autonomy through over-reliance. To better understand the possible pitfalls of anthropomorphic AI systems, we make two contributions: first, we explore anthropomorphic features that have been embedded in interactive systems in the past, and leverage this precedent to highlight the current implications of anthropomorphic design. Second, we propose research directions for informing the ethical design of anthropomorphic AI. In advancing the responsible development of AI, we promote approaches to the ethical foresight, evaluation, and mitigation of harms arising from user interactions with anthropomorphic AI.

PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP ANAK YANG KEHILANGAN ORANG TUA AKIBAT PANDEMI COVID-19

This article discusses one of the impacts of a serious problem that has hit the world, namely the Covid-19 pandemic, the impact of which is extraordinary, hundreds of thousands of people have lost their lives as a result of this terrible pandemic. Indonesia is one of the countries that has suffered enormous losses from the loss of human life and the collapse of the Indonesian economy. Apart from the loss of human life, other sectors such as the domestic and global economy have experienced destruction due to the impact of restrictions on social activities which have brought several economic sectors to a halt. The impact of this pandemic has forced many children in various parts of the world to lose their parents, they experience suffering and sorrow because they have lost the people they took refuge in. They are forced to live a life without their loved ones, they are forced to work to survive, and live a new life with all kinds of risks that they have to face, such as the potential for vulnerability, to experience various forms of violence from people around them who don't care about them. child's condition. The loss of the main guardian, namely parents or grandparents, puts children's future at risk. Without the presence of a guardian, children will have difficulty meeting their needs for clothing, food and shelter independently. Not only that, they are also threatened with losing the opportunity to continue the education they are currently receiving. Children's mental development is disrupted because they lose someone who always gives them attention and affection. Apart from that, they will also be vulnerable to child marriage, child trafficking and other acts of violence and crime. This research is normative legal research with an analytical descriptive approach

Optimal insurance with counterparty and additive background risk

AbstractIn this paper, we explore how to design the optimal insurance contracts when the insured faces insurable, counterparty, and additive background risk simultaneously. The target is to minimize the mean-variance of the insured’s loss. By utilizing the calculus of variations, an implicit characterization of the optimal ceded loss function is given. An explicit structure of the optimal ceded loss function is also provided by making full use of its implicit characterization. We further derive a much simpler solution when these three kinds of risk have some special dependence structures. Finally, we give a numerical example to illustrate our results.

Basel Capital Regulations over Pre and Post Basel III Regime: An Indian Scenario

The adequacy of capital has become a concerned issue because banks being the highly leveraged sector face high risks. So, it is desirable to know at which level of capital is adequate for banks. The focus on capital have existed for a long time but now the definition of capital has changed for banking business due to changes and advancement in banking operations. A bank with higher capital adequacy ratio is considered safe and capable to meet its obligations. The Reserve Bank of India requires all scheduled commercial banks to meet the capital level as stipulated under Basel III norms to comply with international standards. According to the guidelines of Bank for International Settlements (BIS), the banks should maintain that level of capital where a bank can easily recover unexpected shocks and crisis. The adequacy of capital is the measure of financial soundness of banks and indicator of financial health of banks. The banking activities are exposed to various kinds of risks and to manage these risks, banks must maintain sufficient capital. Therefore, it is necessary to set the regulatory guidelines for limits of capital hold by banks. Thus, the present study intends to examine the trends and consistency of capital adequacy ratio of twenty one Indian public sector banks for the period of ten years (2008–2017). The results conclude that the level of capital ratio as per Basel III norms maintained by Indian public sector banks determines the bank’s strength and position.

