Kind Of Discrimination Research Articles

Discrimination of women in the private sector

Our research on the topic set forth, "Discrimination of women in the private sector" has resulted in a detailed picture of the role and place of women in the overall socio-economic and political life in post-war Kosovo, by emphasising the problem of the employment process and other current problems, which women face on daily basis.Women, who constitute half of humanity, since the beginning of the era of patriarchy have faced discrimination, in social as well as economic and political aspects, and since then appeared barriers to their career development. This problem is present even today, in almost all countries of the world and is not peculiar only for Kosovo, however the problem in Kosovo appears to be more acute. This kind of discrimination comes as a result of various “reasons“: religious, social and cultural. In subsequent periods, especially during the last decade, women‘s participation in everyday life has begun to improve in all sectors of life, however it is still far from the desirable one.Our findings, which helped the completion of this research, lead us to conclude that women have been, are and continue to be discriminated against in all walks of life and so it will be, until the woman does not realise that her fate is in her own hands, namely not to ask a man to free space for her, but to fight in order to conquer it herself.

If a State Can not Establish a Law against All Kinds of Discrimination, Can It Be Called a State?

If a State Can not Establish a Law against All Kinds of Discrimination, Can It Be Called a State?

Development of Perceived Discrimination Questionnaire: A Measure for Different Social Categories Students

INTRODUCTIONPsychologist have long noted that repeated exposure discrimination is psychologically harmful for the target and may contribute well established health disparities between black and white individuals (Mays, Cochram & Branes, 2007). Perception of discrimination increasingly recognized as important psychological realities for ethnic group members (Dion & Kawakame, 1996). Croker & Mojor (1989) point out that negative experiences often unclear for the people belong devalued group. Negative experiences with others could be result of one's lack of merit, inferior qualifications, poor performance or other short comings. It could be result of prejudice and discrimination on one's ethnic identity. Verkuyten (1998) drew on social identity theory distinguish between group self esteem and personal self esteem, suggest the negative effect of perceived discrimination on ethnic self esteem. Individual with low self esteem reported higher level of perceived discrimination. Phinney, Modden & Santos (1998) reported that self esteem has been linked ethnic discrimination.Pasco & Richman (2009) defined that discrimination is a behavioral manifestation of negative attitude, judgment or unfair towards the members of a group. People hold negative attitude towards members of various groups and cannot express these view directly. Law, social pressure, fear of revenge and all related serve deter people putting their prejudice view into open practice. Therefore, obvious form of discrimination is revealed as negative action towards the object of racial ethnic or religious prejudice (Swimm & Stangor, 1998). Discrimination is a prejudicial treatment of an individual based on his/her membership in a certain group or category. It involves group initial reaction or interaction, influencing the individual's actual behavior towards groups, restricting members of one group from opportunities that are available another group, leading exclusion of the individual or entities based on logical or irrational decision making.Dovideo & Heble (2005) states that discrimination behavior manifests at least two level: individual discrimination and institutional discrimination. Individual discrimination defined as to deny individuals or group of people equality of treatment which they wish (Allport 1954/79). It expressed between individual on the basis of their salient group identities. A person discriminates against another or the ground of his/her membership. Allport suggests five gradations of negative out group behaviors: verbal discrimination, avoidance, discrimination, physical attack and extermination. Institutional discrimination described manifested form of unfair treatment of minority group in society's individual attitude (Antronovskey 1960, Lewin & Lewin, 1982). This kind of discrimination is rooted in rules, procedure and action of social institutions (Sidanious and Pratto, 1999).Researches on perceived discrimination have been investigated by the experience of discrimination from the target group. Target of discrimination is associated with reduced well being and long term of negative consequences for physical and mental health (Major, Quinton & Mc Coy, 2002). Wirth & Williams (2009) suggested that attributing negative social treatment discrimination is distressing because discrimination is due an internal characteristics of the target (discrimination is due 'race'), which cannot be changed and might therefore lead future instances of discrimination. Jost, Banaji & Nosek (2004) argued that disadvantage group may be likely hold belief that legitimize the current social structure and that structure can hurt their group and their personally. The avoidance support the idea that people tend rationalize the status quo, this mean that, the extent that they see the system as legitimate members of high status groups would be more likely favor the ingroup, but members of low status groups would be more likely favor the out group. …

