Kinds Of Clothing Research Articles

“Where Shall We Place Our Hope?”: COVID-19 and the Imperiled National Body in South Africa's “Lockdown Collection”

“Where Shall We Place Our Hope?”: COVID-19 and the Imperiled National Body in South Africa's “Lockdown Collection”

The Implementation of The Employee Leaving Input System of PT. Prima Sejati Sejahterah Boyolali

PT. PAN BROTHER is a multinational company that produces textiles headquartered in Jakarta, Indonesia. This company was founded in 1969. This company produces various kinds of clothing. Currently, PT. PAN BOTEHR, especially the branch in Boyolali, namely PT. Prima Sejati Sejahtera has conducted attendance by using a finger print machine and a computerized scanner. Employees who wish to take annual leave, maternity leave, official permits, and sick leave are already using a web-based system, by means of employees inputting attendance on a computer provided by the company. However, there are still employees who lack knowledge of science and technology and are still an obstacle to implementing the web-based system. This system can actually be accessed using a smart phone, so that employees do not need to ask attendance staff for help when inputting leave. And to recap the attendance report of HRD employees must also look for employee leave documents that are still in paper files, so that this can slow down the withdrawal of reports on a monthly basis. With this problem, the Company made an innovation by creating an online-based web application for inputting employee leave and the author also conducted research on the application of this web-based system using literature study and field studies in field objects. It is hoped that with this research, the system can be used by all employees to be more effective in inputting absences due to leave and can help alleviate the performance of HRD staff to be more flexible and efficient and reduce absenteeism reporting errors due to employee leave.

Influence of Haptic Sensory Input through Different Kinds of Clothing on Gait Performance

This study investigated the effects of haptic sensory input by different types of clothing worn on gait performance. Twelve healthy men performed normal and tandem gait tests with blindfolds under three different clothing conditions: (1) wearing only half tights (HT); (2) wearing a skirt-like draped outfit such as a cotton cloth wrapped around the waist and extended to the lower leg (DC); and (3) wearing a trouser-like outfit such as tracksuit bottoms (TS). Although gait speed was significantly increased in DC as compared with HT, this was not observed in TS. Missteps during tandem gait were significantly reduced with DC. In addition, DC made walking easier for individuals as compared with TS. These findings suggest that wearing a skirt-like outfit such as kilts in Scotland or the hakama in Japan may provide haptic sensory cues to enhance individuals’ perceptions of their body orientation as compared with trouser-like clothing that is in continuous contact with the legs.

Sample of German embroidery from the hand embroidery applications in the city of Kahramanmaras

Forming one of the most important branches of our culture and traditional arts, embroidery was born by sewing in a decorative way and it is worth mentioning that it is as early as humanity. Embroidered clothing on the sculptures excavated and the narration that the daughter of Noah in Hebrew history wears an embroidered belt shows that this branch of art goes back to earlier times. Hand embroidery, which is the products of intelligence, skill and subtle wit, has reached the current time by preserving its value. Out of a great many embroidery techniques reaching large public masses, a technique called ‘German Embroidery’ was encountered in the researches carried out in the city of Kahramanmaras and its towns in the years 2013–2014. According to the information obtained from the source people in the research carried out in the city of Kahramanmaras, German Embroidery dating back to earlier times is not produced today; however, we are likely to find pillows, clothes and dresses embroidered with German Embroidery in houses. In the current paper, embroidery samples were determined in order to unveil this technique that was embroidered on any kind of cloth with a plain surface and it was aimed to make the embroidery alive and to promote it by analysing the way of embroidering. Keywords: Embroidery, ornament, technique, traditional.