Modeling interconnected social and technical risks in open source software ecosystems

Open source software ecosystems consist of thousands of interdependent libraries, which users can combine to great effect. Recent work has pointed out two kinds of risks in these systems: that technical problems like bugs and vulnerabilities can spread through dependency links, and that relatively few developers are responsible for maintaining even the most widely used libraries. However, a more holistic diagnosis of systemic risk in software ecosystem should consider how these social and technical sources of risk interact and amplify one another. Motivated by the observation that the same individuals maintain several libraries within dependency networks, we present a methodological framework to measure risk in software ecosystems as a function of both dependencies and developers. In our models, a library’s chance of failure increases as its developers leave and as its upstream dependencies fail. We apply our method to data from the Rust ecosystem, highlighting several systemically important libraries that are overlooked when only considering technical dependencies. We compare potential interventions, seeking better ways to deploy limited developer resources with a view to improving overall ecosystem health and software supply chain resilience.

Effective Export Strategy Issue for Foreign Trade Activity of the Develped Economy Enterprises

The published article presents possible ways penetration and promotion of goods into foreign markets based on experience of developed economies in the focus of separate business management decision. The purpose of the publishing is to identify the key features of overseas trade and business activity for developed, new organized companies and its strategies, managers, entrepreneurs and scientist. Within a way of decision making concern about foreign trade activity beginning is important to estimate all kind of business parts due to organize profitable business and minimize all the kind of risks. The publishing is analyzing the possibilities of the overseas trade activity for a Company regardless of a company business location and size. A significant expansion of the key features of overseas trade was noted. The authors present a special theoretical approaches and scientific solutions concern of decision-making regarding foreign economic activity within the framework of strategic planning and development of the enterprise regardless of its size and nature of the enterprise activity in the conditions of the development of global economic process. The scientific research of this publishing is based on the following methods: analyses, generalization to identify the key features of export and overseas business activity as well as to select structural characteristic for international trade activity that might be implemented to incoming companies’ strategy of growing. The publication substantiates the need to control operating costs, acquire administrative and financial skills, and additional professional consulting services. There are main point for any managers like following: sense for exporting, obstacles to exporting, making the export decision, the pros and cons of exporting, getting the company ready to enter the export market, the new to export entrepreneur, key export products and destinations, the tools of trade, counseling sources. The presented article has practical significance in terms of minimizing possible management risks and can be useful for the successful start and development of foreign economic activity to any directions or type of the products and servicing.

Risk assessment using Business Intelligence framework for organizations: A Systematic Literature Review

Today many organizations are facing different kinds of risks as they are migrating towards new technologies. Risk assessment is one of the methods that were developed to help with identifying, assessing, and managing risks. Several studies have been conducted regarding risk assessment and business intelligence, however few studies have been conducted on how both can be integrated and use. A systematic literature review is conducted to understand the importance of risk assessment and business intelligence for organizations. Due to the relevance of BIS and the need for risk analysis before development and implementation, there is need to critically examine literaure to understand what has been done and the gap that exist for future researchers to implement. Therefore this study use the Systematic Literature Review methodology to collect 125 academic publications from over 6 academic, business and research databases for review. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to the papers proning them to 65 and when quality assessment were applied, the total paper obtained amounted to 25 which were eventually used for the review. The results obtained from the review study showed that although there are much publication related to business intelligence and risk assessment, most of them did not incorporate quality assessment, rigorous testing, creation of new analytical tools, application of AI, and deep learning algorithms into developing their business intelligence systems. Future research focus areas resulting from this study were also highlighted in the conclusion session of this study.

The Value Implications and Practical Path of the Spirit of Diligence, Thrift and Saving in the New Era

The spirit of diligence, thrift and frugality was first mentioned in the report of the Twentieth National Congress, which is rooted in the fertile soil of Chinese culture and is an important spiritual code for the new era. The spirit of diligence, thrift and frugality is a spiritual wealth for the sustainable development of the Chinese nation, a spiritual code for coping with all kinds of risks and challenges, and a spiritual guarantee for stimulating college students' sense of responsibility. Standing at a new starting point and embarking on a new journey, to cultivate the spirit of diligence, thrift and frugality, it is necessary to enhance the cognition and tell the Chinese story of the spirit of diligence, thrift and frugality; to strengthen the supervision and improve the system and mechanism of practicing frugality; to base on the innovation and give full play to the nurturing effect of scientific and technological empowerment; and to set an example and create a strong atmosphere for learning from the exemplary.