Net neutrality and libraries: Challenges Foreseen

The paper highlights the net neutrality issues and put stress on the equal access to all internet users. It shows the need of net neutrality as numbers of companies are gaining benefits through Internet Service Providers. Libraries are also useful to the public by providing content, services and applications on a large scale. The research libraries create digital data collection, which is new approach to research and education. The libraries have developed the mobile applications allowing its users to access the electronic resources. Thus any kind of discrimination on Internet access would hamper the efforts of creating digital library environment and free flow of Scholarly Content.

Self-Determination as Foundation to Indigenous Peoples’ Rights

Developed in the 15th Century through a series of pontifical writings, the “The doctrine of discovery” helped western countries to put in place a domination system depriving indigenous peoples’ rights, most especially the rights to a land and access to their resources. That article tries to show that, it is through the self determination that indigenous people can do away with a segregationist system that has kept them into a state of alienation, defend their rights and fight against all sorts of discrimination due to the fact that they belong to a group different from the majority. However, The declaration of the United Nations on the Rights of indigenous people, it acknowledges the right to self-determination enable the indigenous people to get organized to improve their situation on political, economic, social and cultural plans and end all kinds of discrimination and oppressions wherever it is operates. The self-determination can the make it possible to obstruct the forced assimilation policy and makes cultural diversity possible as values of human dignity. The rationale behind this study was to demonstrate that it is only through auto determination that indigenous people can do away with a segregationist system that keep them in an alienation state. It enables them defend their rights and fight against all kinds of discrimination caused by their belonging to a group different from the majority. In the academia, this study helps to understand the principle of auto determination based on the distinction made between “External auto determinations” for claims over independences and “internal auto determination” laying foundations to the claims of indigenous people of recognitions of their cultural, social, economic and political identity in the realm of internal autonomy. This study exposes the relevance of auto determination concept in the overall promotion and protection of right of indigenous people and in its contributions to legal framework related to the matter. Our methodology was mainly of a qualitative kind of research where the primal goal was to offer a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon of discrimination of indigenous people, tracing its historical and theoretical background to arrive to the formulation of possible way out towards to do away with discrimination. It was therefore a blend of descriptive and normative form methods that led us to come to make a use of a dialectic form of analysis (thesis, antithesis and synthesis) to arrive to the proposed solutions.

Measures Provided by the Albanian Legislation for Consumer Protection from Discrimination

Consumer protection in Albania is taking greater importance in this recent years. Despite measures for consumer protection, cases of consumer discrimination in the provision of goods and services on the market are present. In this paper we will discuss consumer protection from discrimination based on the analyzing of measures taken for the consumers protection and the efforts of our countrys’ for establishment a higher level consumer protection. Approval and implementation of policies that are creating a general legal environment and institutional that guarantees consumers protection from discrimination have yielded positive effects. The reasons for which customers are discriminated were differing, the implementation of this measures has been necessary because no consumer can not discriminated. Direct discrimination of consumers based on gender and origin were the most widespread forms of discrimination. This kind of discrimination was a serious problem in the state of law, with the prevention of new cases in the market, we can say that we have a consumer protected. With the approval of law of 2008 we can say that we have a consumer protected because the previous laws had not yielded positive effects. With the approval of this law are create state mechanisms which have strengthened consumer protection and it have prevented cases of consumer discrimination. DOI: 10.5901/ajis.2016.v5n3s1p83

A Critical Appraisal Of Human Rights Law With Special Reference To Constitution Of India

