Kind Of Exercise Research Articles

A Method to Automatically Detect Changes in Multitemporal Spectral Indices: Application to Natural Disaster Damage Assessment

This paper presents a new method, based on clustering and thresholding, to automatically perform binary change detection in multitemporal spectral indices. The method is denoted as Buffer-From-Cluster Approach (BFCA). To estimate the distributions of changed and unchanged pixels, as needed for the purpose of a reliable thresholding of a spectral index, a clustering algorithm is preliminarily applied to identify image objects possibly corresponding to areas where significant changes occurred. Then, a buffer zone is created around the selected cluster to identify unchanged areas surrounding changed ones. The cluster and the buffer zone are jointly analyzed to estimate the distributions of changed and unchanged pixels and to verify that they can be distinguished from each other. Finally, the results of thresholding and clustering are combined to generate the binary change map. The BFCA has been conceived to map the extent of the areas affected by a natural disaster like wildfire. To validate the proposed method, burned area maps produced by applying the BFCA to spectral indices derived from Sentinel-2 data have been compared to maps produced by the Copernicus Emergency Management Service. For testing the multi-hazard detection capability, the same kind of exercise has been carried out for a flooding test case too. The positive results of the comparison have confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Study of Drug Prescription Pattern of Obese and Non-Obese Patients with Type-II Diabetes with or without Hypertension

Correction: The page numbers were changed from 98-100 to 81-93 on 31/08/2020.
 Background: Obesity is regarded as worldwide health problems which may put a person at a higher risk of serious health conditions leading to morbidity and mortality. Obesity is a risk factor for many diseases of which hypertension and type-2 diabetes mellitus are the most important. Hypertension, diabetes mellitus and obesity together form 24% of the global risk for mortality. Cardiovascular diseases related to these life-style disorders has major effect on life expectancy and impaired quality of life.
 Objectives: The study was done to evaluate the drug prescribing pattern of type - 2 diabetes and hypertension in both obese and non-obese patients. Along with it, this study also attempt to find the contributing factors associated with it and different types of drugs selected in those conditions respectively. 
 Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 2074 at Manmohan memorial teaching hospital. A total of 101 out-patient were interviewed, measurements were done to calculate BMI and waist to hip ratio and their prescriptions were reviewed. For Treatment Guideline of HTN, JNC 8[20] was followed and Updated Treatment Guidelines for Type 2 Diabetes by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) [21] was followed in case of diabetes. 
 Result: Among 101 patients studied, 58 were males and 43 were females. Regarding physical activity, only 26.7% of total patients were involved in morning walk and 3% in yoga, remaining 71% of study patients did not involve in any kind of physical exercise. Regarding food habits, 22.8% were smokers, 49.5% were alcoholics and 96% were non-vegetarians. Waist to hip ratio was also observed higher in both males (35.6%) and females (39.6%). Among the101 total participants, the age group of 41-55 years were found to be more obese than other age group (34 in numbers) followed by age group 56-70 which were 16 in numbers. Male patients were more obese (41) than female patients (31). Highest number (31) of the obese patients were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus, followed by second highest number (26) of patients diagnosed with hypertension and 15 patients with both the conditions. The commonly prescribed oral hypoglycemic drugs were metformin (35.60%) followed by glimepiride (24.80%). Among anti-hypertensive drugs, amlodipine (22.80%) was most common in prescriptions followed by losartan (18.80%) and Telmisartan (17.80%). 
 Conclusion: The results of the present study show that higher number of male patients (41) were obese than female patients (31). About 30% of patients were found obese-diabetic, 26% were obese-hypertensive and 15% were with both obese diabetic and hypertensive condition. Among oral hypoglycemic drugs, metformin (35.60%) was mostly prescribed followed by glimepiride (24.80%). Among antihypertensives, amlodipine (22.8%) was mostly prescribed followed by losartan (18.80%). Atorvastatin (11.9%) was mostly prescribed oral hypolipidemic agent.