Methodological Approaches to the Classification of Risks to Sustainable Development of the Agro-food Complex of Russia

The relevance of the proposed topic is due to the need to develop the theory and methodology to improve the sustainability of the Russian agro-food complex (AIC) in the face of various kinds of risks. The article describes the agro-food complex as a complex and open socio-ecological and economic system in which socio-economic processes are closely related to the biophysical environment. A methodical approach to the classification of risks of the agro-food complex based on the principles of sustainable development, combining social, economic and environmental components, is proposed. A meaningful analysis of economic, social and environmental risks in the Russian agro-industrial complex has been carried out. A comparative analysis of the list of risks in the current regulatory and legislative framework that determines the development of the agro-food complex is presented. It has been established that as macroeconomic trends and internal priorities of socio-economic development change, so do the directions of agri-food policy. The strengthening of the influence of external destabilizing factors required a focus on solving the problem of maintaining the sustainability of agri-food systems, which is expressed primarily in maintaining the integrity of food chains, ensuring the physical and economic availability of high-quality food by intensifying reproduction processes. Environmental priorities have faded into the background. It is substantiated that, regardless of belonging to a classification group, the total set of risks inherent in agri-food systems does not change. Economic, social and environmental risks are interconnected, therefore, the importance of each of the considered types of risks in the development of the agro-industrial complex is not reduced.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ПЛАНУВАННЯ КООРДИНАТ ТРАЄКТОРНИХ ТОЧОК АВТОНОМНОГО СУДНА З УРАХУВАННЯМ НАВІГАЦІЙНИХ РИЗИКІВ

Marine autonomous surface vessels came both numerous advantages and critical dangers that must be addressed early. The accident rate of autonomous vessels during the voyage cycle has an elevated level of navigational risk and the impact of cyberattacks due to the large number of receivers and transmitters of the maneuvering parameter control system and motion control coordinates along the planned trajectory. To organize accident-free navigation, it is necessary to perform highprecision planning of path coordinates using the method of trajectory points (TP), which takes into account the geometry of the path and the characteristics of the vessel. After this, it is necessary to identify hazardous areas by engineering means, determine the type of navigational risks, and plan ways to manage their level, to prepare shore operators and automatic ship control systems for maneuvering under the conditions of risks that may occur during its use. The solution to this problem should begin with the compilation of a generalized table of navigational risks and their percentage probability, and methods that will help avoid risks. One of the modern methods of determining risks is the engineering method of managing navigational risks, which determines the frequency of occurrence of various kind of risks and allows to provide preventive methods for the safe use of autonomous vessels by managing of their level. The methods of determining main navigational risks were proposed in this research, as well as systems of planning them in order to ensure the proper control. The obtained results can be used to ensure the navigational safety of autonomous vessels and also to improve methods of navigational risks planning and management by their level in the context of autonomous vessels application. Keywords: navigation risks, engineering method, safety planning of the trajectory points, managing by the safety level of autonomous ships.

Understanding the compound flood risk along the coast of the contiguous United States

Abstract. Compound flooding is a type of flood event caused by multiple flood drivers. The associated risk has usually been assessed using statistics-based analyses or hydrodynamics-based numerical models. This study proposes a compound flood (CF) risk assessment (CFRA) framework for coastal regions in the contiguous United States (CONUS). In this framework, a large-scale river model is coupled with a global ocean reanalysis dataset to (a) evaluate the CF exposure related to the coastal backwater effects on river basins, and (b) generate spatially distributed data for analyzing the CF hazard using a bivariate statistical model of river discharge and storm surge. The two kinds of risk are also combined to achieve a holistic understanding of the continental-scale CF risk. The estimated CF risk shows remarkable inter- and intra-basin variabilities along the CONUS coast with more variabilities in the CF hazard over the US west and Gulf coastal basins. Different risk assessment methods present significantly different patterns in a few key regions such as the San Francisco Bay area, the lower Mississippi River, and Puget Sound. Our results highlight the need to weigh different CF risk measures and avoid using single statistics-based or hydrodynamics-based CFRAs. Uncertainty sources in these CFRAs include the use of gauge observations, which cannot account for the flow physics or resolve the spatial variability of risks, and underestimations of the flood extremes and the dependence of CF drivers in large-scale models, highlighting the importance of understanding the CF risks for developing a more robust CFRA.