Abstract P6-11-15: Information gaps and perceived barriers to achieve breast reconstruction among patients with mastectomy in a public breast cancer center in Mexico

Abstract Introduction: Multiple studies have reported that breast reconstruction (BR) after mastectomy is paramount in the global treatment of breast cancer (BC). Despite this, BR rates in Mexico are very low (7-16%), which may be explained by the fact that BR is not completely covered by public institutions in our country. Even though BR rates can increase when pertinent information is offered to patients, little is known about the level of information among Mexican patients. We sought to assess the level of information that patients who underwent mastectomy had about BR in a Mexican referral BC center with public healthcare insurance where BR services are not covered, as well as its relationship with their decision-making and the main reasons why they would or would not want to have BR. Methods: A written questionnaire was applied to 110 women who underwent mastectomy to assess their knowledge and desire for BR, and the reasons for or against it. We then analyzed the differences in information perception between women who did or did not desire BR. Results: Mean age was 51 years (30-78). Most patients had lower education (61%), 29% had a monthly income <300 USD, 73% were responsible for their household income, and 57% had ≥3 children. Most patients had tumors >5 cm (66%), with a high proportion of locally advanced clinical stages (67%). Mean times since diagnosis and since mastectomy were 2.2 and 1.9 years, respectively. Two-thirds of patients wished to have BR. Only 28% looked for information about BR; 65% did not recall ever receiving any information about BR from their doctors; 76% said they were not advised by their providers to undergo BR; 83% never asked their doctors for information regarding BR; and 84% believed they did not have enough information about BR. Notably, 12% of patients received their families’ advice not to have a BR. Seven domains were significantly associated with the desire of having a BR. More patients who did not desire a BR than those who did, reported they did not receive or look for information, advice or counseling about their BR options (see table). The five main reasons to have BR were: 1) It would give me freedom to dress in any kind of clothes; 2) To make my breasts look symmetrical; 3) To look like I used to before the mastectomy); 4) To feel more confident; and 5) To feel more attractive. The five main reasons not to have BR were: 1) I am worried about its cost; 2) I do not know the BR options; 3) I do not have enough information about BR; 4) I am worried the cancer could return; and 5) I am afraid that BR complications can happen. Conclusion: This is the first study to evaluate the association between the information, advise and counseling patients receive about BR and their desire to undergo the procedure in an underserved setting such as the Mexican public healthcare system. The amount of information and counseling about BR significantly correlates with women's interest in this procedure. This lack of information about BR from providers might be mainly due to the lack of BR coverage in public services, which likely play a strong role on the low rates of BR in this country. For this reason, it is of utmost importance to ensure that a specific governmental or civil budget is directed to cover this procedure and, ultimately promote the delivery of BR-related information to all BC patients in a standardized manner. Table. Differences in BR interest according to BR knowledgeQuestionsWould you like to have a breast reconstruction? n(%)No (n=37)Yes (n=73)Total (n=110)PNone of my doctors informed me about breast reconstruction30 (81)41 (56)71 (65)0.01None of my doctors advised me to have a breast reconstruction33 (89)51 (70)84 (76)0.024I never asked my doctor for information about breast reconstruction36 (97)55 (70)91 (83)0.004My doctor did not explain there are many types of reconstruction35 (95)51 (70)85 (77)0.003I do not think I have enough information about breat reconstruction35 (95)57 (78)92 (84)0.027I have never approached an NGO or civil society organizations to get a breast reconstruction37 (100)65 (89)102 (93)0.037I have never discussed with my partner about having a breast reconstruction30 (81)36 (49)66 (60)0.001 Citation Format: Paulina Bajonero-Canonico, Melina Miaja-Avila, José Moral de la Rubia, Jorge A Saldaña-Rodríguez, David E Hinojosa-González, Cristel G De la O-Maldonado, Cynthia M Villarreal-Garza. Information gaps and perceived barriers to achieve breast reconstruction among patients with mastectomy in a public breast cancer center in Mexico [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2019 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2019 Dec 10-14; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-11-15.