Influence of exercise order on the number of repetitions in untrained teenagers.

Introduction: Prescription of resistance training (RT) is increasing among teenagers, requiring further studies to investigate the effects on this population. Objective: To examine the different orders on exercises sequence and its influence on the number of repetitions in teenager. Methods: Participated in the study 12 voluntarily male teenagers (14.91 ± 0.79 years, 1.69 ± 8.61 cm, 62.24 ± 7.26 kg) without experience in RT. After 48 hours of the last session of 10 repetitions maximum (10RM) test, subjects performed one of the four sequences of exercises in a counterbalanced crossover design. Four different sequences were also performed with a interval of 48 hours. All sequences were three sets of each exercise with 10RM load, with two-minute intervals between sets and exercises. The order of exercises was the sequence 1: bench press (BP), pulldown (PD), machine shoulder press (SP), biceps curl (BC) and triceps (TR); Sequence 2: TR, BC, SP, PD and BP; the sequence 3: Leg press (LP), leg extension (LE) and leg curl (LC); Sequence 4: LC, LE and LP. Results: Significant differences were observed (p <0.05) in the total number of repetitions for the BP exercises, SP, BC and TR for the sequence of the upper limbs and for the lower limbs and the LP and LE exercises. Conclusion: The results suggest that the performance of the average number of repetitions for sessions conducted with RT intensity of 10RM in teenagers was influenced by the different kind of exercises in both upper and lower limbs.

Imagination as one of the key elements in the formation of a future actor psychotechnics

Imagination as one of the key elements in the formation of a future actor psychotechnics

LONG RUN ECONOMIC GROWTH PERFORMANCE IN LATIN AMERICA – 1820–2016

AbstractThis paper provides an assessment of Latin America's long‐run performance from a comparative and historical perspective and concentrates on quantification of long‐run GDP growth and measurement of factor inputs and total factor productivity (TFP). Growth accounting shows the contribution of factor inputs (capital and labor) and TFP to output growth. What is new: capital and labor services are estimated for a group of nine countries, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela, and we widen the time frame of analysis to 1820–2016. This kind of exercise may serve different purposes such as explaining differences in growth rates between countries and assessing the role of technical progress. The overall GDP growth rate of the Latin American economies over the 1820–2016 period was somewhat above 3%. In the long run, the main differences in factor contributions to growth can be found in capital and, especially, in TFP. Capital contributed on average 1.45% to GDP growth over the whole period. However, the main culprit of the mediocre performance of Latin America compared to other developed and developing countries is TFP. TFP contributed over the whole period a mere 0.25% to Latin American GDP growth and was negative in several subperiods.

Infographic. What kinds of exercise are best for chronic low back pain?

Back pain is the greatest cause of disability and lost productivity worldwide.1 Back pain generates significant financial costs for society in developed countries, such as the USA, Japan, Europe and...

URBAN ANALYSIS AND MULTI-LEVEL MODELS. AN INTRODUCTION

The goal is to show how multilevel models can be used for urban analysis. An example with fictional data is used, and various multilevel models are exposed to capture differences in quarter prices of land, through random means and slopes. These prices are the dependent variable, while mean income, hedonic index and land market are the independent ones. The first three are registered at quarter-first level; the last one, on the citysecond level. Main conclusion is that this kind of exercise may be a valuable tool when we try to explain inter and intra-cities quarter prices.

Effects of Moderate Intensity Exercise on Glutathione Peroxidase Activity and VO2max in Elderly Women