“As safe as possible”: a qualitative study of opioid withdrawal and risk behavior among people who use illegal opioids

BackgroundOpioid withdrawal is a regular occurrence among many people who use illicit opioids (PWUIO) that has also been shown to increase their willingness to engage in risk-involved behavior. The proliferation of fentanyl in the illicit opioid market may have amplified this relationship, potentially putting PWUIO at greater risk of negative health outcomes. Understanding the relationship between withdrawal and risk-involved behavior may also have important implications for the ways that problematic drug use is conceptualized, particularly in disease models of addiction, which position risk behavior as evidence of pathology that helps to justify ontological distinctions between addicts and non-addicts. Examining withdrawal, and its role in PWUIO’s willingness to engage in risk, may aid in the development of alternative theories of risk involvement and create discursive spaces for de-medicalizing and de-othering people who use illegal drugs.MethodsThis article is based on 32 semi-structured interviews with PWUIO in the New York City area who also reported recent withdrawal experience. Interviews were conducted remotely between April and August 2022 and recorded for later transcription. Data were then coded and analyzed based on a combination of inductive and deductive coding strategies and informed by the literature.ResultsParticipants described a strong relationship between withdrawal and their willingness to engage in risk-involved behavior that was exacerbated by the proliferation of fentanyl. Yet, their descriptions did not align with narratives of risk as a product of bad decisions made by individuals. Rather, data demonstrated the substantial role of social and structural context, particularly drug policies like prohibition and criminalization, in the kinds of risks that PWUIO faced and their ability to respond to them.ConclusionsWithdrawal should be taken more seriously both from an ethical perspective and as an important catalyst of risk behavior. However, theories that position activities taken to avoid withdrawal as irrational and as evidence of pathology are poorly aligned with the complexity of PWUIO’s actual lives. We recommend the use of less deterministic and less medicalized theories of risk that better account for differences between how people view the world, and for the role of socio-structural forces in the production of risk.

Analisis Pengaruh Penggunaan Asuransi Contractor All Risk, Bunga Bank, dan Bagi Hasil Terhadap Pengalihan Potensi Risiko pada Proyek Konstruksi

Implementation of a construction project will give rise to various kinds of risks during its work, so risk management is needed to reduce and transfer risks that will occur during construction project work. One alternative risk transfer to reduce potential risks in construction projects is to use Contractor All Risk Insurance (CAR), which is one of the engineering insurance products issued by general insurance companies, especially by general insurance companies in Indonesia. This research aims to test the influence of the variables Use of CAR Insurance (X1), Bank Interest (X2), and Profit Sharing (X3) on Reducing Potential Risks on Construction Projects (Y3). The research locations are 20 construction service companies in Jakarta, which use CAR insurance. The population of this research is employees who work at these 20 companies. The number of samples was 220 respondents. The sampling technique is purposive sampling. The primary data collection technique is through survey techniques with a 1-5 Likert Scale questionnaire as the research instrument. Secondary data collection techniques using document and literature studies. The data analysis technique uses Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), with Lisrel 8.80 software. The research results show that the three independent variables, namely Use of CAR Insurance (X1), Bank Interest (X2), and Profit Sharing (X3) partially have a positive and significant effect on Reducing Potential Risks in Construction Projects (Y3).