Literary Forms/Techniques & Methods of Study

Literary Forms/Techniques & Methods of Study Christopher T. Begg and Rhiannon Graybill ________ 145. [Ezek 22:6–12; Lev 19:11–18] Klaus-Peter Adam, “Bloodshed and Hate: The Judgment Oracle in Ezek 22:6–12 and the Legal Discourse in Lev 19:11–18,” Second Wave Intertextuality, 91–111 [see #776]. A.’s article focuses on the lexicographic and thematic overlaps between the Holiness Code in Leviticus 19 and the Priestly undercurrents in Ezekiel 22, highlighting both similarities and differences between the two chapters. In addition to its compositional analyses of two passages, A.’s intertextual reading yields the additional thematic insight that whereas Ezekiel 22 underscores the urban setting of the ruling elites, Leviticus reflects rather the rural context of the lay kinship community. [Adapted from published abstract—C.T.B.] 146. [Anthropology] Lars Allolio-Näcke, “Clothing and Nudity from the Perspective of Anthropological Studies,” Clothing and Nudity, 33–49 [see #771]. A fundamental question concerning the topics of clothing and nudity is the following: Why are humans the only primates that are furless? Or in other words: Why are humans naked? (p. 33). A.-N. organizes his reflections on this question under the following heads: (1) Why Are Humans the Only Naked Primates?; (2) Nude or Naked?; (3) Why Did Humans Make Clothes?; (4) What Kind of Clothes Did Humans Make?; (5) Fashion Developments; and (6) Why Does Euro-American Clothing Dominate the World? His article comes with numerous drawings and photos illustrating human dress (and undress) from many different time periods.—C.T.B. [End Page 45] 147. Michael Barram, “Teaching a Bible That Is Relevant: Reflections on Context, Genre, Emphasis, and Missional Foundation,” List 54 (2019) 18–31. B.’s stress on understanding context, genre, and emphasis in biblical books or passages helps put matters into manageable perspective, especially for first-time Bible readers, such as many, probably even most, college students: Beginning Bible readers—and even many seasoned ones—find it difficult to give adequate attention to the context of the ancient biblical text, a phenomenon that can obscure or even lead to minconstrual of the contemporary relevance of what they read. However, there is hope! Teachers especially can help clear the underbrush of expectations that are naïve or unhelpful or hostile toward reading the Bible. See also ##150, 153, 172. [Adapted from published abstract— C.T.B.] 148. [Orthodox Biblical Hermeneutics] Bruce N. Beck, “Unbinding the Book: Toward a Restoration of a Patristic Orthodox Hermeneutic of Scripture,” SVTQ 63 (2019) 161–89. If George Parsenios (see #176) emphasizes the importance of the rule of faith for Orthodoxy, B. draws attention to the use of Scripture in the Church’s worship. B. contends in particular that for most Orthodox believers, worship and public proclamation of Scripture in the Church constitute the main context for the appropriation and interpretation of the Bible and that such use should at least teach us something about, if not completely determine, Orthodox hermeneutics. Thus, in liturgical use, much attention is paid to discrete biblical words (e.g., the angelic acclamation “holy, holy, holy” in Isa 6:3 is expanded into “Holy God, Holy Mighty, Holy Immortal” of the Trisagion hymn) as is also the case with the connections made among seemingly disconnected pericopes in the liturgy. The hermeneutic of continuity might be achieved in a variety of ways. B. cautiously defends typological interpretation (when a past event becomes a type of a central NT figure or prefigures the present), as long as such an interpretation does not lead to supersessionism (the claim that OT revelation has been decisively replaced by the NT event or figure). According to B., typology is an invitation for the contemporary believer to imitate the ancient saints and be drawn into communion with them. Thus, the hermeneutic of continuity turns into what Margaret Mitchell calls a “hermeneutic of love.” According to the latter hermeneutic, to enter Scripture is to be in communion with its inspired authors, who were themselves in communion with God. To read Scripture properly one needs to first imitate the saints; such imitation should bring about a growth in holiness, and...