BACKGROUND: Sedentary lifestyle in the elderly decreases the function of cardiovascular system may lead reduction performance. Many previous studies reported that moderate intensity aerobic exercise was recommended for older persons because it may increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) at optimum level. The increasing of ROS can activate antioxidant mechanism against oxidatif stress due to exercise.
 AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the change of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity and VO2max on moderate intensity aerobic exercise and its correlation.
 METHODS: The study design was quasi-experimental. Subjects were sedentary elderly women age 65 ± 5.06 years old. Total subject was 73 persons selected by consecutive sampling. Subjects did moderate intensity aerobic exercise for 12 weeks by walking for 30 min a day, 3 times a week at 50–85% of maximum heart rate. The parameters were measured on the baseline and 12 weeks after exercise. GPx activity from the plasma was examined by ELISA and the VO2max was measured by 6-min walking distance. The data were analyzed by unpaired t-test and Spearman test.
 RESULTS: GPx activity and VO2max were significantly increased about 41.75% and 24.11% (p < 0.05) on the experimental group, respectively. There was a correlation between GPx activity and VO2max (r = 0.223, p = 0.041).
 CONCLUSION: Regular moderate intensity aerobic exercise significantly increased GPx activity and VO2max. This kind of exercise is advised for the elderly because it can elevate antioxidant level as a defense against oxidative stress due to aging; therefore, it can improve aerobic capacity in the elderly.

Developing critical thinking skills: Using Edward de Bono’s six thinking hats in formative peer assessment & feedback

Increasingly, management students are required to demonstrate their critical thinking and problem-solving skills upon entering the workforce. This prompts educators to ask how can students be taught to think critically and what kind of exercises can be built into undergraduate learning to ensure critical thinking and problem-solving are practiced? As such, peer assessment as learning promotes active critical thinking and problem-solving via collaborative assessment and exchange of feedback amongst peers. This classroom exercise is designed for students on any management undergraduate course to develop their critical thinking and problem-solving skills through a peer assessment and feedback task. Adopting Edward de Bono’s approach to thinking encourages students to think in a focused, deep and critical way about the piece of work they are assessing. Through this exercise they obtain the benefits of developing critical thinking skills and further learn to develop a collaborative approach to problemsolving in the provision of feedback and feedforward.

Improving Engagement of Mild to Moderate Dementia Alzheimer’s Disease Patients Using Evidence-Based Visual Cognitive Stimulation Exercises

Introduction: Different studies have proven the effectiveness of cognitive stimulation (CS) for people with mild to moderate dementia, but further research is needed to gain insight into how CS interventions should be designed and developed. Objectives: The objective of this study was to gather and analyze data about the development of a series of CS sessions with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients, to gain insight into how different individuals engage to different CS activities. Methods: 24 AD patients with mild to moderate dementia (GDS = 4 and 5) participated in the study. Twelve different sessions were held with a different stimulation exercise each. Information about the achievement and engagement for each of the exercises were recorded for each patient. Results: A significant correlation was found between the global engagement and the GDS level, and between engagement and gender (and also with educational level) for one of the exercises. These results may be useful for designing CS sessions depending on the composition of the group. For example, five exercises got very different engagement results when comparing patients with GDS = 4 and GDS = 5; if the session group consists of patients with both GDS levels, these kinds of exercises should be avoided to gain homogeneity in the engagement and prevent discouragement. Conclusions: The type and characteristics of CS exercises have an impact on the engagement level of AD patients with mild to moderate dementia. Further studies are necessary to better understand which characteristics of the exercises affect the engagement of the patient according to their particularities. This kind of study may help the design of CS sessions and improve the results obtained.

Effect of simplified Tai Chi exercise on relieving symptoms of patients with mild to moderate Parkinson's disease.

Tai Chi, a kind of physical exercise, may act as a non-pharmacologic approach to reducing the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of simplified Tai Chi training plus routine exercise on motor and non-motor symptoms in patients with mild to moderate Parkinson's disease in comparison with routine exercise regimen alone. Forty-one outpatients and inpatients with Parkinson's disease (PD) were randomized into Tai Chi group (N.=19) and routine exercise group as control group (N.=22) for 12 weeks. The Tai Chi group included both Tai Chi traning and routine exercise. Motor and non-motor functions were assessed. Motor function was evaluated by Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part III (UPDRS-III) and Berg Balance Scale (BBS). The non-motor symptoms like quality of life, sleep quality, depression and anxiety state, cognitive function were assessed by Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39 (PDQ-39), Parkinson's Disease Sleep Scale (PDSS), Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD), Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) respectively. After 12 weeks of intervention, participants in both Tai Chi and routine exercise groups gained effects in UPDRS-III, BBS, PDQ-39, PDSS and HAMD compared to the baseline. However, significant improvements between Tai Chi group and routine exercise group were only found in PDSS (P=0.029) and MoCA (P=0.024). Tai Chi training plus routine exercise might therefore be an ideal alternative non-pharmacological approach for the motor and non-motor symptoms of PD patients, and especially be more useful for the improvement of sleep quality and cognitive function in Parkinson's disease compared with routine exercise regimen alone.