Research on Risk and Legal Regulation in Transnational Investment: Based on the comparison of current legislation in China and the United States

The enterprise transnational investment is thriving, and our economy is developing rapidly, but facing a shortage of talent, lack of technical development, management is not in place, investment risks, and so on many problems. From the perspective of national investment policies, developed countries have strengthened investment restrictions, and these measures are related to national security such as critical infrastructure and core technologies. Instead, developing countries continue to ease policies to promote investment. At the same time, tax-related investment policy measures taken around the world over the past decade show that tax holidays and reduced corporate income tax (CIT) are the main ways countries attract investors. Using the method of comparative analysis, this paper first analyzes three kinds of risks in transnational investment, namely capital security, environment, and tax issues, and then sorts out the regulations on transnational investment in the current legislation of China and the United States from the aspects of environment and tax, and finally puts forward suggestions to improve China's relevant legislation.

Experimental tests on an anti-falling floor protection system under different loading conditions and anchoring configurations

Existing buildings, when including reinforced concrete-brick composite floors, may be affected by the phenomenon of debris falling due to the detachment of non-structural parts – like brick and plaster fragments – from the ceiling. Possible triggers of the problem may be many and varied, ranging from design or installation deficiencies to natural hazards, such as earthquakes, or deteriorative and rheological phenomena, corrosion, high deformability of the joists, and over-loading. The main consequences, apart from the significant deterioration of the built heritage, are related to the high risk of injury to people and damage to contents. Therefore, the development and installation of anti-falling protection systems have become a priority for entities managing buildings affected by this kind of risk. In the context of the ceilings’ debris falling issue, the present work aims to experimentally assess the resistance of an anti-falling protection system realised with galvanised electro-welded steel wire mesh. To this end, real-scale specimens are tested with different loading conditions and fixing layout configurations. Experimental findings showed good mechanical performance and remarkable ductility of the system under the analysed conditions that enable the use of the proposed system as a viable solution in daily engineering practice for prevention and protection against debris falling.

KESADARAN KEAMANAN DAN PRIVASI DATA PENGGUNA WHATSAPP (STUDI KASUS DI PROVINSI JAWA BARAT)

Social media applications provide convenience with the features available but can also cause problems, such as security and privacy, in their use, which is also possible in WhatsApp. The condition of security and privacy awareness among WhatsApp users can be an illustration of how users are aware of minimizing various kinds of risks that can arise when using WhatsApp. This study provides an overview of WhatsApp usage, security awareness, and privacy data from respondents, and sociodemographic relationships with the synthesis framework of data security and privacy in WhatsApp usage. The study was conducted quantitatively, with WhatsApp users in West Java Province serving as the unit of analysis and the locus. The questionnaire instrument was distributed online through time sampling within a certain period and accidental sampling. The results of the study provide an overview of WhatsApp usage. The perspective on data security and privacy in West Java Province also shows that many respondents have this awareness. The relationship between sociodemographic variables and the use of WhatsApp shows significant results in several main areas, namely the information security area, the perceived mobile apps area, the perceived control area, and the disclosure information detection area.

STRATEGIES OF BUSINESS RISK MITIGATION AND MANAGEMENT: A QUANTITATIVE PERSPECTIVE

While, there are numerous small and large scale businesses which largely influence the economy of nations, but there risk mitigation and management is very little known and therefore, has received a very limited attention. In our day to day lives, we continuously manage risks both at work and also in our personal lives. Therefore, certainly there are many business organisations that also have risks which are unique to their environment. The present research work is, going to first identify business risks, analyse them and evaluate their potential likelihood and impact. This study is going, to eventually show us that, long term goal of risk management and mitigation strategy affect businesses supply chain performance and their long term sustainability. There are several tactics and strategies that will bring risk levels to a tolerable level in the business. It will help us realise exactly, what kind of risks our businesses are facing, and the mentioned strategies are unique to business continuity and disaster recovery. In addition, the strategies utilised to manage risk are a powerful stimulus to get the business management thinking. The present study at the end, recommends proper risk mitigation planning. The researcher had considered people from different business sector to know the strategies of business risk mitigation and management and found that Organisations document their risk management policies and processes , Risk mitigation counter measures and decreasing the effect of uncertain consequences and Businesses passes or move the risk consequences to third party or an entity.