Human Rights Law is for all without having any kind of discrimination. Human Rights have been given to all being human which can also not be taken away by any act of legislature. The history of human rights law is as old as development & civilization of human but generally it can be said that after the first world war and second world war human rights have been paid attention the most specifically as a result that the term ‘Human Rights’ has been found in the UNO charter after the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 has been adopted on 10 December, 1948 and in this sequence two international covenants of Human rights as extension of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 have also been adopted. The time of 02 years 11 months 18 days has been taken for making the Constitution of India. Some provisions of the same have been enforced on 26 November, 1949. It is known as the Law day or Constitution day in India which are as under:394,5,6,7,8,9,60,324,366,367,379,380,388,391,392 and 393 and remaining provisions of the Constitution of India enforced on 26 January, 1950. It is known as the Republic day as per article 394 of Constitution of India. This research paper reveals the human rights law under Constitution of India, the role of Indian Judiciary about human rights law, enforcement, and implementation of human rights law in India, providing remedies & suggestions. Keeping in view of the aforesaid facts, the research paper has been written which is helpful and beneficial for research scholars, students, Professors, teachers, institutions or organizations or establishments, commissions, governments, society and other required persons concerned to conduct research & do the needful as per requirements from time to time.

Access to Care in France for Elderly Immigrants from North Africa: Influence of Socio-cultural Factors (the MATC Survey).

France is faced with an ageing migrant population, and in the institutions for elderly, migrants represent only 4% and very few come from the Maghreb. Is it the result of a kind of discrimination or of other factors such as culture and traditions? In France migrants have access to aid and prevention of dependency plans. The reluctance to enter into institutions is maintained by the fear of cultural abuse and/or language barriers, and difficulties in financial and administrative matters. From the interviews of the MATC survey, we have pointed out the importance of culture and the tradition of filial piety. Nevertheless, solidarity in the family is decreasing but remains the basis of the care support to the elderly. The will to keep them in the family may limit both the diagnosis and the access to specific care. This attitude contributes to a kind of self-discrimination.

Impact of Violation of Net Neutrality on Indian Society

The principle of net neutrality has gained much attention since 2006 and again in 2015 in India when Telecom Regulatory Authority of India released its consultation paper in which it invited public opinions with regard to the regulation of free availability and access of content (text, voice and media) on internet by various service providers. The topic gained much attention when the established telecom corporations started suggesting that they should be paid by the internet content providers like Facebook, You tube, Google etc, for providing them the network for reaching the masses. Telecom companies argue that the internet content providers have been making high profits from low investments while they are the ones to have made high investments in building the infrastructure for these service providers to operate, due to which the internet service providers should share their revenues with the telecom companies. The violation of net neutrality will take place if any kind of discrimination takes place in terms of providing any type of data to the consumers. This means their very right to free access to information from internet will be violated. Violation of net neutrality has generated much uproar around the world since telecom corporations like Airtel demanded that telecom companies like Airtel should be paid by the content providers like Google, Facebook, Amazon etc for letting them display their content on internet to the mass consumers and generating huge profits. This violation means that differential pricing is likely to be practiced by the telecom firms in terms of charging both the internet service providers and consumers. Currently there are no laws in India which govern net neutrality which means the content available on internet can be accessed by anybody without any kind of discrimination. This study seeks to fulfill the knowledge gap by empirically analyzing the various cross sections of the society which are bound to get affected by the violation of net neutrality.

Techno-Engineering Education and the Railways in Colonial India

Railways created huge demand for technical personnel in British India. With the expansion of railways, various technical institutions were also established during the second half of the nineteenth century. But there was strong discrimination towards Indians, in the field of educations and also in jobs. Indians were not allowed admission in engineering or upper subordinate courses till 1864 in Thomason Engineering College at Roorkey. But Indians demanded more sophisticated technical knowledge. Apart from the engineering colleges, railway workshops also developed as centres for learning or knowledge generation. In the paper, first, I will emphasize the role of railways for the development of engineering and workshop education in colonial India; second, discuss about the various kinds of discrimination in job and education opportunities, as integral part of the colonial policy for the Indians.