Influence of acute combined physical and cognitive exercise on cognitive function: an NIRS study.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of different types of acute exercise on cognitive function and cerebral oxygenation. A within-subject design was adopted. In total, 20 healthy older adults were enrolled in the study. They came to the laboratory individually on four separate days and completed four conditions of activity. Four conditions were sedentary reading control (RC), cognitive exercise (CE), physical exercise (PE) and cognitive + physical exercise (CE + PE). During these visits, participants completed the Stroop task before and immediately after the experimental condition, which consisted of 15 min of aerobic exercise, verbal fluency task (VFT), and dual task. The Stroop task included the following two conditions: a naming condition and an executive condition. The fNIRS is an optical method using near-infrared light to measure relative changes of oxygenated (O2Hb) and deoxygenated (HHb) hemoglobin in the cortex. The results indicate that acute exercise facilitates performance for executive tasks, not only combined cognition, but also the different results between combined exercise and single exercise. The fNIRS findings showed that acute single exercise influences oxygenation for executive tasks but not for naming tasks. Greater improvement was observed in the post-exercise session of combined exercise during the modified Stroop. These findings demonstrate that acute single exercise, single cognition exercise, and combined exercise enhanced the performance of the inhibition control task. Only acute combined exercise has a general facilitative effect on inhibition control. Combined exercise was shown to be superior to single exercise for task-efficient cerebral oxygenation and improved oxygen utilization during cortical activation in older individuals. Also, to maximize the performance of cognition it may be important for older adults to take part in more cognitive demand exercise or take more kinds of exercise.

Performing different kinds of physical exercise differentially attenuates the genetic effects on obesity measures: Evidence from 18,424 Taiwan Biobank participants.

Obesity is a worldwide health problem that is closely linked to many metabolic disorders. Regular physical exercise has been found to attenuate the genetic predisposition to obesity. However, it remains unknown what kinds of exercise can modify the genetic risk of obesity. This study included 18,424 unrelated Han Chinese adults aged 30–70 years who participated in the Taiwan Biobank (TWB). A total of 5 obesity measures were investigated here, including body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (BFP), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). Because there have been no large genome-wide association studies on obesity for Han Chinese, we used the TWB internal weights to construct genetic risk scores (GRSs) for each obesity measure, and then test the significance of GRS-by-exercise interactions. The significance level throughout this work was set at 0.05/550 = 9.1x10-5 because a total of 550 tests were performed. Performing regular exercise was found to attenuate the genetic effects on 4 obesity measures, including BMI, BFP, WC, and HC. Among the 18 kinds of self-reported regular exercise, 6 mitigated the genetic effects on at least one obesity measure. Regular jogging blunted the genetic effects on BMI, BFP, and HC. Mountain climbing, walking, exercise walking, international standard dancing, and a longer practice of yoga also attenuated the genetic effects on BMI. Exercises such as cycling, stretching exercise, swimming, dance dance revolution, and qigong were not found to modify the genetic effects on any obesity measure. Across all 5 obesity measures, regular jogging consistently presented the most significant interactions with GRSs. Our findings show that the genetic effects on obesity measures can be decreased to various extents by performing different kinds of exercise. The benefits of regular physical exercise are more impactful in subjects who are more predisposed to obesity.