Literature Review of Taoism Dress Culture in China

Religious dress is a special kind of dress, which often embodies the thoughts and cultural ideas of a certain religion, but it is also likely to show the deeply cultural deposits of a certain national culture. Taoist clothing is a kind of clothing and accessories with obvious Taoism cultural connotation formed by absorbing, integrating and extending Taoism doctrines on the basis of Chinese traditional dress, which is of great significance to study of Chinese traditional culture and worth in-depth study in further.

An Overview of the Development of Novel Textile Design by the Application of Creative Components of the Chakma Community of the Chittagong Hill Tracts in Bangladesh

In the world, there are more than 370 million indigenous and tribal people with especial culture and traditions. The Chakma’s is one of the groups of indigenous people dwelling Chittagong hill tracts in Bangladesh. Chakma’s has its own culture, tradition, literature, and costume designs. The design costumes of the Chakma’s play an essential role. The Chakma’s preserved their textile design in “Alam”. Alam is a kind of cloth embroidered with various designs carrying the heritage of the Chakma. The use of Alam began approximately 500 years ago. All used clothing in Chakma society is weaved manually in the back-strap loom, which is generally very time-consuming— this limits its design aesthetics and universal use. Because of globalisation, the use of the traditional design of Chakma’s are threatened today. Till today in our country and overseas, no attempts were taken for research of the traditional Chakma’s design. The purpose of this research is to upgrade and digitise Chakma’s designs. Furthermore, efforts were made for the automatization of the traditional process to preserve traditional Chakma’s designs. In this study analysis of the fabric designs, pattern structure, colour applications of the traditional Aalam design were constructed using small prototype Rapier loom technology. We found that most of the single designs of the Alam were possible to weave in small prototype modern loom. On the other hand, intricate designs were not possible to weave in small prototype loom but are possible in the jacquard loom. The key idea is to establish an approach to modernise the traditional weaving process in order to make it convenient, economical and less time-consuming.

Fabrication of a non-wettable wearable textile-based metamaterial microwave absorber

In this article, a textile-based metamaterial with broadband microwave absorption was developed using a screen printing technique. The metamaterial has over 90% absorption from 7.39 GHz to 18 GHz. The metamaterial consists of a top layer of the printed structure of commercial conductive inks on various kinds of clothes, which is separated from a conductive ground plane with flexible dielectric foam of 3.2 mm thickness. The metamaterial absorber was simulated using ANSYS HFSS software for various thicknesses of the printed ink. It was observed that the absorption band varies with variation in printed thickness, and the optimized printed thickness was found to be about 50 µm. With the increase in printed thickness, the absorption shifts from broadband to narrow band. To achieve the optimum thickness in fabrication, statistically designed experiments were conducted to study the variation of printed thickness and width with different kinds of clothes and substrates (FR4, plain weave cotton cloth, and twill weave cotton cloth), mesh number of the screen (50–110) and the number of passes (1–3). Substrate material and the number of passes were found to be the most significant factors that affect the printed width resolution and thickness. Rigid copper foil and printed cloth could both be used as the ground plane. A complete, flexible absorber was fabricated using printed cloth as the ground plane. The microwave response (absorption) of all the fabricated absorbers was measured and found to be in agreement (more than 90%) with the simulation. Further, the fabricated absorber on the cloth substrate was also made hydrophobic by treating it with polydimethylsiloxane.

The image of woman before Islam in the Moalaghat Sab Hossein Mohtadi

Moalaghat Sab, in Arabic literature, are the elegiac poems which have been known as the masterpiece of the Arabic literature before Islam. Writers and text-researchers have studied these poems from different aspects. The most obvious of it, is the declarative and verbal elegances or fluency and eloquence. Some have studied them from direction of their subject. The main question is what the most important subjects that have been recited abut woman are. The authors of this article have tried to study these subject by using descriptive and analytic methods: social personality of woman, the value and the place of woman, intolerance and enthusiasm toward woman, description of beauties of woman, kind of clothing and jewels in Moalaghat. If elegiac poems have been recited about the appearance of woman and if poets have material viewpoint toward woman, it originated from their environment. They also have viewpoints beyond appearance. Like Amr the son of Kolsoom who have defended from position and place of woman the more complete beautifully. Despite of poet’s material viewpoint toward woman, they were so prejudiced in deffence from woman at the time of war or indignity. They also could tolerate any disrepute and humiliation