Musikologische Sprachrohre Harald Kaufmann und Ove Nordwall im Dialog mit György Ligeti

This article proceeds from the notions that composers need advocates and that in postwar new music, they commented more than ever before on their own work. It deals specifically with György Ligeti and focusses on the years between his flight from Hungary in 1956 and his appointment as a professor in Hamburg in 1973. A detailed examination of sources from the composer’s archive in the Paul Sacher Foundation shows how Harald Kaufmann and Ove Nordwall promoted his music and thinking. Ligeti’s own position reveals a rift between his public success and the deeprooted self-consciousness of an immigrant sensitive to all kinds of discrimination. Nevertheless, Ligeti, with his extraordinary clearness, had considerable influence on musical discourse and succeeded in defining an individual profile. An appendix includes six hitherto unpublished letters from Kaufmann to Ligeti.

Contesting Racialized Discourses of Homophobia

In the course of research concerning the experiences of gay and lesbian teachers in public schools, I discovered that teachers often construct racialized explanations of potential homophobia in their schools, including the expectation that black and Latino coworkers, parents, and students were more likely to be homophobic. By taking an intersectional approach to these narratives as a case study in the discursive construction of race and sexuality, this article shows how racism and homophobia are mutually sustained in everyday talk. This process of racializing homophobia not only further alienates gay and lesbian teachers of color, it also reinforces racial inequality more broadly. In addition to racializing homophobia discourse, many white research participants used racial discrimination as a comparative rhetorical strategy to make sense of the discrimination they experience as gays and lesbians. While this strategy was purportedly useful for combating discrimination, it is also troubling. First, it assumes a false dichotomy between race and sexual identity that further erases the experience of queer people of color, who must contend with both kinds of discrimination. Second, it posits a false equivalence, when in fact the unique histories and operations of each kind of marginality resist such facile comparisons.

‘I have to be very good in what I do’. Marginalisation and discrimination in the career-entry phase – experiences and coping strategies among university graduates with a migrant background in Austria

ABSTRACTIn this article, we discuss labour market entries as experienced by Austrian university graduates with a migrant background. On the basis of 21 problem-centred interviews, we investigated (a) what kind of discrimination and marginalisation the respondents had experienced in the labour market post-graduation, and (b) how they had dealt with their situation. To analyse the interviews, we used a combination of thematic charting and coding methods. The empirical results indicate that migrant backgrounds often lead to both a disavowal of those graduates’ abilities and a rise of conflicts along religious, ethnical or stereotypical ascriptions. The coping strategies employed by migrant background graduates ranged from preventive strategies – such as an emphasis on performance and the avoidance of problematic situations – to responsive strategies, through active resistance or various kinds of resignation.

Climate justice in lieu of climate change: a sustainable approach to respond to the climate change injustice and an awakening of the environmental movement

The climate justice is the concept of ensuring fair treatment and freedom from any kind of discrimination against the negative impacts of climate change. Both individually and collectively, in the form of adaptation and mitigation strategies, we are building our capacity to respond to the climate change, but the dimensions of environmental justice, equal treatment in the policy making and even the clear definition of vulnerable groups are often neglected. The climate justice is an evidence-based response to the environmental injustice and helpful in creation of fair policies and strategies to address the impacts of global warming by empowering the vulnerable groups with required legal resources, provision to ensuring necessary funding and capability to deal existing discrimination in the society. Historically, the journey of climate justice had begun with its recognition by the international bodies and legal frameworks. In the year 1992, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change insisted the member states to work together to reduce the greenhouse gases emission and also emphasized on the equity dimension of climate justice by mentioning the ‘common but differentiated responsibility’ in the charter. It specifies the need of proactive participation of the developed countries to resolve the issue of global warming, which was fueled by their ambitions, and they should help the developing countries with technological advances and finance to respond to climate change. The dimension of climate justice for the individuals and the vulnerable groups is to achieve a fair, equitable and sustainable legal solution to deal with the existing injustice in the society. It is a new kind of environmental movement, which is advocating for achieving a socially responsible, scientifically sound and economically fairly distributed legal framework. Climate justice offers a fair treatment and equal platform to deal with the inconsistencies in the recognition of different vulnerable groups and lack of opportunities for involving in decision-making system. The paper discusses the sustainable approach to respond to the climate injustice, where the vulnerable groups, disadvantaged individuals and the least developed states, who contributed least in global warming, but likely to be most affected by its impacts. The paper explores the current research gaps and recommends the policies to prepare climate justice legal framework.