More Questions than Answers in Out of the Ordinary

More Questions than Answers in <i>Out of the Ordinary</i>

Bone Mineral Density and Bone Turnover Markers in Postmenopausal Women Subjected to an Aqua Fitness Training Program.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of aqua fitness training in deep water on bone tissue. The study was performed with 18 postmenopausal women separated into two groups: training and control groups. Before and after the training program, the hip and spine areal bone mineral density were measured along with the biochemical parameters of serum concentration of osteocalcin (OC) and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX). The most significant effect was found in differences between the two groups of women in terms of femur strength index (p < 0.05) during the period of the training program. The study demonstrated that an aqua fitness training program caused favorable changes in femur strength index in postmenopausal women, and this kind of exercise could be a useful form of physical activity for postmenopausal women.

Design of quantitative physics experiments in high school physics programs

The quantitative physics experiment is a kind of experimental exercise that serves as a medium for improving experimental capacity for students in teaching physics. However, this kind of exercise has not been focused in teaching practice. In this paper, we present the results of the oriented proposal research, the process of designing high school physics quantitative experiments. The remarkable thing is the four-step process of designing quantitative experimental exercises and the demonstration through three specific examples. The reality shows that the characteristics of designing quantitative experimental exercises compared to creating other types of physics exercises is that the designer needs to conduct experiments and to make careful measurements. Teachers can use the results of this research to design quantitative experimental exercises at different levels conformable to the practical work at high school.

자발적 또는 강제적 운동이 알츠하이머병 유발 쥐의 인지기능에 미치는 영향

Comparison of the level of bio-molecular components related with the working of GABA from reactive astrocytes through different types of exercise was performed. For the exercise of STZ induced AD rats activity wheel was used for voluntary exercise and treadmill was used for forced exercise for 6 weeks. To equalize the amount of exercise, the voluntary exercise was performed ahead, and then the forced exercise was given. For the analysis, hippocampus, astrocytes around hippocampus, and blood were used. Cognitive function was evaluated with the radial-arm maze and step-down avoidance apparatus. Exercise groups showed a significant improving compared to non-exercise group(p.05). GFAP expression was significantly decreased in exercise groups, and the lowest value showed in the voluntary exercise group(p.001). In GABA, analogous pattern to GFAP was observed. Corticosterone level, forced exercise showed an increase (p.05), while voluntary exercise showed a decrease compared to non-exercise STZ group(p.01). The expression of SIRT1 protein showed no significant difference between non-exercise groups, however voluntary exercise group showed a significant increase compared to non-exercise group and to forced exercise group(p.001). With these results, we were able to assume that exercise can reduce the conversion of astrocytes to reactive form and can drop the GABA concentration with an increase of SIRT1 protein in the brain. It may be interpreted as that any kind of exercise could be beneficial to AD. However, a meaningful difference exist between the forced and the voluntary type of exercise on their effects on GABA and stress in AD subjects. Results made us to assure that properly programmed exercise should be developed in consideration of the specific disease as well as AD. We also can suggest that well-designed human studies on memory impairment in AD with specifically designed exercise programs reflect characteristics of exercise as forced or voluntary type are needed to clarify this matter.

Aging, exercise and motivating engagement

ABSTRACTSome older people describe learning to stay fit and healthy and exercise as a regular part of their lives. There is evidence that exercise is beneficial in terms of physical, psychological and social functioning in older adults. This paper is unique in that it is an analysis of the spontaneous discussion of exercise by older people as a priority in their lives. It also provides information about the kinds of exercise they choose. An online written data forum in Australia with responses from 103 people aged 50 to 92 years (F52, M 51) was analysed for all mention of exercise. The respondents were prompted to comment on sustainable lifestyles as they aged. Thirty per cent mentioned exercise as a priority in their lives. Activities included irregular exercise (11%) routine organised exercise such as golf or tennis (8%) and purposeful exercise such as regular gym attendance (11%), where the respondents explained why they needed to exercise. A few (7%) talked about the need to stay healthy without explaining how. Some (2%) described barriers and conditions that made exercise difficult. These figures for engaging in exercise are similar to those identified in 2018 by the Australian Institute for Health and Welfare. As evidenced by the literature in the area, lack of awareness of the specific benefits of exercise and barriers to exercise for older adults are not new problems. However, given the increase in the percentage of older people in the population and the demonstrated beneficial effects of exercise, it is worthwhile to document the motivation for exercise and engagement in older adults and to suggest strategies to increase their activity.