Discretion in Terms of Digitalization

Currently, information technologies are being developed and introduced into various spheres of public relations. State regulation and the judicial system are no exception. In this regard, not only the formats of legal relations are changing, but also traditional approaches in justice and administrative regulation. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the influence of discretion in various kinds of relations and the political and legal system. Separately, the issues of judicial discretion and internal conviction of the judge in the conditions of digitalization are investigated. The purpose of this work is to determine legal decisions based on information technology and the implementation of judicial discretion in modern conditions. The above goal is realized by identifying the reasons for the lack of an effective assessment of discretion in various areas of public administration. The research methods are formal-legal, logical, and systematic. Brief conclusions are the need to develop legal discretion in modern national realities. The authors distinguish between the content of “judicial discretion” and “internal conviction” of a judge from the perspective of the implementation of professional activity in the conditions of digitalization and technologization of justice. The necessity and efforts of the leading role of the court (in the person of a particular judge) from the perspective of the emergence of various kinds of risks with the widespread use of digital products, as this contributes to the abuse of the law, are noted.

IMPLEMENTATION OF STOCHASTIC MODEL FOR RISK ASSESSMENT ON INDONESIAN STOCK EXCHANGE

Currently, financial assets become an alternative choice for investors in Indonesia to get maximum profits. The Indonesia Stock Exchange is the official capital market in Indonesia which is a place for trading financial assets. Stocks are listed as the most preferred financial asset by investors. In reality, stock investment is not a risk-free investment. The main risk that investors should face is the loss risk. This kind of risk can occur at any time. From that problem, this study aims to do risk assessment on the Indonesian stock market. The evaluation will be started with stock price index prediction using the Stochastic model (Geometric Brownian Motion Model and Jump Diffusion). Then, the result from that processes will be used to get loss risk prediction through the Adjusted Expected Shortfall model. By using the historical price of JKSE index from 01/08/21 to 31/08/22, Jump Diffusion is the best model to predict the JKSE index with MAPE value is 1.08%. Then, at the 95% confidence level and 1-day holding period, the expected loss risk using Adjusted Expected Shortfall model on 09/01/2022 is -0.02978.

아동의 가족재결합에 대한 연구: 유럽인권재판소 판례를 중심으로

Family unity and family reunification (or family reunion) are similar in that they deal with protection of family as one unit. However, since family reunification focuses on the maintenance of families that have already been formed but separated due to migration, these two concepts are not strictly regarded as the same ones. Family reunification is important as it promotes the stability and social integration of the people directly involved. In particular, for children, the necessity of applying the right of family reunification deserves special emphasis as an effective preventive measure against various kinds of risks they face. In Korea, it is difficult as yet to find cases or legislation dealing with family reunification of the child, however, there is a possibility of increasing the future occurrence of the issue due to continuous influx of foreigners.
 Thus, this research attempts to provide a starting point for further discussions through reviewing international legal bases and introducing related case law of the European Court of Human Rights.
 As a result, the research found that there is an international consensus to ensure the family reunification of the child on the basis of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, European Convention of Human Rights and other related documents. The case law of the ECtHR also provides two meaningful implications in this sense. First, it embodied the concept of the family reunification of the child by active consideration of universal and regional standards. The Court confirmed that the family reunification of the child means not only entry into, but also ensuring stable stay. In this regard, the Court recognized a related positive obligation of the authorities. In determining whether there is a violation of the obligations, the Court consistently considered a fair balance between individual and public interests. Second, the Court solidified its position that the best interests of the child should be given priority in all cases concerning children. In the trial processes, the Court comprehensively regarded several factors that may cause significant influence, such as the age of the children concerned, their situation in their country of origin and the extent to which they are dependent on their parents, and so on.
 There may be some differences in family type and culture between Europe and Korea. Nevertheless, the introduction of somewhat advanced judgments from ECtHR is really meaningful in a situation where related discussions are not yet enough. It is expected that this study containing analysis of the European case law on family reunification of the Child would contribute to the improvement of related domestic case law and legislation, considering properly both national interests and human rights.