Le paradoxe des équipements sportifs. Concurrences de justifications et ségrégation socio-spatiale : une lecture à partir du cas de Calais (France)

Based on the study of three sports facilities located in two marginalized neighborhoods and one middle-class district of Calais (France), this article uses, first and foremost, Boltanski and Thévenot’s sociological pragmatic theory in order to analyze the reasoning behind the establishment of these facilities and the uses made of them. It shows how, and to what extent, the town councilors and other actors give meaning to their actions, and thus highlights different kinds of discrimination and social and spatial segregation.

Teaching icon discrimination to a child with autism spectrum disorder using icons with embedded video and audio in an iPad®-based speech-generating device

ABSTRACTSystematic instructional procedures alone have not been effective for teaching some individuals with autism spectrum disorder to discriminate between icons on an iPad®-based speech-generating device in order to request access to preferred items. Altering the quality or type of icon used may facilitate the learning of this kind of discrimination. A sequential withdrawal design was used to evaluate the effects of systematic instructional procedures and icons with embedded video and audio for teaching icon discrimination to a single participant with autism spectrum disorder. The phases of the study were baseline, intervention, follow-up, booster training, withdrawal, and generalisation. The participant's percentage of correct requesting improved during the intervention and booster training phases. The video and audio components were able to be withdrawn and discrimination was maintained with eight novel icons. The addition of animation and audio to icons on an iPad®-based speech-generating device may help some children with autism spectrum disorder to discriminate between icons in order to request preferred items.

Islamic Women's Groups and the Quest for Political Representation in Turkey and Iran

This article presents Islamic women's framing processes in their campaigns to address women's political underrepresentation in Iran and Turkey. It argues that while Turkish women justify their claims through international human rights discourses, Iranian women frame their demands in religious terms to find resonance with political elites. Women's strategic framing processes demonstrate the extent to which women's demands for equal representation are shaped by the political and discursive opportunity structures that arise out of their secular or theocratic contexts.In many Muslim-majority countries, Islamic movements and parties tend to negatively view women's access to political leadership positions.1 The dominant gender discourse of these movements, which is often based on patriarchal interpretations of religious texts, views women's proper place to be within the domestic sphere as mothers and wives, and largely denies women an active presence in the public sphere, including in political decision-making. Scholarly analysis of women's activities and involvement in political parties that arise out of Islamic political movements has persuasively argued that despite the high level of women's political participation on behalf of such parties, women tend to have low levels of political representation.2 For instance, a number of scholars have pointed to the fact that many Islamic political parties have mobilized and politicized women to serve merely as campaigners and grassroots organizers to help bring the party to power, or have used women's bodies and dress as public markers of their identity claims. But once in power, the male elites of such parties have often denied women any real power or influence in formal politics.3 Although this kind of discrimination is not exclusive to religious movements and parties, it is often assumed that religiously motivated parties are more detrimental to women's political representation than are their secular counterparts. The works of scholars such as Ronald Inglehart and Pippa Norris and Steven Fish fall within this line of argumentation by emphasizing religious and cultural barriers, namely Islam and patriarchal attitudes, as the primary reasons for women's limited access to positions of political authority.4A surprising recent trend that challenges the current literature's overwhelming emphasis on the religious/cultural obstacles that keep women out of political decisionmaking is the modest increases in the percentage of women in political leadership on behalf of some religious political parties in various Muslim-majority countries. For instance, Clark and Schwedler have observed that in Yemen and Jordan the percentage of women assuming political office has modestly increased in the wake of and forces' rise to power.5 This trend is also present in Turkey and Iran, the two case studies of this research. Regardless of Turkey's secular or Iran's theocratic political frameworks, women's access to political leadership positions increased under the watch of and religious forces, and (unexpectedly) not under liberalreformist or secular parties. In Turkey, the recent notable increases in the percentage of female parliamentarians (currently at its highest ever at 17.5%) coincides with the 2002 rise to power of the Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkinma Partisi, henceforth AKP, but often called the AK Party by supporters). The AKP was founded in 2001 by members of defunct Turkish parties (Refah, the Welfare Party; and Fazilet, the Virtue Party). Since its landslide victory in 2002, the AKP, which identifies itself as a conservative democratic rather than Islamist party, has steadily increased its percentage of popular votes in general elections, although it significantly underperformed in the June 2015 general elections and lost its parliamentary majority.6 Due to the AKP's official support of a secular system in which public displays of religion have a place, I identify this party as pro-religious. …