Application of anthropometric approach in lessening disorders and stress-related issues

Local weaving is an occupation of making a local type of clothing in the South Western and some part of North-central Nigeria using local methods of weaving. This kind of clothing is called “aso-òkè”. This method is an age-long one, which persist until today. However, due to the shortage of white collar jobs and there is little or no production of clothing materials by the nation’s several textile companies coupled with the desire for the traditional wears as a form of social class, the number of youths involved in this vocation as a means of livelihood has increased considerably over the last few years. In consideration of previous studies, which have reported many health disorders and stress that arises from the uncomfortable sitting positions and unsuitable seats at work, anthropometric data obtained from some of the male local weavers in Ilorin, North-central Nigeria were analyzed. This study was designed to determine the ergonomic suitability of local weavers’ seat and to propose ergonomically viable dimensions that will lessen disorders and pains. A standard dimension of an ergonomic chair that will help ease the disorder and stress-related injuries and illness experienced by these workers was proposed. A total of 100 male local weavers participated in this study. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics of mean, standard deviation, range and percentile. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the former seat being used and the anthropometric variables measured. The proposed dimensions from the study include Seat Height (40.3- 46.2 cm), Seat Breadth (36.5-41.8 cm) and Seat Backrest (49.6-60.2 cm). It was concluded that the seat being used by the local weavers in carrying out their daily work is not ergonomically suitable. Further studies that will include female weavers as well as weavers and other professionals from the South Western part of the country is envisaged. Apart from proposing standard dimension, this study presents several anthropometric data from North Central Nigerians, which could help production companies in the developing and developed world in designing appropriate workstations, worktables, office chairs for use in some part of the country.Kathmandu University Journal of Science, Engineering and TechnologyVol. 13, No. 1, 2017, page: 45-55

Die Sprache der Objekte

Abstract Material objects play a central role in the development of human beings. The following paper reconstructs their importance in the testimony of a holocaust survivor. Materials play an important role in the formation of the lifeworld. In a concentration camp, they often gain an unexpected existential importance. According to the context clothes, wood, food, earth change their meaning for the detainees. The kind of clothes corresponds with the type of camp and may be an indicator for the chances to survive. In a concentration camp, a piece of wood can either be used to heat a room in extreme cold and contribute to the survival of a detainee or to beat and torture a prisoner. Finally, the materiality of food is experienced as a prerequisite of life; its absence is a threat, its availability a hope for survival.

Fighting in women’s clothes The pictorial evidence of Walpurgis in Ms. I.33

Abstract Ms. I.33 is not only the oldest of the known fencing treatises in European context, it is also the only one showing a woman fighting equally with contemporary men. The author presents her research about the garments this female fencer wears, including her shirt, dress and overdress, hairstyle and footwear. Special consideration is given to the questions whether Walpurgis wears a belt, the length and hem circumference of her garments as well as the methods of draping them in the way depicted. The results of the analysis are compared with contemporary pictorial and archaeological sources of the early 14th century. Some personal insights gathered by the author while fighting in this kind of clothes shed light on the possibilities of moving without being disturbed by them. The clothes and hairstyle worn by Walpurgis, give clues about her social status and thus help to understand the context and dating of the whole manuscript.

Fanger’s model of thermal comfort: a model suitable just for men?