Impact Of Exercise Intensity And Resting Intervals During Resistance Exercise On Acute Sparc Secretion In Healthy Young Males: A Pilot Study

PURPOSE: Recently, it is going noteworthy that an exercise-induced novel myokine, secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) has the potential to prevent colon cancer. Moreover, regular resistance exercise (RE) has been known to reduce the mortality risk of cancer. From these points of view, RE might prevent colon tumorigenesis via increasing SPARC, while it is unclear whether resistance exercise can promote SPARC secretion in human. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the both effects of exercise intensity and duration of rest interval between exercise sets on acute response of RE-induced SPARC secretion. METHODS: We designed two experiments in this study. In study 1, 7 subjects completed three experiments in a random order. They performed two RE at both 70% (High) and 35% (Low) of the individual’s one repetition maximum (1-RM), and stayed rest condition without RE (Rest). The RE consisted of 8 kinds of exercise (double arm curl, shoulder press, double knee extension, chest press, lat-pull down, triceps press down, parallel squat, and seated rowing), for 3 sets of 7 repetitions. We recruited different 7 subjects in study 2, and let them conduct three experiments in a random order: RE (the same 8 kinds of exercise as described in study 1, 16 repetitions × 3 sets at 50% 1-RM) with long inter-set rest interval (LIE, 150 s), RE with short inter-set rest interval (SIE, 50 s), and rest with no-exercise (NE). Blood samples were obtained before, immediate after, and 1h after RE in both study. RESULTS: In study 1, serum SPARC concentration immediately after RE was significantly increased from baseline in High trial (P < 0.05), and that level was significantly higher than those in Rest and Low trials (P < 0.05, in both). In study 2, serum SPARC level immediately after RE in SIE trial significantly elevated compared with baseline (P < 0.05), and the increase was also significantly higher than NE trial (P < 0.05). However, the elevated SPARC concentrations in both High and SIE trials were swiftly returned to baseline within 1 h after RE. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that RE can induce temporally SPARC secretion. It is also conceivable that increasing exercise load and/or shortening rest intervals between exercise sets during RE might enhance SPARC production.

Physical Activity Might Reduce the Adverse Impacts of the FTO Gene Variant rs3751812 on the Body Mass Index of Adults in Taiwan.

The fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene is a significant genetic contributor to polygenic obesity. We investigated whether physical activity (PA) modulates the effect of FTO rs3751812 on body mass index (BMI) among Taiwanese adults. Analytic samples included 10,853 Taiwan biobank participants. Association of the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) with BMI was assessed using linear regression models. Physical activity was defined as any kind of exercise lasting 30 min each session, at least three times a week. Participants with heterozygous (TG) and homozygous (TT) genotypes had higher BMI compared to those with wild-type (GG) genotypes. The β value was 0.381(p < 0.0001) for TG individuals and 0.684 (p = 0.0204) for TT individuals. There was a significant dose-response effect among carriers of different risk alleles (p trend <0.0001). Active individuals had lower BMI than their inactive counterparts (β = −0.389, p < 0.0001). Among the active individuals, significant associations were found only with the TG genotype (β = 0.360, p = 0.0032). Inactive individuals with TG and TT genotypes had increased levels of BMI compared to those with GG genotypes: Their β values were 0.381 (p = 0.0021) and 0.950 (p = 0.0188), respectively. There was an interaction between the three genotypes, physical inactivity, and BMI (p trend = 0.0002). Our data indicated that increased BMI owing to genetic susceptibility by FTO rs3751812 may be reduced by physical activity.