Access to Justice for Children, An Evolving Concept

Nowadays, the access to justice for children has gained widely importance and has been addressed at the international as well as the domestic level. In the last decades this concept is further developed which led to considerable modifications and further revision of international and European legal framework and thus directly affecting the domestic legal systems and policies in place. Access to justice for children is affected by social and cultural practices that should aim to enable children to seek justice without fearing of any kind of discrimination, discriminatory practices and stigmatization. What is worth mentioning is the approach that combines the need to always guarantee the rights of the child in relation to information, participation and representation in administrative and judicial proceedings, recognizing these rights in all stages of the proceedings, considering that the private life, interests, special needs, individual dignity of the child must be respected, protected and further promoted. Part of this approach are also the legal and institutional reforms within the justice system and institutional organizations of professionals and services in a number of countries, including Albania. It is not enough to have laws and adopt a legal framework that formally outline and prescribe children’s rights and that tries to address their needs. These ought to be accompanied by applicable effective interventions and mechanisms that allow all children to gain the awareness and resources required to access the justice system, with no discrimination or prejudices. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n3p103

Perceived Discrimination, Internalized Stigma and Psychological Well-Being of People with Mental Illness.

The present study examines the relationships between perceived discrimination, internalized stigma, and well-being in a sample of people with mental illness. We conducted a cross-sectional study with 213 outpatients from the Spanish public network of social care. Perceived discrimination was positively and significantly correlated with internalized stigma (p < .01 for all measures of perceived discrimination). Blatant individual discrimination, subtle individual discrimination, and internalized stigma were negatively correlated with life satisfaction, affect balance, and psychological well-being (p < .01 for all cases, except for blatant individual discrimination and affect balance, for which is p < .05). Regression and mediation analyses indicate that subtle individual discrimination is the kind of discrimination most negatively associated to the well-being measures (life satisfaction: B = -.18, p < .10; affect balance: B = -.19, p < .10; psychological well-being: B = -.21, p < .05), and that this association is mediated by internalized stigma. Future research should confirm these findings in a longitudinal or experimental model. In light of our findings, we suggest the development and implementation of intervention programs that target subtle discrimination, and point at the importance of implementing programs to reduce internalized stigma.

Association between Internalized Stigma and Some Diagnostic Subgroups, Socio-demographic Variables, and Self-esteem Levels in Patients That Refer to the Psychiatry Clinic of an Education and Research Hospital

Aim: This study was designed to investigate the associations between internalized stigma levels and socio-demographic variables, self-esteem levels, and some rigid bias in a patient sample which is divided into subgroups according to diagnostic categories of anxiety disorders, somatoform disorders and obsessive compulsive disorders. Methods: After an interview, socio-demographic data forms and illness data forms were filled in by the interviewer. Then Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Scales and Rosenberg Self-esteem scales were given to patients to be filled in. Results: According to statistical analysis, higher internalized stigma levels were found in males, singles, rural habitants, and those who have not familial history of mental illness. In our study lower self-esteem was found to be negatively correlated with higher internalized stigma levels. Discussion: Results of our study suggest that internalized stigma may influence the help-seeking behaviors and overall process of treatment, not only for patients with severe mental illnesses, but also for those who have mild or moderate mental disturbances. These diagnostic groups must be paid attention while executing studies against stigma and self-stigma. Otherwise, this kind of discrimination in anti-stigma campaigns may increase the stigmatization of mental illnesses.