The predicted mean vote (PMV) model of thermal comfort is created by Fanger[1] and standardized in EN ISO 7730 [2]. The analyzed studies by Fanger show no significant difference in comfort conditions for gender and age. Although several studies said that women prefer higher temperatures, it was carried out with reference to the study of Yaglou (1941) [3], that this effect was due to different kind of clothing. The gender and age differences found no direct access to the model of thermal comfort. In 2007 Karjalainen [4] elaborated the difference between men and women. So the question raise if it is still appropriate to disregard the difference? Especially, since it is in our days useful and possible to adjust the temperatures of certain rooms to specific user groups. The article shows how the Predicted Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR) diversify for different age groups and genders. The data basis is the German population statistics. If the RMR and the physical activity is the basis of the absolute metabolic rate, one could find clear differences by thermal comfort between the sexes. The predicted theoretical results will be compared with 120 data collected from the practice.

Comfort-related properties of seersucker fabrics in dry and wet state

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyse the seersucker fabrics from the point of view of their ability to ensure the thermo-physiological comfort. It was investigated how the kind of the weft yarn and seersucker structure influence the air permeability and thermal insulation properties of the fabrics.Design/methodology/approachThe paper presents the investigations of the typical seersucker fabrics made of the same set of warps and different weft yarns. Fabrics were manufactured on the same loom with two warp beams. Next they were finished by the same way including washing, drying and stabilisation processes. Fabrics were measured in the range of their air permeability using standard test method. Thermal insulation properties of fabrics were measured in dry and wet state by means of Alambeta. Surface topography of the seersucker fabrics was analysed using 3D laser scanning.FindingsOn the basis of the obtained results it was stated that due to the puckered structure the seersucker fabrics are characterised by high thermal resistance, several times higher than the thermal resistance of typical flat woven fabrics. The seersucker fabrics are characterised by very low value of the thermal absorptivity in wet state at the level appropriate for typical flat fabrics in dry state. It confirmed that the seersucker fabrics ensure the physiological comfort. Application of the elastomeric yarn in weft caused significant tightening the fabric structure. It resulted in low air permeability, fabric stiffness and unpleasant hand.Research limitations/implicationsAs a limitation of the investigation of the seersucker fabrics in wet state we can mention the surface topography of the fabrics. It made wetting the fabrics difficult before measuring. It is necessary to elaborate precise procedure of preparation of seersucker fabrics before their testing in the wet state.Practical implicationsPerformed investigations showed that the seersucker fabrics have a big potential to be comfortable. By an appropriate designing of their structure it is possible to achieve very good comfort-related properties even without application of innovative comfort-oriented yarns.Originality/valueThe originality of the paper is based on the fact that the measurement was performed for the seersucker fabrics. The fabrics are characterised by the unique structure which influences their appearance and utility properties. It caused that they are willingly applied in different kinds of clothing. Till now any results of comfort-related properties of such kind of the woven fabrics have not been published.

“Spin-Off Style” and “Change-Type” Clothing Structured Teaching Research

Split and change-type clothing structured teaching is to allow students to learn the teaching of structural design of clothing in contact with the drawings before the formula, let the students all kinds of hand-splitting the old garments, and then re-stitched together, try to reply as it was, from this process to understand the structure of a variety of clothing, crafts and other basic knowledge of the structure of its right-hand experience of clothing awareness, familiar with and understand the basic production process. Modify Law is the teaching methods the students through the break-style and digital, formulaic learning, the right clothing structure has in-depth understanding, on this basis, further surgery on the clothing style changes, students can be purchased from the market carry out all kinds of clothing, including structure, size, fabric, decoration and other aspects of hands of any changes can be divided into project-specific modifications: fabric with changes color with changes, structural changes with change and integrated four topics, aimed at consolidating the structure of knowledge and enhance their ability and hands-on creative aesthetic level, to a later style and structure design to create a solid theoretical and empirical basis.

The Cooperative Relations and the Spatial Characteristics of the Industrial Ecosystem organized by Clothing Factories in Changshin-dong Seoul

This study is to identify spatial characteristics according to the nature of the business relationship among factories based upon partnerships on which Changshin-dong clothing industrys ecosystem is deeply rooted. First, the partnership was typed by kind of clothes and required process into four types of Main Factory type, 2nd Process Outsourcing type, Self-Completion type, Connection of within & out type finally to identify the relational characteristics and spatial characteristics of each type. Second, per cooperative relationship and spatial features for each type, trading period is inversely proportional to the distance between the factories meaning trade with adjacent factory is preferred. Third, Changshin-dong area has established many relationships and has strong networking as clustering clothing production site. Work and supply of staff is also formed by a human network, which is not one-time relationship, but strongly influence reputation and credit in the cluster. Therefore, when it comes to the restoration of Changshin-dong and vitalization of the region with civic center industry, the maintenance of social relations should be considered along with the improvement of the physical environment.

Tapa Cloths and Beaters: Tradition, Innovation and the Agency of the Bounty Women in Shaping a New Culture on Pitcairn Island from 1790 to 1850

This article examines the tapa cloths made by the women associated with the Bounty, who sailed to Pitcairn Island with the Bounty mutineers to create a new society and culture. Traditional literature reveals a male-dominated narrative, which ignores any female agency in the Bounty-Pitcairn story, and merely objectifies them. The tapa cloths the women produced reveal much about their origins and their efforts to maintain the traditions of their homelands while initiating innovative designs that appear to have provided a sense of unique identity in the Anglo-Polynesian children of the Polynesian women and their European husbands. Given their objectification in the generally accepted historical narrative, it is ironic that the women reveal themselves through the objects that they made. By compiling data about the tapa cloths (kind of cloth, plants used, techniques, colour and patterning, quality), details of tradition and innovation emerge and reveal much about these women and the knowledge they passed down the generations through their daughters.

Determination of critical heat transfer for the prediction of materials damages during a flame engulfment test

SummaryThe personal protective equipment of workers exposed to heat can consist of materials with a relatively low melting point of approximately 250°C (membranes, zippers, and underwear). In particular, users of heat protective clothing (such as volunteer firefighters or industrial workers) are often consider using functional sports underwear for an optimized sweat transport and lower heat stress. However, in an emergency situation (flame engulfment), this kind of clothing can be potentially dangerous because of its low melting temperature. In this study, we investigated the critical heat transfer needed to melt synthetic underwear worn under heat protective clothing and developed a model to predict possible damage to material layers exposed to a flame engulfment condition. The fire protection properties of four clothing systems with varying layer structures were assessed. These combinations were tested on an instrumented manikin according to ISO 13506 (flame engulfment test). The thickness and thermal resistance of the individual garments were measured in order to examine the influence of each parameter on the performance of the complete clothing combination. The measurements showed that synthetic polyester underwear worn underneath heat protective clothing can withstand a 4s flame engulfment exposure without damage when the outer layer has an adequate thermal resistance. By using a simple heat transfer model, we could define a ‘critical thermal resistance’ as the thermal resistance of the outer layer required to prevent the melting of the underwear material. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Influence of Fibers Geometry on the Intake Height PP Yarns

Fibrous materials represent an important product in the application of fibres destined for clothing production, indoor textiles production and technical textiles production. Different kinds of clothing are used in direct or indirect contact with human skin. These types of textiles require appropriate utility properties, mainly suitable heat and moisture transport - physiological properties. This work examines the effect of the geometry of PP fibres on the structure and utility properties of textiles – thermoclothing. The fibers geometry highly influences the heat and mass transfer through textile clothing. Four polypropylene fibers of different cross sectional shapes namely four channel profile, round hollow, round and hollow triangle were used in this work. A relationship between the called shape factors for the different fibers was established. The intake heights were analyzed. It was found that the size of the surface area has an impact on process of processing fibres, determines the penetration of gases or liquids, sorption and diffusion in the fibres. The cross sectional shape of fibers has also influences the heat and mass transfer through textile clothing.